{{Short description|Homelands of the Tongva}} [[File:Tongva Sacred Springs 2023 March open house day 19.jpg|thumb|297x297px|Tongva Sacred Springs (pictured March 2023)]] '''Tovaangar''' (''Tongva'': "the world")<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Tovaangar {{!}} PRIME |url=https://prime.dailybruin.com/Tovaangar/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=On Tovaangar {{!}} PRIME |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stewart-Ambo |first=Theresa |date=2021 |title=The Future Is in the Past: How Land-Grab Universities Can Shape the Future of Higher Education |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/23/article/784830 |journal=Native American and Indigenous Studies |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=162–168 |doi=10.1353/nai.2021.a784830 |issn=2332-127X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> refers to the Tongva world or homelands. It includes the greater area of the Los Angeles Basin, including the San Gabriel Valley, San Fernando Valley, northern Orange County, parts of San Bernardino County and Riverside County, and the southern Channel Islands, including San Nicholas, Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara, and San Clemente.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Vaughn |first1=Kēhaulani Natsuko |last2=Ambo |first2=Theresa Jean |date=2022-08-01 |title=Trans-Indigenous Education: Indigeneity, Relationships, and Higher Education |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/720611 |journal=Comparative Education Review |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=508–533 |doi=10.1086/720611 |s2cid=249728456 |issn=0010-4086|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hackel |first1=Steven W. |title=Visualizing Uncertainties Within Indigenous History |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429295546-8-9/early-california-cultural-atlas-steven-hackel-jeanette-zerneke-natale-zappia |work=Digital Mapping and Indigenous America |doi=10.4324/9780429295546-8-9 |access-date=2023-01-01 |last2=Zerneke |first2=Jeanette |last3=Zappia |first3=Natale|chapter=Early California Cultural Atlas: Visualizing Uncertainties within Indigenous History |isbn=9780429295546 |s2cid=164246246 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Curwen |first=Thomas |date=2019-05-09 |title=Tongva, Los Angeles' first language, opens the door to a forgotten time and place |url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-col1-tongva-language-native-american-tribe/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en}}</ref> The homelands of the Chumash are to the northwest, the Tataviam to the north, the Serrano and Cahuilla to the east, and the Acjachemen and Payómkawichum to the south.<ref name=":0" />
== Travel == [[File:CINMS - Tomol Crossing Sunrise .jpg|thumb|The Tongva still build ''ti'at'', plank boats similar to the Chumash ''tomol'' (pictured), as part of keeping their cultural practices alive.<ref name=":3" />|224x224px]] Prior to European colonialism, land travel through Tovaangar largely occurred through an extensive network of trails traveled by Indigenous peoples throughout the region. Although not often recognized by name, many of these trails became roads and highways that are now used for automobile travel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Day |first=Mark R. |title=Aboriginal Pathways and Trading Routes Were California's First Highways |url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/aboriginal-pathways-and-trading-routes-were-californias-first-highways |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=ICT |date=13 September 2018 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102054655/https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/aboriginal-pathways-and-trading-routes-were-californias-first-highways |archive-date= Jan 2, 2023 }}</ref> One of the most significant was the Mohave trail, which connected Tovaangar to nations in the east along what the Spanish referred to as the Colorado River.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Zappia |first=Natale A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jENhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540-1859 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4696-1585-1 |location=Chapel Hill |pages=77 |oclc=883632043}}</ref>
Travel over water mainly occurred through tule reed boats for local travel through waterways. For ocean travel, particularly between the mainland and the villages on Pimuu'nga, Kinkipar, and Haraasnga, ''te'aats'' or ''ti'ats'' were common. These are wooden plank boats built by the Tongva currently in the ''Ti'at Society'' that are made air tight with a mixture of asphaltum and hold up to twelve people. A similar boat is the Chumash ''tomol''. The Tongva and Chumash are unique in being the only two nations in the region with plank canoes of this kind.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hein |first1=Frank J. |title=Wild Catalina Island: Natural Secrets and Ecological Triumphs |date=2013 |first2=Carlos L. |last2=de la Rosa |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-1-61423-918-5 |location=Charleston, SC |oclc=944514536}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2019 |title=Rethinking the Coast with the Ti'at Society {{!}} Tending Nature {{!}} Season 2, Episode 1 {{!}} KCET |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJSlv7KZmzA |access-date=7 October 2020 |website= YouTube |author1= PBS SoCal }}</ref>
== Land == After the establishment of Spanish missions in California and the California genocide, all of Tovaangar has been taken out of the Tongva's stewardship. The Tongva Taraxat Paxaavxa Conservancy has been established for the rematriation of Tongva homelands.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Valdez |first=Jonah |date=2022-10-10 |title=After nearly 200 years, the Tongva community has land in Los Angeles County |language=en-US |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-10-10/after-nearly-200-years-the-tongva-community-has-land-in-los-angeles-county |access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> In 2022, a {{convert|1|acre||adj=mid| site}} was returned to the conservancy in Altadena, which marked the first time the Tongva had land under their stewardship in Los Angeles County in nearly two-hundred years.<ref name=":1" />
== Villages ==
=== Los Angeles County ===
==== San Fernando Valley ====
* Achooykomenga * Ashaawanga * Cahuenga * Ceegenga * Momonga * Muhunga * Okowvinjha * Pakoinga * Pasheeknga * Pimocagna * Puntitavjatngna * Quapa * Saway-yanga * Sheshiikuanungna * Siutcanga * Totonga * Tuyunga
Outskirts
* Jucjauynga * Juyunga * Najabatanga * Puninga * Wikangna
==== San Gabriel Valley ====
* Alyeupkigna * Awigna * Azucsagna * Hahamongna * Isanthcogna * Jajamonga * Momwahomomutngna * Pemookangna * Shevaanga * Sibanga * Sonagna * Tooypinga * Torojoatngna * Toviscanga * Uchibit * Weniinga
Outskirts
* Haramoknga * Joatngna
* Comicranga * Geveronga * Guashna * Kuruvungna * Maugna * Ongobehangna * Otsungna * Topanga * Yaanga
==== Gateway Cities ====
* Chokishgna * Houtngna * Huutngna * Juyubit * Nacaugna * Puvunga * Sejat * Seobit * Suangna * Tajauta * Tibagna
==== South Bay ====
* Aataveanga * Chowigna * Engvangna * Huachongna * Kiinkenga * Moniikanga * Ongovanga * Suangna * Toovemonga * Tsauvinga * Unavnga * Xuuxonga
=== Orange County ===
* Genga * Hutuknga * Lupukngna * Motuucheyngna * Moyongna * Pajbenga * Pamajam * Puhú * Totpavit
=== San Bernardino County ===
* Homhoangna * Horuuvnga * Kaawchama * Kuukamonga * Pasinogna * Wa'atsngna * Wapijanga
=== Riverside County ===
* Horuuvngna * Pahavgna * Paxauxa * Shiishongna
=== Channel Islands ===
* Haraasnga ** Xaraashnga * Kinkipar ** Guinguina * Pimuu'nga ** Naayxoxar ** Pipiimar * Tchunashngna
== References == <references /> {{Tongva villages}} Category:Tongva Category:Cultural regions of the United States Category:Geography of California Category:Geography of California by region Category:Native American history of California Category:History of Los Angeles County, California Category:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples