{{Short description|Family of roundworms}} {{Automatic_taxobox | taxon = Trichodoridae | authority = (Thorne)<ref name=Thorne>{{cite journal | last1 = Thorne | first1 = G | year = 1935 | title = Notes on free-living and plant parasitic nematodes, II. | journal = Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash. | volume = 2 | pages = 96–98 }}</ref> Clark<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clark | first1 = W.C. |author-link1=Wally Clark (zoologist) | year = 1961 | title = A revised classification of the order Enoplida (Nematoda) | journal = New Zealand Journal of Science | volume = 4 | issue = 1| pages = 123–150 }}</ref> | type_genus = ''Trichodorus'' | type_genus_authority = Cobb, 1913 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text }}
'''Trichodoridae''' ('''stubby-root nematodes''', '''trichodorids''') is a family of terrestrial root feeding nematodes, being one of two that constitute suborder Triplonchida.<ref name=ucr>[http://faculty.ucr.edu/~pdeley/lab/triplonchida.html Phylum Nematoda: Triplochida] Nematode Classification. Department of Nematology. University of California, Riverside.</ref><ref name=ucd>[http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxamnus/Triplida2mnu.htm Order Triplochida] Nemaplex: Nematode-Plant Expert Information System. University of California, Davis. Version October 9, 2012.</ref> They are economically important plant parasites and virus vectors.{{sfn|Decraemer|1995}}{{sfn|Zhang|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3_DVd5DtGEC&pg=PA66 p. 66]}}
== Taxonomy == The first trichodorid was described in 1880 (De Man) as ''Dorylaimus primitivus'', and the type genus, ''Trichodorus'' described in 1913 by Cobb, based on ''Trichodorus obtusus''.{{sfn|Decraemer|1995|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qW19ryMat_EC&pg=PA4 pp. 4, 29]}}
=== Subdivision === Historically, up to 1973, ''Trichodorus'' was the only genus in this family. Originally it was the only genus in a subfamily, the Trichodorinae Thorne 1935,<ref name=Thorne/> within the family Diphtherophoridae, to distinguish it from the other subfamily, Diphtherophorinae.{{sfn|Zuckerman|1971|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UlNTQl4E4nIC&pg=PA165 p. 165]}} However Diphtherophoridae was elevated to superfamily rank, and the subfamily Trichodorinae became a full-fledged family.{{sfn|Decraemer|1995|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qW19ryMat_EC&pg=PA257 p. 257]}} The genus ''Trichodorus'' was split into two genera in 1974 by Siddiqi,<ref name=Siddiqi>{{cite journal | last1 = Siddiqi | first1 = M.R. | year = 1974 | title = Systematics of the genus ''Trichodorus'' Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida), with descriptions of three new species | journal = Nematologica | volume = 19 | pages = 259–278 }}</ref> ''Trichodorus'' and ''Paratrichodorus''. This was based on the position of the gland nuclei and the type of pharyngo-intestinal junction. Siddiqi also used these criteria to divide ''Paratrichodirus'' into three subgenera, ''Paratrichodorus'', ''Atlantadorus'' and ''Nanidorus''. Rodriguez-Montessorosoon proposed further separating these genera into two subfamilies, resurrecting the name Trichodorinae.<ref>[http://genisys.prd.fr/Fortuner_1984b.pdf Fortuner R. List and Status of the Genera and Families of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Helminthological Abstracts Series B Plant Nematology September 1984 Vol.53 No.3]</ref> With Siddiqi's subgenera not accepted by all authorities,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Decraemer | first1 = W | year = 1980 | title = Systematics of the Trichodoridae (Nematoda) with keys to their species | url = http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/pt5/nemato/21369.pdf | journal = Revue de Nématologie | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = 81–99 }}</ref> his elevation of these subgenera to genus level in 1980<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Siddiqi | first1 = M.R. | year = 1980 | title = On the generic status of ''Atlantadorus'' Siddiqi, 1974 and ''Nanidorus'' Siddiqi, 1974 (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) | journal = Systematic Parasitology | volume = 1 | issue = 2| pages = 151–152 | doi=10.1007/bf00009861| s2cid = 38111986 }}</ref>{{sfn|Decraemer|1995|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qW19ryMat_EC&pg=PA10 p. 10]}} was followed by even fewer,{{sfn|Duarte et al.|2010}} but now is finding supports in molecular systematics.
=== Phylogenetics === In the case of ''Nanidorus'', phylogenetic analysis has supported its recognition as a separate genus, although clustering with ''Trichodorus'' rather than its parent ''Paratrichodorus''.{{sfn|Duarte et al.|2010}}{{sfn|Kumari|Subbotin|2012}}
=== Genera === There were few species recognised before the economic importance of the family was recognised, and in 1957 there were only 12, but this increased rapidly. In addition further genera than the original ''Trichodorus'' (1913) and ''Paratrichodorus'' (1974) were created in the 1970s, and another genus in 2002.{{sfn|Decraemer|1995|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qW19ryMat_EC&pg=PA3 p. 3]}}
There are now about 100 species divided into five to six genera.<ref name=Decraemer>{{cite journal| pmc=2586508 | pmid=19259501 | volume=39 | issue=4 | title=The who, what and where of longidoridae and trichodoridae | journal=J Nematol | pages=295–7 | last1 = Decraemer | first1 = W | last2 = Robbins | first2 = RT| year=2007 }}</ref>{{sfn|Decraemer|1995|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qW19ryMat_EC&pg=PA36 p. 36]}} Duarte et al. (2010) list 102 species.{{sfn|Duarte et al.|2010}} *''Allotrichodorus'' Rodriguez-M, Sher and Siddiqi, 1978<ref>RODRIGUEZ-MR, .S, HER, S. A. & SIIYDIQIM, . R. (1978). Systematics of the monodelphic species of Trichodoridae (Nematoda : Diphtherophorina) with descriptions of a new genus and four new species. J. Nematol., 10 : 141-152</ref> (6 species) *''Ecuadorus'' Siddiqi, 2002 (2 species) *''Monotrichodorus'' Andrassy, 1976<ref>ANDRASSY, 1. (1976). Evolution as a basis for the systematization of nematodes. London, San Francisco & Melbourne, Pitman Publishing</ref> (4 species) *''Nanidorus'' Siddiqi, 1974<ref name=Siddiqi/> *''Paratrichodorus'' Siddiqi, 1974<ref name=Siddiqi/> (34 species) *''Trichodorus'' Cobb, 1913<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cobb | first1 = N. A. | year = 1913 | title = New nematode genera found inhabiting fresh water and non-brackish soils | journal = J. Wash. Acad. Sci. | volume = 3 | pages = 432–444 }}</ref> (54 species)
The two largest genera have didelphic females (two genital tracts), and are distributed worldwide. In the contrast the three small genera, have females that are monodelphic-prodelphic (single tract) and are native to Central America and the northern part of South America.
=== Etymology === Trichodoridae comes from the Greek trichos (a hair) and dory (a spear).<ref name=ucd/> The name "stubby-root" comes from the effect of the nematodes on the root system which appears "stubby" or stunted.<ref>[http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in617 W. T. Crow. Stubby-Root Nematode, Trichodorus obtusus Cobb (syn T. proximus) (Nematoda: Adenophorea: Triplonchida: Diphtherophorina: Trichodoridea: Trichodoridae.) University of Florida, 2013]</ref>{{sfn|Decraemer|1995}}
== Plant pathology == The family only became of interest in 1951.<ref>CHRISTIE, J. R. & PERRY, V. G. (1951). Removing nematodes from soil. Proc. helm. Soc. Wasb. 18: 106-108.</ref> At that time ''Trichodorus christie'' (=''Paratrichodorus minor'') was recognised as a pest of crops (beets and corn) in Florida.{{sfn|Decraemer|1995|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qW19ryMat_EC&pg=PA3 p. 3]}} In 1961 it was discovered that they were also virus vectors,<ref>SOL, H. H. & SEINHORST, J. W. (1961). The transmission of rattle virus by Trichodorus pachydermus. Tijdschr. PlZiekt. 67, 307-311</ref> though this seems to be mainly the didelphic genera.{{sfn|Duarte et al.|2010}}
== References == {{Reflist|30em}}
== Bibliography == {{Wikispecies|position=left}} {{Refbegin|30em}}
=== Books === *{{cite book|editor1-last=Lee|editor1-first=Donald L|title=The biology of nematodes|date=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=London|isbn=978-0415272117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omQLBAAAQBAJ|access-date=16 December 2014}} *{{cite book|last1=Decraemer|first1=W.|title=The family Trichodoridae: stubby root and virus vector nematodes|date=1995|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-0792337737|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qW19ryMat_EC|access-date=15 December 2014}} **[http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/fan/010017571.pdf DECRAEMER, W. & BAUJARD, P., 1998. Additions and corrections to: Decraemer: The Family Trichodoridae. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21 (2): 207-212.] *{{cite book|editor1-last=Zhang|editor1-first=Zhi-Qiang|title=Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness|date=2011|publisher=Magnolia Press|location=Auckland, N.Z.|isbn=978-1869778491|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3_DVd5DtGEC|access-date=15 December 2014}} *{{cite book|editor1-last=Zuckerman|editor1-first=B.N.|editor2-last=Mai|editor2-first=W.F.|editor3-last=Rohde|editor3-first=R.A.|title=Plant Parasitic Nematodes: Volume I. Morphology, Anatomy, Taxonomy, and Ecology|date=1971|publisher=Elsevier Science|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0323154246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlNTQl4E4nIC|access-date=15 December 2014|ref={{harvid|Zuckerman|1971}}}} *{{cite book|editor1-last=Perry|editor1-first=Roland N.|editor2-last=Moens|editor2-first=Maurice|title=Plant nematology|date=2013|publisher=CABI|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-1780641515|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTv7AgAAQBAJ|access-date=16 December 2014}}
=== Articles === *{{cite journal|last1=Blaxter|first1=Mark L.|last2=De Ley|first2=Paul|last3=Garey|first3=James R.|last4=Liu|first4=Leo X.|last5=Scheldeman|first5=Patsy|last6=Vierstraete|first6=Andy|last7=Vanfleteren|first7=Jacques R.|last8=Mackey|first8=Laura Y.|last9=Dorris|first9=Mark|last10=Frisse|first10=Linda M.|last11=Vida|first11=J. T.|last12=Thomas|first12=W. Kelley|title=A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda|journal=Nature|date=5 March 1998|volume=392|issue=6671|pages=71–75|doi=10.1038/32160|pmid=9510248|bibcode=1998Natur.392...71B|s2cid=4301939}} *De Ley, P & Blaxter, M 2004, 'A new system for Nematoda: combining morphological characters with molecular trees, and translating clades into ranks and taxa'. in R Cook & DJ Hunt (eds), Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. vol. 2, E.J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 633–653. *{{cite journal | last1 = Siddiqi | first1 = M.R. | year = 1974 | title = Systematics of the genus ''Trichodorus'' Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida), with descriptions of three new species | journal = Nematologica | volume = 19 | pages = 259–278 }} *{{cite journal|last4=Brown|first4=Derek|last2=Neilson|first2=Roy|last3=Decraemer|first3=Wilfrida|last1=Duarte|last5=de Almeida|first5=Maria Teresa M.|last6=Marques|first1=Isabel|title=Phylogenetic relationships, based on SSU rDNA sequences, among the didelphic genera of the family Trichodoridae from Portugal|journal=Nematology|date=1 February 2010|volume=12|issue=2|pages=171–180|doi=10.1163/156854109X461721|ref={{harvid|Duarte et al.|2010}}|hdl=1822/18363|hdl-access=free}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumari|first1=S.|last2=Subbotin|first2=S. A.|title=Molecular characterization and diagnostics of stubby root and virus vector nematodes of the family Trichodoridae (Nematoda: Triplonchida) using ribosomal RNA genes|journal=Plant Pathology|date=December 2012|volume=61|issue=6|pages=1021–1031|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02598.x|doi-access=free}} {{Refend}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5270505}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Enoplia