Turkish Canadians

{{Short description|Canadians of Turkish descent}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Turkish Canadians ''Kanada'daki Türkler'' | image = 280px | caption = Turkish Canadians at the Victoria Day Parade in 2005 | population = 76,745 (by ancestry, 2021 Census)<ref name="statcan1">{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035501|title=Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, 2021|date=26 October 2022 |publisher=statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> Over 100,000 Turkish Canadians (2018 estimate by Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter)<ref name="Aytac2018"/> | popplace = {{Flatlist| * Toronto * Montreal * Vancouver * London * Ottawa * Calgary * Edmonton }} | langs = {{Flatlist| * Turkish * Canadian English * Canadian French }} | rels = Predominantly Sunni Islam Minority Alevism, other religions, or irreligious }} {{Turkish people}} '''Turkish Canadians''' ({{langx|tr|{{italics correction|Türk asıllı Kanadalılar}}}}; literally "Turkish-originating Canadians"), also called '''Canadian Turks''' ({{langx|tr|{{italics correction|Kanadalı Türkler}}}}), are Canadians of Turkish descent. The majority descend from the Republic of Turkey and minorities from other post-Ottoman Empire states, including the Balkans (Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Romania), the island of Cyprus, the Levant (Iraq, Lebanon and Syria) and North Africa (especially Egypt).<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=632">{{Harvnb|Karpat|2004|loc=632}}</ref><ref name="Powell 2005 loc=297">{{Harvnb|Powell|2005|loc=297}}</ref>

== History == Turkish people first began to immigrate to Canada in small numbers from the Ottoman Empire, and significantly in the late 1950s and early 1960s when the Turkish government encouraged student education abroad.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1277">{{Harvnb|Aksan|1999|loc=1277}}.</ref> There have also been Turks fleeing from unrest and oppression in Bulgaria and Cyprus who arrived in Canada as political and economic refugees.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1277"/>

===Migration from the Ottoman Empire=== In 1901, Canada had between 300–400 Muslim residents, equally divided between Turks and Syrian Arabs.<ref name="Abu-Laban 1983 loc=76">{{Harvnb|Abu-Laban|1983|loc=76}}.</ref> By 1911, the size of the Muslim community had increased to about 1,500, of whom 1,000 were of Turkish origin and the remainder were Arabs.<ref name="Abu-Laban 1983 loc=76"/> During the pre-World War I period, Turks were to be found in mining and logging camps across Canada.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1276"/> Due to poor relations between the Ottomans and Allied Powers of WWI, further migration was made difficult for the Turks and the Canadian government discouraged "Asian" immigration.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1276"/> Thus, by the onset of World War I, Canada witnessed the return of many Turkish immigrants who were then classified as "enemy aliens".<ref name="Abu-Laban 1983 loc=76"/> Another reason for the return-migration of Ottoman Turks was because for the majority of Turks, the founding of the new republic of Turkey in 1923 was a greater incentive to stay at home.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1276">{{Harvnb|Aksan|1999|loc=1276}}.</ref>

With the Canadian Immigration Act of 1910, immigrating to the country was banned. This policy wasn't changed until 1978. The reason behind this xenophobic act was the government’s claim that immigrants were hard to assimilate.<ref name=":0" /> The 1919, 14 March Act banned people of German, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Austrian and Turkish backgrounds from immigrating to Canada, except if the Minister of Immigration didn't give special permission. This prohibition was strictly racial and wasn’t related to Enemy Alien prohibition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-06-25|title=Racism in Canadian Immigration Policy {{!}} Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees|url=https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/21485|language=en-US|doi=10.25071/1920-7336.21485|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kealey|first=Gregory S.|date=1992-09-01|title=State Repression of Labour and the Left in Canada, 1914–20: The Impact of the First World War|journal=Canadian Historical Review|language=en|volume=73|issue=3|pages=281–314|doi=10.3138/CHR-073-03-01|s2cid=162191631 |issn=0008-3755|doi-access=free}}</ref> This nativism lasted four years till the ban was lifted because the Canadian economy needed cheap immigrant labour.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Internment (Canada) {{!}} International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)|url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/internment_canada|access-date=2022-02-05|website=encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net}}</ref>

=== Internment of 1914 === The Ottoman Empire declared war on Britain in November 5, 1914. Only five days later, on November 10, 1914, 98 Turks were deported and settled in Kingston and then in Kapuskasing. Their number increased over time.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Haber7|title=Esir kamplarına götürülen 205 Türk'ün sırrı|url=https://www.haber7.com/guncel/haber/1006752-esir-kamplarina-goturulen-205-turkun-sirri|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Haber7|language=tr}}</ref> They weren’t the only “enemy aliens” subjected to internment. More than 8,500 people were placed in 24 camps during the war. Of them 205 were Turks.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Canadian Homefront {{!}} Queen's University Archives|url=https://archives.queensu.ca/exhibits/archival-resources-teachers/canadian-homefront|access-date=2022-02-05|website=archives.queensu.ca}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Armenian diaspora and the memory of 205 Ottoman Turks in Canada|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/barcin-yinanc/armenian-diaspora-and-the-memory-of-205-ottoman-turks-in-canada-61958|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=4 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Internment in Canada {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/internment|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> Most were from the Eastern Anatolia region's Harput.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Savaş kurbanı Türkler: Mount Hope Mezarlığı|url=http://www.tarihhaber.net/kanada-mount-hope-mezarliginda-savas-kurbani-turkler/|access-date=2022-02-05|language=tr-TR}}</ref> Many foreigners have been interned for wanting to leave Canada, which in the eyes of the government posed a threat. Others were sent to the camps because they had suspicious activities.<ref name=":4" /> The number of these foreigners was not small at all — they numbered 393,320. 3,880 of them were from the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=":1" />

According to the newspapers, the reason for the detention of the Turks was the government's desire to protect 400 Armenians living in Brantford, where the majority of the Turkish population was concentrated. The Armenians were worried that the Turks would attack them.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2018-06-27|title=1. Dünya Savaşı'nda Kanada'da esir alınan Türkler!|url=https://www.belgeseltarih.com/1-dunya-savasinda-kanadada-esir-alinan-turkler/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Belgesel Tarih|language=tr}}</ref> It is possible that a letter from the Armenian missionary of Brantford, Armen Amirkhanian, influenced the city council. He wrote to Brantford City Council, claiming that Armenians were loyal to Britain, and that they were not ethnic Turks. He also mentioned the massacres that took place, and that the Armenians suffered a lot because of the Turks. His letter showed results and news of Armenians loyal to Britain that appearеd in the newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Friend Or Foe? {{!}} Great War Centenary Association|url=https://www.doingourbit.ca/friend-or-foe|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.doingourbit.ca}}</ref> According to other newspapers, Turks in the city had tried to bomb a newly created post office. The truth of this statement is debatable, as many Turks in Canada couldn't even read or write.<ref name=":7" />

Apart from ethnic Armenians, other Ottoman citizens, such as the Orthodox Macedonians and Greeks were also not deported.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=odatv4.com|title=Türkler nasıl tehcir edildi|url=https://www.odatv4.com//guncel/turkler-nasil-tehcir-edildi-09071936-164593|access-date=2022-02-06|website=www.odatv4.com|date=9 July 2019 |language=tr}}</ref> Also, many of these Turks left Eastern Anatolia to earn enough money to buy land in their homeland and live in their native places.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Acehan|first=Isil|date=May 2015|title=Internment of Turks in Canada during WWI|journal=Proceedings of International Academic Conferences |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/sek/iacpro/1003207.html|language=en}}</ref> Despite these misunderstandings, the Armenian community, also from Harput, tried to help these Turks.<ref name=":6" /> Even the Turks in America, Massachusetts, hired two lawyers to bring the Canadian Turks to America, but their attempts were unsuccessful.<ref name=":6" /> Although Turkey, as soon as it learned of what was happening, tried to help its compatriots, its attempts were unsuccessful, especially after the Turks were banned from sending letters to the Ottoman Empire, even to their families, on November 25.<ref name=":8" />

At least three of those detained died, two went insane,<ref name=":2" /> six returned to Turkey and 43 remained in Canada. Another part immigrated to America, Michigan, where they worked in the Ford factory. The name of one of the dead is Alex Hassan, whose real name is most likely Ali Hassan, but the Canadians changed his name for easier pronunciation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-04|title=Kanada'nın I. Dünya Savaşı'nda tehcir edilen Türkleri|url=https://forumusa.com/abd/kanadanin-i-dunya-savasinda-tehcir-edilen-turkleri/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Forum USA|language=tr}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> They served in the construction of the camp in which they remained. But some of them were later released, with the obligation to work, as during the war, the economy of factories increased and the government needed manpower.<ref name=":6" /> The names of ''some'' of 16 Muslims in Mount Hope Cemetery are believed to belong to them. Five of them died in 1916 and 1918.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anadolu Ajansı|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/pg/foto-galeri/kanadanin-ilk-turk-ve-musluman-mezarligi-ihya-edildi/0|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Anadolu Ajansı}}</ref> In 2014, the Turkish consul of Canada visited the cemetery. Some people, especially the Canadian-Armenian community had claimed that it is a political act and created online petition to “stop the fake monument”.

The Muslim plot of the Mount Hope cemetery exists since 1912 and seven names belong to men that died before the 1914 events. Many added that before a century, everyone in the Ottoman empire was known as “Turk”. Seven of the graves belonged to men that died before the 1914 events. These actions tried to prevent a memorial plaque describing the events of 1914 from being erected on the site. According to an Armenian, “''identifying (those buried in the plot) with Turkey and the Turkish government would be an injustice.''” He also claimed that the buried people are actually Alevi Muslims, “''the idea of having a monument endorsed by the Turkish government that incorrectly labels Alevi as though they were Turks is a “real injustice''”,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Controversy surrounds unmarked Mount Hope cemetery plot|url=https://brantfordexpositor.ca/2013/08/02/controversy-surrounds-unmarked-mount-hope-cemetery-plot|access-date=2022-02-06|website=brantfordexpositor|language=en-CA}}</ref> For many this was a Turcophobic act. There were claims that this was similar to the Armenian genocide denial. Barçın Yinanç wrote "''it would have been much wiser to come and attend the ceremony and perhaps give messages or letters to the Turkish ambassador, asking the Turkish state to show the same sensitivity to the thousands of dead Armenians''".<ref name=":5" />

===Migration from the Republic of Turkey=== In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the government of Turkey encouraged and financially supported Turkish students to study in Canada.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1277"/> Thus, the early 1960s consisted primarily of students and professionals, especially doctors and engineers.<ref name="Powell 2005 loc=298">{{Harvnb|Powell|2005|loc=298}}</ref> Significant Turkish immigration began during the 1960s and 1970s; most Turks went to Canada for educational and economic opportunities.<ref name="Powell 2005 loc=298"/> According to the 1972 Canada census there were 9,342 Turkish-born persons living in Canada.

===Migration from the Balkans=== ====Bulgaria==== {{see also|Bulgarian Turks|Bulgarian Canadians}} In the 1980s Turkish Bulgarians were fleeing from the Bulgarisation policies, known as the so-called "Revival Process", which targeted the Turkish minority group; consequently, many arrived in Canada as refugees.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1276"/> In addition, Turkish Bulgarian refugees who had originally settled in Sweden and then returned to Bulgaria in the 1990s were forced to flee again and sought life in Western countries such as Canada, England, the United States, Turkey and Germany.<ref>{{citation|last=Hillgren|first=Johanna|year=2009|title=20 år sedan bulgarienturkarna kom|url=https://www.hn.se/nyheter/varberg/20-%C3%A5r-sedan-bulgarienturkarna-kom-1.3432508|publisher=Hallands Nyheter|quote=De flesta av flyktingarna tvingades återvända men få av dem finns i dag kvar i Bulgarien. De har istället flytt på nytt och sökt ett liv i västländer som Kanada, England, USA, Turkiet eller Tyskland.|accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref>

====Greece==== {{see also|Turks of Western Thrace|Greek Canadians}} There have been several waves of migration from the Turkish minority of Western Thrace to Canada.<ref name="ABTTF">{{citation|title=Avrupa'da Batı Trakya Batı Trakya Türkleri Gerçeği ve Avrupa Batı Trakya Türk Federasyonu|url=https://www.abttf.org/about.php?id=79|quote=Avustralya ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Kanada gibi uzak ülkelerin dışında aralarında Hollanda, İngiltere, İsveç, Fransa, Belçika ve Avusturya gibi ülkelerde de sayısı yadsınamayacak bir Batı Trakyalı Türk kitlesi yaşamaktadır.|publisher=Avrupa Batı Trakya Türk Federasyonu|accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref> The first wave of Turkish Western Thracian migration started in the 1960s and intensified between 1970-2010 due to political and economic reasons; this was followed by a significantly larger wave in 2010-18 due to the Greek government-debt crisis.<ref name="ABTTF"/><ref name=Arif>{{citation |last=Arif|first=Nazmi|year=2018|title=Yunanistan'da, Batı Trakya Türklerinin dış ülkelere göçü endişe ve kaygı verici boyutlara ulaştı.|url=https://www.trtturk.com.tr/haber/ozel-haber/_331|publisher=TRT|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214150246/https://www.trtturk.com.tr/haber/ozel-haber/_331|archive-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>

====Romania==== {{see also|Turks of Romania|Romanian Canadians}} According to Dr Eleanor Bujea, the early history of Turkish Romanians in Canada (which began in the 1910s) is similar to that of Jewish Romanians. Many initially homesteaded and raised their families on farms whilst some went into the grocery businesses or opened street carts. After the First World War, many of these people moved to large cities where some intermarried and assimilated.<ref>{{citation|last=Bujea|first=Eleanor|year=2009|title=Romanians in Canada|page=43|publisher=The Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America|isbn=9781929200146}}</ref>

===Migration from the Levant=== ====Cyprus==== {{see also|Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot diaspora}} During the 1950s, Turkish Cypriots started to leave Cyprus for political reasons when the Greek Cypriots held a referendum in which 95.7% of Greek Cypriots supported enosis, the union of Cyprus with Greece. By 1963, inter-ethnic fighting broke out in Cyprus, with Turkish Cypriots bearing the heavier cost in terms of casualties and some 25,000 Turkish Cypriots became internally displaced accounting to about a fifth of their population.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cassia|2007|loc=19}}.</ref> Tension continued to grow by the late 1960s and approximately 60,000 Turkish Cypriots left their homes and moved into enclaves due to intercommunal violence, fearing their safety as the minority on the island..<ref>{{Harvnb|Tocci|2004|loc=53}}.</ref> This resulted in an exodus of more Turkish Cypriots from the island, many migrating to Canada.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tocci|2004|loc=61}}.</ref>

====Iraq==== {{see also|Iraqi Turkmen|Iraqi Canadians}} In 2010 there was approximately 1,000 Iraqi Turks living in Canada.<ref name="Duman2010p11">{{citation|last=Duman|first=Bilgay|year=2010|title=Türkiye'ye Yönelik Türkmen Göçü ve Türkiye'deki Türkmen Varlığı|url=https://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/turkiye-ye-yonelik-turkmen-gocu-ve-turkiye-deki-turkmen-varligi/|page=11|publisher=Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies|quote=Kerkük Vakfı Genel Sekreteri Prof. Dr. Suphi Saatçi’nin verdiği rakamlara göre, yaklaşık olarak Kanada’da 1000, Danimarka’da 2000, Hollanda’da ise 4000’e yakın Türkmen’in yaşadığı ve Türkiye üzerinden bu ülkelere göç ettiği bilinmektedir.|isbn=978-605-5330-64-4}}.</ref>

====Syria==== {{see also|Syrian Turkmen|Syrian Canadians}} Since Justin Trudeau was elected as Prime Minister of Canada in 2015, over 25,000 Syrian refugees have settled in Canada; these have included Arabs, Syrian Kurds and Syrian Turks as well as other minority groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/refugees/welcome/index.asp?wbdisable=true|title=Canada welcomes Syrian refugees|website=Cic.gc.ca|date=24 November 2015 |access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/liberals-revised-goal-met-as-25000th-syrian-refugee-arrives-in-canada/article28944527/|title=Liberals' revised goal met as 25,000th Syrian refugee arrives in Canada|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=28 February 2016 |last1=Carbert |first1=Michelle }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

===Official data=== The following is the number of people who have voluntarily declared their ethnicity as "Turkish" in official censuses. The actual number of Turkish Canadians is believed to be considerably higher.<ref name="Powell 2005 loc=297"/>

{| class="wikitable" |+ ! Rank !! Provinces/territories !!Population (2001 census)<ref>{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada|title=Selected Ethnic Origins, for Canada, Provinces and Territories - 20% Sample Data|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?T=501&Lang=E&GV=1&GID=0&S=1&O=D |access-date=23 February 2009}}</ref>!! Population (2006 census)<ref name="NSA">{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada|title=2006 Census|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837928 |access-date=25 February 2009}}</ref> !! Population (2016 census)<ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2019 Census – 25% Sample data | series= Canada 2016 Census |date=25 October 2017 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> |- | 1 || {{ON}} || 14,580 || 23,425 || 34,165 |- | 2 || {{QC}} || 5,680 || 11,390 || 15,060 |- | 3 || {{BC}} || 2,395 || 4,250 || 6,355 |- | 4 || {{AB}} || 1,515 || 2,970 || 5,745 |- | 5 || {{NS}} || 190 || 425 || 690 |- | 6 || {{SK}} || 105 || 400 || 860 |- | 7 || {{MB}} || 275 || 345 || 655 |- | 8 || {{NB}} || 125 || 275 || 235 |- | 9 || {{NL}} || 35 || 135 || 100 |- | 10 || {{NT}} || 10 || 65 || 15 |- | 11 || {{YT}} || 0 || 10 || 30 |- | 12 || {{flag|Nunavut}} || 0 (10 Multiple responses) || 0 || 15 |- | 13 || {{PE}} || 0 || 0 || 35 |- | Total || '''{{flagcountry|Canada}}''' || '''24,910''' || '''43,700''' || '''63,955''' |- |colspan=5|(Source: 2001, 2006 and 2016 Canadian Census') |}

===Estimated population=== In 2018 the Canadian Ambassador, Chris Cooter, said that there was approximately 100,000 Turkish Canadians living in the country, as well as several thousand Turkish students:

{{blockquote|We have a growing Turkish diaspora and they’re doing very well in Canada. We think it’s 100,000, largely in Toronto. We have several thousand Turkish students in Canada as well. We are trying to make sure that two-way relationship is growing. – Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter (2018)<ref name="Aytac2018">{{citation|last=Aytaç|first=Seyit Ahmet|year=2018|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/life/shared-issues-stronger-ties-canadas-envoy-to-turkey/1332258#|title=Shared issues, stronger ties: Canada's envoy to Turkey|quote=Turkish diaspora of some 100,000 Turks largely in Toronto is growing, says Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter{{nbsp}}... We have a growing Turkish diaspora and they’re doing very well in Canada. We think it’s 100,000, largely in Toronto. We have several thousand Turkish students in Canada as well.|publisher=Anadolu Agency|access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>}}

In 2019 the "Federation of Chinese Canadians in Markham" also reported that there was over 100,000 Turkish Canadians in the country.<ref>{{cite web |year=2019|url=https://fccm.taste-of-asia.ca/journey-to-the-east-16th-taste-of-asia-and-asian-heritage-month-reception-may-1st-2018/|title=Journey to the East: 16th Taste of Asia and Asian Heritage Month Reception May 1st, 2018|publisher=Federation of Chinese Canadians in Markham |quote= With over 100,000 Turkish Canadians in Canada,...|access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>

==Culture==

===Religion=== The majority of Turkish Canadians are Sunnis with minorities being Alevis and people generally do not have any religious affiliation. Prior to 1980, Turkish Canadian immigrants were from urban areas and secular backgrounds.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1279">{{Harvnb|Aksan|1999|loc=1279}}</ref> Religion remained an affair of the private conscience.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1279"/> In May 1983, the Canadian Turkish Islamic Heritage Association (Kanada Türk İslam Kültür Derneği) was established, followed by the Canadian Turkish Islamic Trust (Kanada Türk İslam Vakfı) in April 1987.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1279"/>

===Festivals=== [[File:Victoria Day Parade May 20, 2007.jpg|thumb|280px|Turkish Canadians march in the 2007 Victoria Day parade in Victoria, British Columbia]] *The Toronto Turkish Festival *The Calgary Turkish Festival *The Edmonton Turkish Festival *The Ottawa Turkish Festival<ref>[http://www.ottawaturkishfestival.com/ The Ottawa Turkish Festival]</ref>

=== Language === Turkish Canadians are generally fluent in Turkish, but may speak an Anglicized dialect, slang, or version, informally called "Türkilizce". This unofficial, informal dialect is common among younger Canadian Turks, and is characterized by the addition of English loanwords to otherwise completely Turkish conversations (for example, the Turkish translation of "to schedule" would be "tarih belirlemek", but a Türkilizce speaker would say "schedule etmek").<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://muzminsaksi.blogspot.com/2011/12/turkilizce-sozluk.html|title=Müzmin Saksı: Türkilizce sözlük|date=2011-12-18|website=Müzmin Saksı|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yenisafak.com/gundem/turkilizce-konusacagiz-2685244|title='Türkilizce' konuşacağız|last=Şafak|first=Yeni|date=2004-12-06|website=Yeni Şafak|language=tr-TR|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizimanadolu.com/turkilizce/|title=Türkilizce|website=www.bizimanadolu.com|date=2 February 2016 |access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muratkandemir25.blogspot.com/2010/03/kanadada-turk-olmak-ve-kanada-turk.html|title=Kanada Göçmenlik: Kanada'da Türk Olmak ve Kanada Türk Toplumu|last=Kandemir|first=Murat|date=2010-03-15|website=Kanada Göçmenlik|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref>

== Media == === Social media === * Turkish Association of Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/TurkishCanada|title=Security Check Required|website=Facebook.com|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Anatolian Heritage Foundation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anatolianheritage.ca|title=Turk Kanada - Kanada hakkında bilmeniz gereken herşey|website=Turk Kanada|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Intercultural Dialogue Institute<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toronto.interculturaldialog.com| title=Turk Kanada - Kanada hakkında bilmeniz gereken herşey|website=Turk Kanada|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Toronto Bilgi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/torontobilgi/|title=Security Check Required|website=www.instagram.com/|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Newspapers === * ''Canadaturk''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadaturk.ca|title=Main Page|website=Canadaturk.ca|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * ''Referans'' * ''Idinews''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edmonton.interculturaldialog.com|title=Edmonton Intercultural Dialogue Institute - IDI Edmonton|website=Edmonton.interculturaldialog.com}}</ref> * ''Bizim Anadolu''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizimanadolu.com/|title=Bizim Anadolu|website=Bizimanasdolu.com|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * ''Canatolian''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canatolian.com/|title=Canatolian|website=canatolian.com|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Television === * ''Turkuaz TV''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkuaz.ca/|title=TurkuazTV|website=turkuaz.ca|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Radio === * ''Radio Perfect''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radioperfect.net/|title=RadioPerfect|website=radioperfect.net|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

== Sports == * Atak Sports - Zafer Biryol Soccer Academy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ataksports.com|title=ataksports.com|website=Ataksports.com|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref>

== Education == Since 2005, Nile Academy, a private, secular school<ref>{{Cite web|title = Nile Academy|url = http://nileacademy.ca/|website = nileacademy.ca|access-date = 23 February 2016}}</ref> run by Turkish administration linked to a nonprofit organization called Canadian Turkish Friendship Community,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Job Offers - Nile Academy BlueHaven|url = http://nileacademy.ca/bluehaven/job-offers/|website = nileacademy.ca|access-date = 23 February 2016}}</ref> has grown exponentially over the years. Within eleven years, they managed to open their 3rd<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://nileacademy.ca/plunkett/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Awards2013.pdf|title = Nile Academy 2013 Awards (PDF)}}</ref> school within Ontario. They have also opened a dormitory located near Jane Street and Eglinton Avenue West, Toronto. Throughout the years, Nile Academy has competed in Turkish Language Olympiads and many wrestling tournaments in Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Nile Academy, Plunkett's Wrestling Team - Nile Academy-Plunkett Campus|url = http://nileacademy.ca/plunkett/nile-academy-plunketts-wrestling-team/|website = nileacademy.ca|access-date = 23 February 2016}}</ref>

In the mid 2010s, Nile Academy closed its main dormitory, and merged its three campuses into a single one, located in the Humber Summit neighbourhood of Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opengovca.com/ontario-school/669644|title=Nile Academy Blue Haven Campus · 5 Blue Haven Crescent, Toronto, Ontario M9M 1W6|website=opengovca.com|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref>

Nile Academy is also linked with the Islamic cleric, author, and scholar, Fethullah Gülen as well as the Gülen Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Fethullah Gülen Web Sitesi - Kanada'daki Türk Okulundan Büyük Başarı|url = http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/17682/11/|website = tr.fgulen.com|access-date = 23 February 2016}}</ref> They have had many notable alumni<ref>{{Cite web|title = Alumni - Nile Academy-Plunkett Campus|url = http://nileacademy.ca/plunkett/university-results/|website = nileacademy.ca|access-date = 23 February 2016}}</ref> since they opened in 2005.

==Associations== Since the 1960s, many community organizations have appeared representing various groups of Turkish immigrants. The various associations across Canada are currently represented by the "Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations", an umbrella organization founded in the mid-1980s.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1278">{{Harvnb|Aksan|1999|loc=1278}}</ref> The federation serves as a referral and communications centre for news of Turkey, local events, business and governmental inquiries, and intergroup relations. More recently, a similar Turkish Cypriot umbrella group, the "Federation of Turkish Cypriot Associations of Canada", was established; the "Canadian Association for Solidarity of Turks from Bulgaria" also forms part of the federation.<ref name="Aksan 1999 loc=1278"/>

The Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations is an umbrella organization representing 17 member associations from Victoria to Quebec, which include approximately 50,000 Canadians of Turkish origin. The federation was established in 1985 and is a non-profit organization with no political affiliations. It supports and encourages activities that deal with important cultural, economic, educational, historical, social and religious issues that relate to the Turkish community in Canada.

* Anatolian Heritage Federation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anatolianheritage.ca/|title=Anatolian Heritage Federation Canada|website=Anatolianheritage.ca|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Ankara Library<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ankarakitapligi.ca/|title=ANKARA KITAPLIGI|website=Ankarakitapligi.ca|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Association of Balkan Canadians<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balkancanadian.org/ |title=ABC | Association of Balkan Canadians | |access-date=2014-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122031509/http://www.balkancanadian.org/ |archive-date=22 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * Association of Canadian Turkish Cypriots * Canadian Alevi Culture Centre<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kanadaalevi.com/|title=Kanada Alevi Kültür Merkezi|website=Kanadaalevi.com|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Canadian Association for Solidarity of Turks from Bulgaria * Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association of London * Canadian Turkish Cultural Association of Hamilton * Canadian Turkish Film Society * Canadian Turkish Islamic Heritage Association INC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.papecami.com/|title=Kanada Türk İslam Kültür Derneği & Pape Cami - Ana sayfa|website=Papecami.com|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Council of Turkish Canadians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishcanadians.com/|title=Council of Turkish Canadians|website=Turkishcanadians.com|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * The Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishfederation.ca/|title=The Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations - Kanada Turk Dernekleri Federasyonu|first=Inanc|last=YILDIRIM|website=Turkishfederation.ca|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Intercultural Dialogue Institute<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interculturaldialog.com/|title=Intercultural Dialogue Institute, Canada|website=Interculturaldialog.com|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * K-W Turkish cultural association * Turkish Association of Canada (TAC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishcanada.com/|title=Home|website=Turkishcanada.com|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * The Turkish Canadian Association of London * Turkish Canadian Cultural Association<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turk.ca/|title=Turkish Canadian Cultural Association - Turkish Canadian Cultural Association|website=Turk.ca|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Turkish Canadian Cultural Association of Calgary<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calgaryturkishcanadian.org/|title=Turkish Canadian Cultural Association of Calgary|website=calgaryturkishcanadian.org|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Turkish Canadian Society<ref name="turkishcanadiansociety.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishcanadiansociety.org/|title=new homepage|website=Trukishcanadiansociety.org|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Turkish Canadian Society of Edmonton<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmontonturks.com/ |title=The Turkish Canadian Society |access-date=2012-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509062048/http://edmontonturks.com/ |archive-date=9 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * Turkish Canadian Society of Vancouver<ref name="turkishcanadiansociety.org"/> * The Turkish Community Heritage Centre of Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishcommunitycentre.org/|title=TCHCC Home|website=Turkishcommunitycentre.org|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Turkish Federation Community Foundation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vakif.turkishfederation.ca/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523004143/http://vakif.turkishfederation.ca/ |archive-date=23 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * Turkish Culture and Folklore Society<ref>{{cite web |url=https://canada.by/english/canadian-turkish-culture-folklore-society |title=Turk Kultur ve Folklor Dernegi |access-date=2023-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915130359/https://canada.by/english/canadian-turkish-culture-folklore-society |archive-date=15 September 2023 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * The Turkish Quebec Cultural and Friendship Association<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turquebec.ca/ |title=. Turquebec . |access-date=2012-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415141956/http://www.turquebec.ca/ |archive-date=15 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * Turkish Society of Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishcanada.org|title=Turkish Society of Canada - Turkish Society of Canada|date=15 March 2014|website=Turkishcanada.org|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> * Turkish Society of Nova Scotia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nsturkishsociety.ca/ |title=Turkish Society of Nova Scotia |access-date=2012-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704110939/http://nsturkishsociety.ca/ |archive-date=4 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * The United Canadian Muslim Association * United Canadian Turkish Cultural Association

== Notable people == {{see also|List of Turkish Canadians}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * {{citation |last=Abu-Laban|first=Baha|year=1983|chapter=The Canadian Muslim Community: The Need for a New Survival Strategy|title=The Muslim Community in North America|editor1-last=Waugh|editor1-first=Earle H.|editor2-last=Abu-Laban|editor2-first=Baha|editor3-last=Abu-Qureshi|editor3-first=Regula|publisher=University of Alberta|isbn=0-88864-034-X}}. * {{citation |last=Aksan|first=Virginia H.|year=1999|chapter=Turks|title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples|editor1-last=Magocsi|chapter-url=http://multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/t6|editor1-first=Paul R.|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=0-8020-2938-8}}. *{{citation |last=Cassia|first=Paul Sant|year=2007|title= Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory, and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-228-5}}. * {{citation |last=Karpat|first=Kemal H.|year=2004|chapter=Turkish Immigration to Canada|title=Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays |publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-13322-4}} * {{citation |last=Ozcurumez|first=Saime|year=2009|title=Immigrant Associations in Canada:Included, Accommodated, or Excluded?|journal=Turkish Studies|publisher=Routledge|volume=10|issue=2|pages=195–215|doi=10.1080/14683840902864002|hdl=11693/22731|s2cid=102340088 |hdl-access=free}} *{{citation |last1=Papadakis|first1=Yiannis|last2=Peristianis|first2=Nicos|last3=Welz|first3=Gisela|year=2006|title=Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict|place=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-21851-9}}. * {{citation|last=Powell|first=John|year=2005|chapter=Turkish Immigration|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=0-8160-4658-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno0000powe}} *{{citation |last=Tocci|first=Nathalie |author-link=Nathalie Tocci|year=2004|title= EU accession dynamics and conflict resolution: catalysing peace or consolidating partition in Cyprus?|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=0-7546-4310-7}}. {{refend}}

== External links == * [http://www.nileacademy.ca/ Turkish Schools in Canada] Nile Academy * [http://www.nebulafoundation.ca/ Turkish Schools in Canada] Nebula Academy * [http://www.anatolianheritage.ca/ Anatolian Heritage Federation] Anatolian Heritage Federation * [http://www.anatolian.ca/ Anatolian Cultural Centre] Anatolian Cultural Centres * [http://www.islamicteaching.info/ Dicle Islamic Society] Dicle Islamic Society * [http://www.tcccommerce.org/ Turkish Canadian Chamber of Commerce] TCCC * [http://www.balkancanadian.org/ Association of Balkan Canadians] Association of Balkan Canadians * [http://www.turkishfederation.ca/en/home_en.html The Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations] * [https://canada.by/english/canadian-turkish-culture-folklore-society Turkish Culture and Folklore Society] * [http://www.ankarakitapligi.ca/ ANKARA Library] * [http://vakif.turkishfederation.ca/ Turkish Federation Community Foundation] * [http://calgaryturkishcanadian.org/ Turkish Canadian Cultural Association of Calgary] * [http://nsturkishsociety.ca/ Turkish Society of Nova Scotia] * [http://www.turkishcanadiansociety.org/ Turkish Canadian Society (Vancouver)] * [http://www.turquebec.ca/ The Turkish Quebec Cultural and Friendship Association] * [http://www.edmontonturks.com/ Turkish Canadian Society of Edmonton] * [http://www.papecami.com/ CANADIAN TURKISH ISLAMIC HERITAGE ASSOCIATION INC.] * [http://citcal.turkmeninfocentre.com/ CANADIAN IRAQI TURKMEN CULTURE ASSOCIATION OF LONDON] * [http://www.turk.ca/ Turkish Canadian Cultural Association] * [http://www.TurkKanada.com Türk Kanada] * [http://www.ctbc.ca/ Canadian Turkish Business Council] * [http://www.turkishcanada.org Turkish Society of Canada] * [http://www.canadaturk.ca Canada Turk] * [https://boardgamedepot.ca/ Turkish Board Game Seller] * [http://www.canatolian.com Canatolian Turkish language business newspaper] * [https://torontobilgi.com/ Toronto Information] * [http://www.turkuaz.ca/ Turkuaz TV] (Canadian Turkish Media Association) * [http://radioperfect.net/ Radio Perfect] * [http://turknews.ca/index.php Turk News] * [http://www.bizimanadolu.com/ Bizim Anadolu] * [http://www.perfectgazete.com/ Perfect Gazete] * [http://kanadadabirturk.com/ Kanada'da Bir Türk] * [https://www.turkishcanadian.org/ Turkish Canadian]

Category:Turkish diaspora in Canada Canada * Category:European diaspora in Canada Category:Asian diaspora in Canada