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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Homs, Syria. {{Dynamic list}} {{TOC right}}

==Prior to 7th century== {{History of Syria}} * 3rd millennium BCE – Citadel of Homs was founded. Biblical scholars have identified the city with Hamath-zobah.<ref name="Dumper1">Dumper, 2007, p.&nbsp;171.</ref><ref name="Cook"/> * 732 BCE – Syro-Ephraimite War, Assyrians in power. * 540 BCE – Persian Achaemenid Empire in power (approximate date). * 64 BCE – The Arab Emesani dynasty were confirmed in their rule as client kings of the Romans. * 50 AD – Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt was consecrated. * 432 AD – Church of Saint Elian was consecrated.

==7th–19th centuries== * 636 – Siege of Emesa, city was captured by Rashidun Caliphate. * 750 – Abbasids wrested control of Homs. * 855 – Christian population revolted in response to additional taxation under the reign of Caliph al-Mutawakkil.<ref>Gil, 1997, pp.&nbsp;296–97.</ref> * 891 – al-Yaqubi noted that Homs was situated along a broad river (Orontes River) which served as a source of drinking water for the inhabitants.<ref name="le Strange2">le Strange, 1890, p.&nbsp;353.</ref> * 944 – Hamdanids took control of the city. * 975 – Byzantine Empire under John Tzimiskes took control of the city. * 1090 – Seljuk Turks occupied Homs under the leadership of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib.<ref name="Dumper">Dumper, 2007, p.&nbsp;172.</ref> * 1149 – The Mosul-based Zengids under Nur al-Din captured the city.<ref name="Dumper2">Dumper, 2007, p.&nbsp;173.</ref> * 1154 – Al-Idrisi mentioned that Homs was populous, contained open markets, and was frequented by travelers. The residents were pleasant; living with them is easy. The women are beautiful and are celebrated for their fine skin."<ref>le Strange, 1890, p.&nbsp;354.</ref> * 1164 – Asad ad-Din Shirkuh became Homs' fief, later known as “Emir of Homs”. * 1175 – Saladin gained control of the city. * 1225 – Yaqut al-Hamawi mentioned that Homs was large, celebrated and walled, having a strongly fortified castle on its southern hill.<ref name="Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi quoted in le Strange, 1890, p.&nbsp;356.</ref> * 1355 – Ibn Batuta visited Homs, writing that it had fine trees and good markets. * 1400 – Timur seized the city. Nevertheless, he did not sack it as he did in Aleppo, Hama and later Damascus, due to a man called “‘Amr bin al-Rawas” who conciled with him offering precious gifts to save the city.<ref>{{cite book|author= Mohammad Amin Sheikho|author-link= Mohammad Amin Sheikho|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_TAEAQAAQBAJ&q=%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D9%83+%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5&pg=PT42 |script-title=ar:حقيقة تيمورلنك العظيم تظهر في القرن الواحد والعشرين- الجزء الثاني |publisher= دار نور البشير |year=2011|page=43|language=ar}}</ref> * 1510 – al-Fadl bin Nu'ayr was sent on an expedition by the governor of Damascus to loot the city markets.<ref name="Dumper2"/> * 1516 – Ottoman Turks in power. * 1549 – Homs Sanjak was created as part of Ottoman Aleppo Eyalet. * 1579 – Homs is under Ottoman Tripoli Eyalet. * 1785 – French traveler, Volney wrote of the city's once great importance and its current "miserable" condition. * 1832–1840 – city was occupied by Muhammad Ali's Egypt led by Ibrahim Pasha.<ref name="Collelo1">{{cite web|last=Collelo|first=Thomas|year=1987|url=http://countrystudies.us/syria/7.htm|title= Syria – Ottoman Empire|publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress|work=Syria: A Country Study|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref><ref>Shaw, 1977, p.&nbsp;33</ref> * 1855 – National Evangelical School was founded by American missionaries.<ref>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|title=Rev. H.H. Jessup Dead|date=1910-04-29|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/04/29/104931623.pdf}}</ref> * 1860s – The city rebelled against Egyptian rule and consequently, the citadel was destroyed when the Egyptians suppressed the revolt. Ottoman rule was soon restored.<ref name="Dumper2"/> * 1864 – Homs became part of Ottoman Syria Vilayet. * 1870s – Homs' economic importance was boosted again during the depression of the 1870s, as its cotton industry boomed due to a decline European textile production. One British consul referred to Homs as the "Manchester of Syria."<ref name="Dumper2"/> * 1887 – Al Ghassania Orthodox School was established.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zamanalwsl.net/news/46142.html|script-title=ar:معالم حمص ومشيداتها الأثرية: المدرسة الغسانية.. منارة للعلم والثقافة خلال قرن من الزمن|language=ar|website=Zaman Alwsl|date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

==20th century== * 1907 – Population: 65,000 (estimate).<ref name="Cook">Cook, 1907, p.&nbsp;362.</ref> * 1908–1913 – Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque was consecrated. * 1918 – Homs was captured by the 5th Cavalry Division of the Allied forces in October 1918. Later on, it became part of the French Mandate of Syria. * 1922 – Homs Museum's ground floor was established, 1st floor finished in 1949, and 2nd floor in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dgam.gov.sy/index.php?d=251&id=673|script-title=ar:متحف حمص|work=Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums|language=ar|date=13 December 2012|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> * 1925 – The city joined Damascus and the southern Druze chieftains in a full-blown revolt against French rule.<ref>Cleveland, 2000, p.&nbsp;215.</ref> * 1928 – Al-Karamah SC was formed. * 1930s ** An oil pipeline between Tripoli and Kirkuk was built in Homs, and it followed an ancient caravan route between Palmyra and the Mediterranean. ** The famous old Clock Tower, facing al-Hamidiya Street, was built by the French. * 1932 – The French moved their military academy from Damascus to Homs to be established in 1933, later known as Homs Military Academy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/syria/syria121.html|title=Military Training|work=All Refer|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> and it remained the only military academy in Syria until 1967.<ref name="commins">Commins, 2004, p.&nbsp;130.</ref> * 1937 – Al-Wathba SC was formed. * 1959 – An oil refinery was built to process oil for domestic consumption.<ref name="Dumper2"/> The city's oil refinery was bombed by the Israeli Air Force (IAF) during the 1973 Yom Kippur War.<ref name="Seale">Seale, 2007, p.&nbsp;210.</ref> * 1960 ** Khalid ibn al-Walid Stadium was opened. ** Population: 136,000 (estimate).<ref name="Winckler">Winckler, 1998, p.&nbsp;72.</ref> * 1973 – Culture House Theater was established.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.discover-syria.com/news/15451|script-title=ar:افتتاح مسرح دار الثقافة بحمص.. مشوح: نجهد للارتقاء بالفكر الثقافي|work=Discover-Syria|language=ar|date=27 June 2014|access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> * 1974 – Homs Museum was inaugurated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Homs National Museum |url=https://homsgov.sy/directory/متحف-حمص-الوطني/|website=Homs Governerate official website|access-date=15 October 2024|language=ar}}</ref> * 1979 – Homs University was established. * 1981 – Population: 346,871 (estimate).<ref name="Census">Population Census Report (1981), ''Central Bureau of Statistics''</ref> * 1994 – Population: 540,133 (estimate).<ref name="UN">PUN Demographic Yearbook (1999)</ref> * 2000 – Bassel al-Assad Stadium with a capacity of 25,000 was inaugurated.<ref>[http://www.esyria.sy/ehoms/index.php?p=stories&category=business&filename=201003021200021 Bassel al-Assad Stadium in Homs]</ref>

==21st century== {{see also|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War}}

* 2004 – Population: 652,609 (estimate).<ref name="CBS">[https://archive.today/20120731052244/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-1-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004]. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Homs Governorate. {{in lang|ar}}</ref> * 2008 – Population: 1,667,000 (estimate).<ref>{{citation |chapter=Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants |chapter-url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2018/ |title=Demographic Yearbook – 2018 |publisher=United Nations }}</ref> * 6 May 2011 – 9 May 2014 – Siege of Homs, Syrian Arab Army recaptured Homs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/retreat-from-homs-assad-conquers-cradle-of-revolution-zzmhp9qc5tm|work=The Times|location=United Kingdom|title=Retreat from Homs: Assad conquers cradle of revolution|author=Nicholas Blanford|date=8 May 2014}}</ref> * 2024 – Syrian opposition forces captured the city during the offensive in early December.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syrian army quits Homs, cutting Assad off from coast |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-rebels-seize-fourth-city-close-homs-threat-assads-rule-2024-12-07/ |work=Reuters |date=2024-12-07 }}</ref>

==See also== * Timelines of other cities in Syria: Aleppo, Damascus, Hama, Latakia

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography== * {{Cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=First+crusade+emesa&pg=PA172|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|first3=Janet L.|last3=Abu-Lughod|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}}. * {{Cite book|title=Cook's Handbook for Palestine and Syria|url=https://archive.org/details/CooksHandbookForPalestineAndSyria|page=[https://archive.org/details/CooksHandbookForPalestineAndSyria/page/n384 362]|quote=Homs population.|first1=Thomas|last1=Cook|publisher=Thos. Cook & Son|year=1907}}. * {{A History of Palestine, 634-1099}}. * {{Cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ENANAAAAIAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ENANAAAAIAAJ/page/n542 493]|quote=Lajjun Guy le Strange.|first1=Guy|last1=le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|isbn=978-0-404-56288-5}}. * {{Cite book|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1DQooVS_oYC|first=Ezel Kural|last=Shaw|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1977|isbn=0-521-29166-6}} * {{Cite book|title=A History of the Modern Middle East: 2nd Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/215 215]|quote=Homs French.|first=William L.|last=Cleveland|publisher=Westview Press|year=2000|isbn= 978-0-8133-3489-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Syria: 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EhACvcqVXkC&q=Homs+foods&pg=PA136|first=David Dean|last=Commins|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2004|isbn=0-8108-4934-8}} * {{Cite book|title=Demographic developments and population policies in Baʻathist Syria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ki6yXV0qxw4C&q=Hama+Syria&pg=PA71|first=Onn|last=Winckler|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=1998|isbn=978-1-902210-16-2}}

==External links== * {{Citation |publisher = Al-Sayih Library |title = History of Homs |author = Khoury Issa Ahmed |date =1983|chapter-url = http://www.liilas.com/mlooli/tarekh-hms-1.pdf |chapter= Chapter One, 2300 BCE - 622 AD }}. * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=C. Edmund Bosworth |editor-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ |chapter= Homs |isbn=9789047423836 |ref= {{harvid|Bosworth|2007}} }}. {{commons category|History of Homs}}

{{Coord|34|43|51|N|36|42|34|E|region:SY_type:city|display=title}} {{Homs Governorate|homs}} {{Cities of Syria}} {{Syria year nav}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}

Category:Years in Syria Homs