Tramp species

{{Short description|Organism globally spread by humans}} In ecology, a '''tramp species''' is an organism that has been spread globally by human activities. The term was coined by William Morton Wheeler in the bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History in 1906, used to describe ants that “have made their way as well known tramps or stow-aways [sic] to many islands".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asaph.|first=Allen, Joel|title=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History : volume 22, 1906|date=1906|publisher=American Museum of Natural History|oclc=730437041}}</ref> The term has since widened to include non-ant organisms, but remains most popular in myrmecology. Tramp species have been noted in multiple phyla spanning both animal and plant kingdoms, including but not limited to arthropods, mollusca, bryophytes, and pteridophytes. The term "tramp species" was popularized and given a more set definition by Luc Passera in his chapter<ref name="Passera-1994">{{cite book |last=Passera |first=Luc |chapter=Characteristicts of tramp species |chapter-url=https://www.dictionnaire-amoureux-des-fourmis.fr/Noms%20propres/P/Passera%20Luc/Passera-Characteristics%20of%20tramp%20species.pdf |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=David F. |title=Exotic Ants: Biology, Impact, And Control Of Introduced Species |date=1994 |publisher=CRC |place=Boca Raton |pages=23–43 |isbn=9780429040795 }}</ref> of David F. William's 1994 book ''Exotic Ants: Biology, Impact, And Control Of Introduced Species''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=David F. |title=Exotic ants: biology, impact, and control of introduced species |date=1994 |publisher=CRC |place=Boca Raton |isbn=0-8133-8615-2 |oclc=636847669 |doi=10.1201/9780429040795 }}</ref>

== Definition == [[File:Bradybaena similaris (14528589874).jpg|thumb|Asian trampsnail ''(Bradybaena similaris)'', an invasive gastropod found in several countries worldwide.]] Tramp species are organisms that have stable populations outside their native ranges.<ref name=":12" /> They are closely associated with human activities.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Janicki|first1=Julia|last2=Narula|first2=Nitish|last3=Ziegler|first3=Matt|last4=Guénard|first4=Benoit|last5=Economo|first5=Evan P.|date=March 2016|title=Visualizing and interacting with large-volume biodiversity data using client–server web-mapping applications: The design and implementation of antmaps.org|journal=Ecological Informatics|volume=32|pages=185–193|doi=10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.02.006|issn=1574-9541|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016EcInf..32..185J }}</ref> They are disturbance-specialists,<ref name=":12" /> and are characterized by their synanthropic associations with humans<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|author=McDonald, Danny Lee|title=Investigation of an Invasive Ant Species: Nylanderia fulva Colony Extraction, Management, Diet Preference, Fecundity, and Mechanical Vector Potential|oclc=865509308}}</ref> as their primary mode of expansion is human-mediated dispersal.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Jason L|last2=Lucky|first2=Andrea|date=2020-03-16|title=Non-native and Invasive Nylanderia Crazy Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the World: Integrating Genomics to Enhance Taxonomic Preparedness|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|volume=113|issue=4|pages=318–336|doi=10.1093/aesa/saz039|issn=0013-8746|doi-access=free}}</ref> That being said, tramp species are not limited to anthropogenically disturbed habitats, they have the potential to invade pristine habitats, especially when established in a new area.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Roger Ho|last2=Wang|first2=Chase Liu-Wei|last3=Guénard|first3=Benoit|date=2020-05-10|title=The ecological implications of rubber-based agroforestry: Insect conservation and invasion control|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=57|issue=8|pages=1605–1618|doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13642|s2cid=218943271|issn=0021-8901|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JApEc..57.1605L }}</ref> For example, ''Anoplolepis gracilipes'' was able to invade undisturbed forest ecosystems in Australia after being introduced and having an established population in northeast Arnhem Land.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Benjamin D.|last2=Saul|first2=Wolf-Christian|date=2010-01-30|title=Yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) invasions within undisturbed mainland Australian habitats: no support for biotic resistance hypothesis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9701-3|journal=Biological Invasions|volume=12|issue=9|pages=3093–3108|doi=10.1007/s10530-010-9701-3|bibcode=2010BiInv..12.3093H |s2cid=19093967|issn=1387-3547|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is important to note that while some tramp species are invasive, the majority of them are not.<ref name=":7" /> Some can exist alongside native species without competing with them, simply occupying unfilled niches, such as is the case with some populations of ''Tapinoma melanocephalum'' and ''Monomorium pharaonic'', who rarely interfere with native species outside human settlement areas.<ref name=":7" />

=== Ants === [[File:M.pharaonis.jpg|thumb|Pharaoh ant (''Monomorium pharaonis)'' a well established tramp species able to thrive in diverse environments. ]] Ants have a more rigid list of criterion to be considered "true" tramp species. The most cited body of work outlining these traits comes from Luc Passera.<ref name="Passera-1994"/> His primary and most important criterion is that the distribution of the species must be linked to human activities, what he refers to as "anthropophilic tendency".<ref name="Passera-1994"/> He also lists the following traits as being likely common to all tramp species: small size, monomorphism of worker ants (worker ants having only one phenotype), high rates of polygyny, unicoloniality, strong interspecific aggressiveness, worker ant sterility, and colony reproduction by budding.<ref name="Passera-1994"/> These traits may appear with more or less intensity among considered tramp species,<ref name="Passera-1994"/> and in fact, literature does not currently require a tramp species to possess every single one of these attributes.<ref name=":1" /> Ant tramp species in particular can be ecological indicators on the susceptibility of an ecosystem to become invaded<ref name=":14" /> or ecological instability.<ref name="Passera-1994"/>

== Causes and distribution ==

All tramp species are distributed globally by as a result of human transportation.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":17" /> As such, they are almost always present in urban or human-settled environments, and have colonizing mechanisms that are well adapted to human cohabitation,<ref name=":2" /> referred to as possessing "anthropogenically reinforced dispersal biology".<ref name=":16" /> The globalization of trade and travel have contributed significantly to the dispersal of tramp species worldwide.<ref name=":16" /> Trade activities involving the importation and exportation of cargos on ships (often containing plants, soil, wood and other biological mediums) are noted as being an especially important methods of introduction.<ref name=":13" /> These often repeated introductions (as oftentimes shipments will come from the same place) contribute to fortifying the genetic variability and initial population sizes of newly transplanted tramp species, which facilitates their establishment in novel environments.<ref name=":13" /> After their human-mediated introductions, tramp species can also benefit from human disturbance to the environment. Anthropogenic forces (such as construction and agriculture) can dramatically impact local fauna and flora, weakening the environment and making the area more susceptible to the encroachment of tramp species.<ref name=":2" /> This phenomenon is noted as a particularly tough issue in Tropical Asia, where monocropping practices of local rubber plant farms have decimated indigenous species assemblages and habitat structures, allowing the establishment of many problematic tramp species.<ref name=":14" /> Another example is the Thousand Islands Archipelago in Indonesia, where the small tropical islands are especially vulnerable to human disturbance, which facilitated the establishment of multiple tramp species.<ref name=":2" />

The range expansion of tramp ants is projected to increase with weather pattern changes due to climate change.<ref name=":13" /> As many tramp species are well adapted to disturbances in their native habitat, they are particularly resilient to large-scale, unpredictable weather events (such as floods, wildfires and monsoons), which are set to increase in frequency as anthropogenic activity continues to affect global systems.<ref name=":13" />

== Effects on local environments == [[File:Starr-160104-0301-Cenchrus ciliaris-Tropical fire ants Solenopsis geminata in ant vial-Molokini-Maui (26946990675).jpg|thumb|A vial filled with fire ants (''Solenopsis geminata''), a species identified as a human health hazard.]] Tramp species can have similar effects to invasive species, and in some literature the term "tramp" species is used as a synonym for invasive.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Falcão|first1=Jéssica C.F.|last2=Dáttilo|first2=Wesley|last3=Díaz-Castelazo|first3=Cecilia|last4=Rico-Gray|first4=Victor|date=May 2017|title=Assessing the impacts of tramp and invasive species on the structure and dynamic of ant-plant interaction networks|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.03.023|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=209|pages=517–523|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2017.03.023|bibcode=2017BCons.209..517F |issn=0006-3207|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":13" /> As such they can outcompete and displace local fauna, decreasing species richness.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Rizali |first1=Akhmad |last2=Lohman |first2=David J. |last3=Buchori |first3=Damayanti |author-link3=Damayanti Buchori |last4=Prasetyo |first4=Lilik Budi |last5=Triwidodo |first5=Hermanu |last6=Bos |first6=Merijn M. |last7=Yamane |first7=Seiki |last8=Schulze |first8=Christian H. |date=February 2010 |title=Ant communities on small tropical islands: effects of island size and isolation are obscured by habitat disturbance and 'tramp' ant species |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02194.x |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=229–236 |bibcode=2010JBiog..37..229R |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02194.x |issn=0305-0270 |s2cid=84999227|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Collingwood|first1=Cedric A.|last2=Tigar|first2=Barbara J.|last3=Agosti|first3=Donat|date=November 1997|title=Introduced ants in the United Arab Emirates|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1997.0309|journal=Journal of Arid Environments|volume=37|issue=3|pages=505–512|doi=10.1006/jare.1997.0309|bibcode=1997JArEn..37..505C|issn=0140-1963|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=McGlynn|first=Terrence P.|date=May 1999|title=The worldwide transfer of ants: geographical distribution and ecological invasions|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00310.x|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=26|issue=3|pages=535–548|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00310.x|bibcode=1999JBiog..26..535M |s2cid=83955798 |issn=0305-0270|url-access=subscription}}</ref> They can also have direct impacts on human health, such as is the case with ''Solenopsis geminata'' and ''Brachyponera senaarensis''.<ref name=":1" /> Both of these venomous species have been known to bite humans, often times causing severe anaphylactic reactions; this has made them known public health hazards in the regions they are found.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Knight|first1=David|last2=Bangs|first2=Michael J.|date=September 2007|title=Cutaneous allergic vasculitis due to Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) envenomation in Indonesia|journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health|volume=38|issue=5|pages=808–813|issn=0125-1562|pmid=18041296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ebaid|first1=Hossam|last2=Al-Khalifa|first2=Mohamed|last3=Isa|first3=Ahmed M|last4=Gadoa|first4=Saad|date=2012|title=Bioactivity of Samsum ant (Pachycondyla sennaarensis) venom against lipopolysaccharides through antioxidant and upregulation of Akt1 signaling in rats|journal=Lipids in Health and Disease|volume=11|issue=1|pages=93|doi=10.1186/1476-511x-11-93|pmid=22824368|pmc=3416678|issn=1476-511X |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rafinejad|first1=J.|last2=Zareii|first2=A.|last3=Akbarzadeh|first3=K.|last4=Azad|first4=M.|last5=Biglaryan|first5=F.|last6=Doosti|first6=S.|last7=Sedaghat|first7=Mm|date=2009|title=Faunestic study of ants with emphasis on the health risk of stinging ants in qeshm island, iran|journal=Iranian Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases|volume=3|issue=1|pages=53–59|issn=1735-7179|pmc=3385528|pmid=22808373}}</ref> Tramp species can also be nuisance pests, damaging housing structures and crops.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":1" /> However, it is important to note that tramp species are not always invasive, and can cohabitate without harming local environments or species assemblages.<ref name=":7" />

== Control and eradication ==

As tramp species are so diverse in their ecology, there is no universal protocol to prevent their encroachment into new territories. However, there are certain strategies that can be employed to mitigate tramp species. In some environments, maintaining diversity of local species assemblages can deter certain tramp species.<ref name=":14" /> Currently, there is a deficiency in our ability to identify potential new tramp species quickly - a phenomenon dubbed "taxonomic impediment", which is a delay in identifying invasive species threats.<ref name=":13" /> As such, it is essential to increasing identification tools for preventative action against tramp species.<ref name=":13" /> Interdepartmental cooperation for pest management can be very effective in tramp species management, as a collaborative effort between affected stakeholders can increase the likelihood of success in mitigation.<ref name=":16" /> Direct pest management efforts have included baits with insect growth regulators to sterilize colonies to varying degrees of success.<ref>{{Citation|last=New|first=Tim R.|title=Alien Species in Urban Environments|date=2015|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21224-1_5|work=Insect Conservation and Urban Environments|pages=87–101|editor-last=New|editor-first=Tim R.|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-21224-1_5|isbn=978-3-319-21224-1|access-date=2021-11-15|url-access=subscription}}</ref> One method that can be successful for urban infestation of tramp ants specifically (depending on their specific biology) in temperate zones is to shut off heat sources for two weeks or more, as many can be heat-adapted species.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Bharti|first1=Himender|last2=Kumar|first2=Rakesh|date=2012-07-11|title=Taxonomic studies on genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with report of two new species and three new records including a tramp species from India with a revised key|journal=ZooKeys|issue=207|pages=11–35|doi=10.3897/zookeys.207.3040|pmid=22855638|pmc=3409682|bibcode=2012ZooK..207...11B |issn=1313-2970|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== List of tramp species ==

=== Arthropods ===

==== Ants ==== ''Anoplolepis gracilipes''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Karaman|first1=Celal|last2=Kıran|first2=Kadri|date=2018-01-17|title=NEW TRAMP ANT SPECIES FOR TURKEY: Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)|journal=Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences|doi=10.23902/trkjnat.340008|issn=2147-0294|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

''Brachyponera sennaarensis''<ref name=":1" />

''Cardiocondyla emeryi''<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=KATAYAMA|first1=Motoki|last2=TSUJI|first2=Kazuki|date=2010-10-15|title=Habitat differences and occurrence of native and exotic ants on Okinawa Island|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2010.00400.x|journal=Entomological Science|volume=13|issue=4|pages=425–429|doi=10.1111/j.1479-8298.2010.00400.x|s2cid=82047468|issn=1343-8786|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

''Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi''<ref name=":4" />

''Cardiocondyla nuda''<ref name=":2" />

''Cardiocondyla obscurior''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=SCHMIDT|first1=CHRISTINE V.|last2=SCHREMPF|first2=ALEXANDRA|last3=TRINDL|first3=ANDREAS|last4=HEINZE|first4=JÜRGEN|date=2016-03-08|title=Microsatellite markers for the tramp ant, Cardiocondyla obscurior (Formicidae: Myrmicinae)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12041-016-0613-6|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=95|issue=S1|pages=e1-4|doi=10.1007/s12041-016-0613-6|pmid=27029964|s2cid=12776244|issn=0022-1333|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

''Cardiocondyla wroughtonii''<ref name=":4" />

''Hypoponera punctatissima''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=DELABIE|first1=JACQUES H.C.|last2=BLARD|first2=FABRICE|date=March 2002|title=The tramp ant Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae): new records from the southern hemisphere|journal=Neotropical Entomology|volume=31|issue=1|pages=149–151|doi=10.1590/s1519-566x2002000100020|issn=1519-566X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

''Iridomyrmex anceps''<ref name=":1" />

''Lasius neglectus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seifert|first=Bernhard|date=1991-07-12|title=Lasius platythorax n. sp. a Widespread Sibling Species of Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/16/1991/69|journal=Entomologia Generalis|volume=16|issue=1|pages=69–81|doi=10.1127/entom.gen/16/1991/69|issn=0171-8177|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

''Linepithema humile''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

''Monomorium destructor''<ref>{{Citation|last=Patterson|first=Richard S.|title=Biological Control of Introduced Ant Species|date=2021-10-07|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429040795-25|work=Exotic Ants|pages=293–307|place=New York|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780429040795-25|isbn=9780429040795|s2cid=240997259|access-date=2021-11-09|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

''Monomorium floricola''<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />

''Monomorium indicum''<ref name=":1" />

''Monomorium monomorium''<ref name=":2" />

''Monomorium pharaonic''<ref name=":7" />

''Nylanderia spp.*''

''Paratrechina flavipes''<ref name=":1" />

''Paratrechina jaegerskioeldi''<ref name=":1" />

''Paratrechina longicornis''<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Mbenoun Masse|first1=Paul Serge|last2=Tindo|first2=Maurice|last3=Djiéto-Lordon|first3=Champlain|last4=Mony|first4=Ruth|last5=Kenne|first5=Martin|date=2021-07-12|title=Temporal variation in ant community assemblages along a rural–urban gradient in the Yaoundé metropolis, Cameroon|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01143-1|journal=Urban Ecosystems|volume=25 |pages=193–204 |doi=10.1007/s11252-021-01143-1|s2cid=238846970|issn=1083-8155|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

''Pheidole fervens''<ref name=":4" />

''Pheidole megacephala''<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" />

''Pheidole teneriffana''<ref name=":1" />

''Solenopsis geminata''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" />

''Solenopsis invicta''<ref name=":5" />

''Tetramorium caespitum''<ref name=":9" />

''Tetramorium bicarinatum''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

''Tetramorium lanuginosum''<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

''Tetramorium pacificum''<ref name=":9" />

''Tetramorium simillimum''<ref name=":9" />

''Tapinoma melanocephalum''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" />

''Tapinoma simrothi''<ref name=":1" />

''Technomyrmex albipes''<ref name=":2" />

''Technomyrmex brunneus''<ref name=":4" />

''Trichomyrmex destructor''<ref name=":3" />

''Wasmannia auropunctata''<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" />

==== Millipedes ==== ''Chondromorpha xanthotricha''<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last1=Wesener|first1=Thomas|last2=Anilkumar|first2=Pooja Avinipully|date=2020-04-28|title=The millipedes collected by the Museum "La Specola" on Madagascar 1989/1991, with the description of three new species of giant pill-millipedes (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)|journal=ZooKeys|issue=930|pages=3–35|doi=10.3897/zookeys.930.47620|pmid=32390746|pmc=7200892|bibcode=2020ZooK..930....3W |issn=1313-2970|doi-access=free}}</ref>

''Glyphiulus granulatus''<ref name=":15" />

''Orthomorpha coarcata''<ref name=":15" />

''Oxidus gracilis'' <ref name=":15" />

''Pseudospirobolellus avernus''<ref name=":15" />

''Trigoniulus corallinus''<ref name=":15" />

==== Silverfish ==== ''Ctenolepisma longicaudata''<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last1=Aak|first1=Anders|last2=Hage|first2=Morten|last3=Magerøy|first3=Øyvind|last4=Byrkjeland|first4=Ragna|last5=Lindstedt|first5=Heidi|last6=Ottesen|first6=Preben|last7=Rukke|first7=Bjørn Arne|date=2021|title=Introduction, dispersal, establishment and societal impact of the long-tailed silverfish Ctenolepisma longicaudata (Escherich, 1905) in Norway|journal=BioInvasions Records|volume=10|issue=2|pages=483–498|doi=10.3391/bir.2021.10.2.26|s2cid=234928053|issn=2242-1300|doi-access=free|hdl=11250/2774086|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==== Termites ==== ''Cryptotermes sp.''<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Theodore A.|last2=Inta|first2=Ra|last3=Lai|first3=Joseph C. S.|date=2010-11-27|title=Foraging choice and replacement reproductives facilitate invasiveness in drywood termites|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9915-4|journal=Biological Invasions|volume=13|issue=7|pages=1579–1587|doi=10.1007/s10530-010-9915-4|s2cid=33377857|issn=1387-3547|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==== Wasps ==== ''Calliscelio elegans'' <ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last1=MASNER|first1=LUBOMÍR|last2=JOHNSON|first2=NORMAN F.|last3=MUSETTI|first3=LUCIANA|date=2009-09-22|title=Calliscelio elegans (Perkins), a tramp species, and a review of the status of the genus Caenoteleia Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2237|issue=1|pages=59–66|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2237.1.4|s2cid=86213724 |issn=1175-5334|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Platygastroidea superfamily<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=POPOVICI|first1=OVIDIU ALIN|last2=MASNER|first2=LUBOMÍR|last3=VICIRIUC|first3=MĂDĂLINA|last4=PINTILIOAIE|first4=ALEXANDRU|last5=NOTTON|first5=DAVID G.|last6=TALAMAS|first6=ELIJAH|date=2018-01-09|title=New distribution data for some charismatic tramp species of Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4370.1.1|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4370|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4370.1.1|pmid=29689852|issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Mollusca ===

==== Land snails ==== ''Bradybaena similaris''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hirano|first1=Takahiro|last2=Saito|first2=Takumi|last3=Shariar|first3=Shovon Mohammad|last4=Tanchangya|first4=Rupamoy|last5=Chiba|first5=Satoshi|date=2020|title=The first record of the introduced land snail Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1822) (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Camaenidae) from Bangladesh|journal=BioInvasions Records|volume=9|issue=4|pages=730–736|doi=10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.07|s2cid=229667954|issn=2242-1300|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Slugs ==== ''Deroceras panormitanum''<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Reise|first1=Heike|last2=Hutchinson|first2=John M. C.|last3=Schunack|first3=Susann|last4=Schlitt|first4=Bettina|date=2011-12-01|title=''Deroceras panormitanum'' and congeners from Malta and Sicily, with a redescription of the widespread pest slug as ''Deroceras invadens'' n. sp.|journal=Folia Malacologica|volume=19|issue=4|pages=201–223|doi=10.2478/v10125-011-0028-1|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002C-1000-1|issn=1506-7629|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

''Deroceras invadens''<ref name=":10" />

=== Plants ===

==== Bryophytes ==== ''Diplasiolejeunea'' ''ingekarolae''<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Shanshan|last2=Schäfer-Verwimp|first2=Alfons|last3=Meinecke|first3=Philipp|last4=Feldberg|first4=Kathrin|last5=Bombosch|first5=Andrea|last6=Pócs|first6=Tamás|last7=Schmidt|first7=Alexander R.|last8=Reitner|first8=Joachim|last9=Schneider|first9=Harald|last10=Heinrichs|first10=Jochen|date=November 2012|title=Tramps, narrow endemics and morphologically cryptic species in the epiphyllous liverwort Diplasiolejeunea|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.009|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=65|issue=2|pages=582–594|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.009|pmid=22842092|bibcode=2012MolPE..65..582D |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

''Daltonia marginata''<ref name=":11" />

''Daltonia splachnoides''<ref name=":11" />

==== Pteridophytes ==== ''Nephrolepis'' ''biserrata''<ref name=":11" />

Williams and Lucky 2020<ref name=":13" /> provide a thorough listing of all known ''Nylanderia'' species with established populations outside their native ranges.

== See also == *Lists of invasive species *Supertramp (ecology) *Climate change and invasive species *Attribution of recent climate change

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Introduced species Category:Ecology terminology