Tonghua

{{other uses|Tonghua (disambiguation)}} {{more citations needed|date=July 2009}} {{Infobox settlement  | name = Tonghua | official_name = | other_name = T'ung-hua | native_name = 通化市 | native_name_lang = zh | nickname = | settlement_type = Prefecture-level city | total_type =  | motto =  | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2 | image1 = Views from Yuhuang Mountain, Tonghua 1.jpg | alt1 = View from Yuhuang Mountain | image2 = 巡道工出品 photo by Xundaogong——通化夜景 - panoramio.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Tonghua Science and Culture Center 5.jpg | alt3 = Tonghua Science and Culture Center | image4 = Yang Jingyu Memorial Park.jpg | alt4 = Yang Jingyu Memorial Park | image5 = Yuhuang Temple, Tonghua 2.jpg | alt5 = Yuhuang Temple }} | imagesize = | image_caption = '''From top, left to right:''' View from Yuhuang Mountain; Night Street in Dongchang; Tonghua Science and Culture Center; Yang Jingyu Memorial Park; Yuhuang Temple | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = Location of Tonghua Prefecture within Jilin (China).png | mapsize = | map_caption = Location of Tonghua City (yellow) in Jilin (light grey) and China | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Jilin | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city centre in Jilin | pushpin_mapsize = 240 | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = People's Republic of China | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Jilin | subdivision_type2 = County-level divisions | subdivision_name2 = 7 | seat_type = Municipal seat | seat = Dongchang District | parts_type = | parts_style =  | parts =  | p1 = | p2 =  | government_footnotes = | government_type = Prefecture-level city | leader_title = CPC Tonghua Secretary | leader_name = Liu Baowei ({{lang|zh-hans|刘保威}}) | leader_title1 = Mayor | leader_name1 = Tian Yulin ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|田玉林}}) | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title =  | established_date = | established_title1 =  | established_date1 = | established_title2 =  | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | founder = | named_for =  | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 15195 | area_land_km2 =  | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 761 | area_metro_km2 = 761 | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 =  | elevation_footnotes =  | elevation_m = 374 | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_m =  | population_as_of = 2020 census | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/jilin/admin/|title=China: Jílín (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 1812114 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = 446917 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_urban = 446917 | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{cite book |author=吉林省统计局、国家统计局吉林调查总队 |title=《吉林统计年鉴－2016》 |date=September 2016 |publisher=China Statistics Press |isbn=978-7-5037-7899-5 |url=http://tjj.jl.gov.cn/tjnj/2016/ml/indexc.htm |access-date=2017-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428025345/http://tjj.jl.gov.cn/tjnj/2016/ml/indexc.htm |archive-date=2018-04-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Prefecture-level city | demographics2_info1 = CN¥ 100 billion US$ 16.1 billion | demographics2_title2 = Per capita | demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 45,171 US$ 7,252 | timezone = China Standard | utc_offset = +8 | coor_pinpoint = Tonghua government | coordinates = {{coord|41.7283|N|125.9397|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-22_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}} | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 134000 | area_code = 0435 | blank2_name = Licence plate prefixes | blank2_info = {{lang|zh-cn|吉E}} | iso_code = CN-JL-05 | website = {{URL|tonghua.gov.cn}} | footnotes = }} {{Infobox Chinese | pic = 通化.png | piccap = "Tonghua", as written in Chinese | picsize = 150px | psp = Tunghwa | c = {{linktext|lang=zh|通化}} | w = T'ung1-hua4 | p = Tōnghuà }} '''Tonghua''' ({{lang-zh|s=通化 |p=Tōnghuà}}) is a prefecture-level city in the south of Jilin province, People's Republic of China. It borders North Korea's Chagang Province to the south and southeast, Baishan to the east, Jilin City to the north, Liaoyuan to the northwest, and Liaoning province to the west and southwest. Its population was 1,812,114 registered residents at the 2020 census living in an area of {{convert|15195|km2}}. Its built-up (or metro) area made of the two urban districts was home to 446,917 inhabitants. It is known as one of the five medicine production centres in China.<ref name = "City Intro"/>

==History== [[File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nk51-9.jpg|thumb|Map including Tonghua (labeled as T'UNG-HUA {{lang|zh|通化}}) (AMS, 1955)]] Human settlement in the Tonghua area dates from about 6,000 years ago.<ref name=":0"/> In the Western Han Dynasty, Tonghua belonged to the Liaodong Fourth Commandery ({{lang|zh-hant|遼東四郡}}).

Tonghua was the birthplace of Goguryeo culture and shaman culture.<ref name=":0"/> The Goguryeo kingdom established its capital at Gungnae in 425 A.D., which, together with the Tombs of the Ancient Gogoryeo Kingdom, represents the only successful, independent submission to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/jilin/2014-10/29/content_18824404.htm|title=Tonghua - Jilin, China|language=en|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>

Under the Japanese occupation of Manchuria after 1932, a railway was constructed linking Tonghua with the main Manchurian rail network and with northern Korea.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Yang Jingyu led the First Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army to battle the Imperial Japanese Army, and was killed in battle.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.tonghua.gov.cn/zjth/|script-title=zh:通化市政府|language=zh|title=Tonghua Municipal Government|website=www.tonghua.gov.cn|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

In August 1945 Tonghua briefly served as the temporary capital of Manchukuo, where Puyi claimed to abdicate at the behest of the Kwantung Army. In 1985, Tonghua became a prefecture-level city under the approval of the State Council.<ref>{{Cite book |script-title=zh:通化市志 |author=Office of the Tonghua Almanac Compilation Committee |year=1996 |publisher=China City Press ({{lang|zh-hans|中国城市出版社}}) |isbn=7-5074-0818-3}}</ref>

The city has a recent record of extreme violence including the {{ill|Shosankoku incident|ja|小山克事件}} in 1945, the Tonghua Incident in 1946 and the Tonghua Iron and Steel Group riot in 2009.

==Administrative divisions== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;" |- !colspan="7"| Map |- | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| <div style="position: relative" class="center"> {{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Tonghua.png|width=364|link=}} {{Image label|x=250|y=670|scale=364/560|text={{small|'''Dongchang'''}}}} {{Image label|x=305|y=635|scale=364/560|text={{small|'''Erdaojiang'''}}}} {{Image label|x=130|y=630|scale=364/560|text='''Tonghua County ※'''}} {{Image label|x=375|y=760|scale=364/560|text='''※'''}} {{Image label|x=390|y=250|scale=364/560|text='''Huinan County'''}} {{Image label|x=240|y=410|scale=364/560|text='''Liuhe County'''}} {{Image label|x=175|y=250|scale=364/560|text='''Meihekou {{small|(city)}}'''}} {{Image label|x=270|y=890|scale=364/560|text='''Ji'an {{small|(city)}}'''}} {{Image label end}} </div> |- ! # ! Name ! Hanzi ! Hanyu Pinyin ! Population (2010 est.) ! Area (km2) ! Density (/km2) |- |1 |Dongchang District |{{lang|zh-Hans|东昌区}} |{{Transliteration|zh|Dōngchāng Qū}} |360,195 |383 |940 |- |2 |Erdaojiang District |{{lang|zh-Hans|二道江区}} |{{Transliteration|zh|Èrdàojiāng Qū}} |146,682 |378 |388 |- |3 |Meihekou City |{{lang|zh-Hans-CN|梅河口市}} |{{Transliteration|zh|Méihékǒu Shì}} |615,367 |2,175 |283 |- |4 |Ji'an City |{{lang|zh-Hans-CN|集安市}} |{{Transliteration|zh|Jí'ān Shì}} |232,358 |3,408 |68 |- |5 |Tonghua County |{{lang|zh-Hans|通化县}} |{{Transliteration|zh|Tōnghuà Xiàn}} |247,225 |3,729 |66 |- |6 |Huinan County |{{lang|zh-Hans|辉南县}} |{{Transliteration|zh|Huīnán Xiàn}} |359,453 |2,277 |158 |- |7 |Liuhe County |{{lang|zh-Hans|柳河县}} |{{Transliteration|zh|Liǔhé Xiàn}} |363,962 |3,348 |109 |}

==Geography==

===Climate=== Tonghua has a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen ''Dwa''), with long, very cold, windy, but dry winters and hot, humid summers; spring and autumn are brief. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−13.9|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|22.3|°C|1}} in July; the annual mean is {{convert|6.0|°C|1}}. During the warmer months, rainfall is enhanced by the mountainous topography, allowing for a generous annual precipitation total of {{convert|893.44|mm|1}}. However, the monsoon still means that more than 60% of the annual precipitation falls from June to August alone.

{{Weather box|width=auto |metric first=y |single line=y |collapsed = Y |location = Tonghua, elevation {{convert|403|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2025) |Jan high C = -6.1 |Feb high C = -1.6 |Mar high C = 5.4 |Apr high C = 14.7 |May high C = 21.5 |Jun high C = 25.4 |Jul high C = 27.8 |Aug high C = 27.1 |Sep high C = 22.3 |Oct high C = 14.6 |Nov high C = 4.0 |Dec high C = -4.3 |Jan mean C = -13.3 |Feb mean C = -8.5 |Mar mean C = -0.6 |Apr mean C = 8.2 |May mean C = 14.9 |Jun mean C = 19.6 |Jul mean C = 22.8 |Aug mean C = 21.6 |Sep mean C = 15.3 |Oct mean C = 7.4 |Nov mean C = -1.8 |Dec mean C = -10.5 |Jan low C = -18.8 |Feb low C = -14.3 |Mar low C = -5.8 |Apr low C = 2.3 |May low C = 8.8 |Jun low C = 14.6 |Jul low C = 19.0 |Aug low C = 17.8 |Sep low C = 10.6 |Oct low C = 1.9 |Nov low C = -6.4 |Dec low C = -15.6 |Jan record high C = 4.7 |Jan record low C = -33.4 |Feb record high C = 12.6 |Feb record low C = -31.8 |Mar record high C = 22.3 |Mar record low C = -27.6 |Apr record high C = 28.7 |Apr record low C = -12.8 |May record high C = 32.3 |May record low C = -3.8 |Jun record high C = 34.9 |Jun record low C = 5.2 |Jul record high C = 35.6 |Jul record low C = 10.3 |Aug record high C = 35.3 |Aug record low C = 5.0 |Sep record high C = 30.7 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record high C = 26.4 |Oct record low C = -11.5 |Nov record high C = 18.3 |Nov record low C = -25.3 |Dec record high C = 8.9 |Dec record low C = -32.1 |year high C = |year low C = |year high F = |year low F = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 8.4 |Feb precipitation mm = 14.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 23.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 49.2 |May precipitation mm = 82.7 |Jun precipitation mm = 109.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 204.9 |Aug precipitation mm = 213.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 67.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 50.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 39.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 13.6 |Jan humidity = 66 |Feb humidity = 61 |Mar humidity = 56 |Apr humidity = 52 |May humidity = 59 |Jun humidity = 70 |Jul humidity = 77 |Aug humidity = 80 |Sep humidity = 75 |Oct humidity = 67 |Nov humidity = 68 |Dec humidity = 68 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 7.0 |Feb precipitation days = 6.8 |Mar precipitation days = 8.2 |Apr precipitation days = 9.6 |May precipitation days = 12.7 |Jun precipitation days = 14.7 |Jul precipitation days = 15.3 |Aug precipitation days = 13.8 |Sep precipitation days = 8.3 |Oct precipitation days = 9.2 |Nov precipitation days = 9.5 |Dec precipitation days = 8.5 |year precipitation days = |Jan sun = 160.3 |Feb sun = 181.1 |Mar sun = 216.1 |Apr sun = 216.9 |May sun = 235.0 |Jun sun = 214.7 |Jul sun = 191.7 |Aug sun = 194.2 |Sep sun = 201.4 |Oct sun = 194.5 |Nov sun = 149.5 |Dec sun = 140.4 |year sun = | Jan percentsun = 54 | Feb percentsun = 60 | Mar percentsun = 58 | Apr percentsun = 54 | May percentsun = 52 | Jun percentsun = 47 | Jul percentsun = 42 | Aug percentsun = 46 | Sep percentsun = 54 | Oct percentsun = 57 | Nov percentsun = 51 | Dec percentsun = 50 | year percentsun = |Jan snow days = 11.5 |Feb snow days = 9.7 |Mar snow days = 10.2 |Apr snow days = 3.8 |May snow days = 0.1 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 2.2 |Nov snow days = 9.7 |Dec snow days = 12.8 |year snow days = |source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =7 July 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref> | source 2 = Weather China<ref name = "City Intro">{{cite web | url = https://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101060501.shtml? | script-title=zh:通化 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 | publisher = Weather China | language = zh | access-date = 28 November 2022}}</ref> }}

==Economy==

Traditionally, Tonghua occupied a railhub position in a region of China noted for trade in only three agricultural commodities. These were ginseng, marten furs and deer antler products. In the 1980s Tonghua had some success with a wine distillery (see Tonghua Grape Wine) producing sweet, sticky red wines that proved popular with local consumers. From 1987 onwards a biennial wine festival was inaugurated, but this and the industry it promoted ultimately failed commercially owing to competition with joint-venture wine companies such as Dragon, who were able to produce a product that was marketable overseas. Following this failure, Tonghua industry was thrown back on its traditional agricultural products - and a few small but viable factories, including one specialising in artificial furs.

A fledgling tourist trade sought to highlight Tonghua attractions such as some ski slopes, the tomb of the local hero General Yang (a resister to the Japanese occupation of Manchukuo in the 1930s) and the Changbai Shan Nature Reserve for which Tonghua serves as a connecting railway station from the major population centres to the north and west.

Tonghua's population hovers around 300,000, but census information is difficult to assess as it includes demographic information from other towns nearby (for example, Erdaojiang - a suburb of Tonghua, and even Hunjiang, a city to the east). The inclusion of these suburbs and surrounding towns greatly swells Tonghua's official population beyond the 300,000-mark.

===Steel=== thumb|Tonghua Steel Factory Erdaojiang District has a number of steelworks, and tens of thousands of steelworkers are employed locally. In July 2009, workers at Tonghua Iron and Steel Group rioted ''(See main article)'' at news of a takeover deal by privately owned Jianlong Steel, and the general manager of the firm was beaten to death. The unrest reportedly involved 30,000 workers, with up to 100 injured in clashes with police. The takeover was promptly scrapped.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8169169.stm One killed in China steel riot], BBC News, 26 July 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2af62ecb329d3d7733492d9253a0a0a0/?vgnextoid=c54a6f6217ab2210VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&ss=China&s=News Takeover scrapped after workers kill steel plant manager] SCMP, 27 July 2009</ref>

Tonghua Iron and Steel became part of Shougang Group in 2010,<ref>[https://jp.reuters.com/article/china-steel-tonghua/chinas-shougang-to-take-over-scandal-hit-tonghua-steel-idUSTOE65200L20100603 China's Shougang to take over scandal-hit Tonghua Steel (Reuters, 2010)]</ref> and is now called Shougang Tonghua Steel Group.<ref>[https://www.shougang.com.cn/en/ehtml/IronSteelIndustry/20170329/827.html Shougang Tonghua Steel Group(Shougang.com.cn)]</ref>

===Pharmaceuticals=== The city of Tonghua has also become a hub for a range of Chinese pharmaceutical firms, including domestic insulin producer Tonghua Dongbao Pharmaceuticals Ltd. These companies are generally spread among the various "Industrial parks" found throughout the city, with 46 projects located in these parks in 2012 alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2013-04/25/content_16447322.htm |title=Entrepreneurs transform Tonghua |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |date= |accessdate=2022-04-04}}</ref> Investment in Tonghua's pharmaceutical industry is on the increase, with 27 of these projects worth over 100 million Yuan. Other pharmaceutical producers in the area include Jingma, Zhenghe and Wantong Pharmaceuticals.

==Transportation==

===Railway=== Railways from Shenyang to Jilin and Meihekou to Ji'an meets in Tonghua. Trains from Tonghua Railway Station connect the city with Beijing, Qingdao, Shenyang, Dalian and several other major cities in China.

===Highway=== Tonghua is served by G11 Hegang-Dalian Expressway.

===Air=== Tonghua is served by Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport.

== Tourism ==

=== Yang Jingyu Martyrs Cemetery === The Yang Jingyu Martyrs Cemetery is located on the hills adjoining the Tongjiang River in Tonghua and was built to commemorate Second Sino-Japanese War war hero, Yang Jingyu. It was built in July 1954 and completed in September 1957. The cemetery covers an area of {{convert|20000|m2|abbr=on}}. There are five buildings in the park, which are classical glazed tile buildings. The front is the mourning hall and the tomb. The four partial temples are the performance exhibition hall of General Yang Jingyu. The bronze statue of General Yang Jingyu erects on the central of the cemetery. The front of the granite base is engraved with Peng Zhen's handwriting: The National Hero Yang Jingyu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinamartyrs.gov.cn/LingYuanZhanShi/C031/zdjs.html |script-title=zh:杨靖宇烈士陵园|website=www.chinamartyrs.gov.cn|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

=== Baijifeng National Forest Park === It is located in the southeast of Tonghua, 25 kilometers away from the urban area. The altitude of the Baiji Yaoshan in the park is {{convert|1318|m|abbr=on}}, which is the highest peak of Tonghua.

The Forest Park is dominated by natural landscapes. The total area of the park is about {{convert|1041|ha}} and the forest coverage rate is 98.7%. The main species are Korean pine, spruce, alfalfa, birch, and rare species such as yew, hedgehog{{clarify|date=December 2018|reason=A very rare plant indeed}}, hawthorn, and magnolia. Under the canopy, there are mainly wild ginseng, ginseng, asarum and other medicinal materials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jl.gov.cn/szfzt/stjlmlzg/zrbh/slgy/gjslgy/201507/t20150713_3768628.html|script-title=zh:生态吉林美丽中国|publisher=Jilin Provincial People's Government|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Commons category|Tonghua}} {{Wiktionary|Tonghua|Tunghwa|T'ung-hua}} * [http://www.tonghua.gov.cn/ Government website of Tonghua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023221112/http://www.tonghua.gov.cn/ |date=2015-10-23 }}

{{Clear}} {{Jilin topics}} {{Jilin}} {{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

Category:Tonghua Category:Cities in Jilin Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Jilin