Vangueria

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{automatic taxobox |image = Vangueria_parvifolia_IMG_3152.jpg |image_caption = ''Vangueria parvifolia'' Sond. |display_parents = 2 |taxon = Vangueria |authority = Juss. (1789) |type_species = ''Vangueria madagascariensis'' |type_species_authority = J.F.Gmel. |synonyms = * ''Ancylanthos'' Desf. * ''Lagynias'' E.Mey. ex Robyns * ''Pachystigma'' Hochst. * ''Tapiphyllum'' Robyns * ''Vavanga'' Rohr }}

'''''Vangueria''''' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus is named for {{lang|mg|Voa vanguer}}, as ''V. madagascariensis'' is known in Malagasy.<ref name=sappi>{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Val|title=Sappi tree spotting : Highlands: Highveld, Drakensberg, Eastern Cape mountains|year=2001 |publisher=Jacana |location=Johannesburg |isbn=978-1-77009-561-8 |page=262 |edition=3rd |author2=Rina Grant}}</ref>

==Distribution== The genus contains over 50 species distributed in Africa south of the Sahara with one species occurring in Madagascar (''V. madagascariensis''). The centre of diversity is in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania) and they are rare in West Africa.

==Bacterial leaf symbiosis== Endophytic bacteria are housed in the intercellular space of the leaf mesophyll tissue. The presence of these bacteria can only be microscopically ascertained. The bacteria are identified as ''Burkholderia'', which is a genus that is also found in the leaves of other Rubiaceae species.<ref name="Verstraete2013a">{{cite journal|vauthors=Verstraete B, Janssens S, Smets E, Dessein S|year=2013|title=Symbiotic beta-proteobacteria beyond legumes: ''Burkholderia'' in Rubiaceae|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=1|article-number=e55260|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0055260|pmid=23372845|pmc=3555867|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Verstraete2013b">{{cite journal|vauthors=Verstraete B, Janssens S, Lemaire B, Smets E, Dessein S|year=2013|title=Phylogenetic lineages in Vanguerieae (Rubiaceae) associated with ''Burkholderia'' bacteria in sub-Saharan Africa|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=100|issue=12|pages=2380–2387|doi=10.3732/ajb.1300303|pmid=24275705}}</ref> The hypothesis is that these endophytic bacteria provide chemical protection against insect herbivory.<ref name=Sieber2015>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sieber S, Carlier A, Neuburger M, Grabenweger G, Eberl L, Gademann K|year=2015|title=Isolation and total synthesis of kirkamide, an aminocyclitol from an obligate leaf nodule symbiont|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=54|issue=27|pages=7968–7970|doi=10.1002/anie.201502696|pmid=26033226|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/120735/7/angewandte_authac.pdf}}</ref>

==Gousiekte== Several ''Vangueria'' species - ''V. latifolia'', ''V. pygmaea'', ''V. thamnus'' - are known to cause {{lang|af|gousiekte|italic=no}}, a cardiotoxicosis of ruminants characterised by heart failure four to eight weeks after ingestion of certain rubiaceous plants.<ref name=Verstraete2011>{{cite journal|vauthors=Verstraete B, Van Elst D, Steyn H, Van Wyk B, Lemaire B, Smets E, Dessein S |year = 2011|title = Endophytic Bacteria in Toxic South African Plants: Identification, Phylogeny and Possible Involvement in Gousiekte|journal = PLOS ONE|volume = 6|issue = 4|article-number = e19265|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0019265|pmid=21541284|pmc=3082559| bibcode=2011PLoSO...619265V |doi-access = free}}</ref>

==Taxonomy== The genus was firist described by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789.<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:35502-1 ''Vangueria'' Juss.] ''Plants of the World Online''. Retrieved 10 December 2023.</ref>

Species in the former genus ''Tapiphyllum'' were sunk into synonymy ''Vangueria'' when a 2005 molecular phylogenetic study showed that the type species, ''Tapiphyllum cinerascens'', is more closely related to ''Vangueria'' than to ''Tapiphyllum obtusifolium'' and ''Tapiphyllum velutinum'', and that the latter two were not distinct from ''Vangueria''.<ref name=Lantz2005>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lantz H, Bremer B|year=2005|title=Phylogeny of the complex Vanguerieae (Rubiaceae) genera ''Fadogia'', ''Rytigynia'', and ''Vangueria'' with close relatives and a new circumscription of ''Vangueria''|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=253|issue=1–4 |pages=159–183|doi=10.1007/s00606-005-0313-9|bibcode=2005PSyEv.253..159L |s2cid=30867982 }}</ref>

==Species== {{div col}} * ''Vangueria agrestis'' (Schweinf. ex Hiern.) Lantz * ''Vangueria albosetulosa'' (Verdc.) Lantz * ''Vangueria apiculata'' K.Schum. * ''Vangueria bicolor'' K.Schum. * ''Vangueria bowkeri'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria burnettii'' (Tennant) Lantz * ''Vangueria burttii'' (Verdc.) Lantz * ''Vangueria chariensis'' A.Chev. ex Robyns * ''Vangueria cinerascens'' (Welw. ex Hiern.) Lantz * ''Vangueria cinnamomea'' Dinter * ''Vangueria cistifolia'' (Welw. ex Hiern.) Lantz * ''Vangueria coerulea'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria cyanescens'' Robyns * ''Vangueria discolor'' (De Wild.) Lantz * ''Vangueria domatiosa'' J.E.Burrows * ''Vangueria dryadum'' S.Moore * ''Vangueria esculenta'' S.Moore * ''Vangueria ferruginea'' (Welw.) ined. * ''Vangueria fulva'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria fuscosetulosa'' (Verdc.) Lantz * ''Vangueria gillettii'' (Tennant) Lantz * ''Vangueria glabrata'' K.Schum. * ''Vangueria gossweileri'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria induta'' (Bullock) Lantz * ''Vangueria infausta'' Burchell * ''Vangueria kerstingii'' Robyns * ''Vangueria lasiantha'' (Sond.) Sond. * ''Vangueria latifolia'' (Sond.) Sond. * ''Vangueria loranthifolia'' K.Schum. * ''Vangueria macrocalyx'' Sond. * ''Vangueria madagascariensis'' J.F.Gmel. * ''Vangueria micropyren'' (Verdc.) Lantz * ''Vangueria mollis'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria monteiroi'' (Oliv.) Lantz * ''Vangueria obtusifolia'' K.Schum. * ''Vangueria pachyantha'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria pallidiflora'' (Bullock) Lantz * ''Vangueria parvifolia'' Sond. * ''Vangueria praecox'' Verdc. * ''Vangueria proschii'' Briq * ''Vangueria psammophila'' (K.Schum.) Lantz * ''Vangueria pygmaea'' Schltr. * ''Vangueria quarrei'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria randii'' S.Moore * ''Vangueria rhodesiaca'' (Tennant) Lantz * ''Vangueria rufescens'' (E.A.Bruce) Lantz * ''Vangueria schliebenii'' (Verdc.) Lantz * ''Vangueria schumanniana'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria senegalensis'' Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hiern * ''Vangueria silvicola'' O.Lachenaud * ''Vangueria solitariiflora'' (Verdc.) Lantz * ''Vangueria soutpansbergensis'' N.Hahn * ''Vangueria thamnus'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria triflora'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria venosa'' (Hochst.) Sond. * ''Vangueria verticillata'' (Robyns) Lantz * ''Vangueria vestita'' (Robyns) ined. * ''Vangueria volkensii'' K.Schum. {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Vangueria Category:Rubiaceae genera Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot