Technology-critical element

{{Short description|Chemical element critical to modern and emerging technologies}} A '''technology-critical element''' ('''TCE''') is a chemical element that is a critical raw material<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Report on Critical Raw Materials for the EU. Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materials|last=European Commission|publisher=European Commission|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-021-00892-6|title=Technology-Critical Elements: An Emerging and Vital Resource that Requires more In-depth Investigation|first1=Duc Huy|last1=Dang|first2=Montserrat|last2=Filella|first3=Dario|last3=Omanović|date=November 1, 2021|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=81|issue=4|pages=517–520|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/s00244-021-00892-6}}</ref> for modern and emerging technologies,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=U.S. Department of Energy|title=Critical Materials Strategy|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Technology Critical Elements and their Relevance to the Global Environment Facility |url=https://stapgef.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/TCEs%20and%20their%20Relevance%20to%20the%20GEF_web.pdf |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dang |first1=Duc Huy |last2=Filella |first2=Montserrat |last3=Omanović |first3=Dario |title=Technology-Critical Elements: An Emerging and Vital Resource that Requires more In-depth Investigation |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |date=1 November 2021 |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=517–520 |doi=10.1007/s00244-021-00892-6 |pmid=34655300 |s2cid=238995249 |language=en |issn=1432-0703|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021ArECT..81..517D }}</ref> resulting in a striking increase in their usage.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=APS (American Physical Society) and MRS (The Materials Research Society)|url=http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/elementsreport.pdf|title=Energy Critical Elements: Securing Materials for Emerging Technologies|publisher=APS|year=2011|location=Washington, D.C.|archive-date=2020-02-08|access-date=2019-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208042942/https://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/elementsreport.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=European Commission|title=Critical Raw Materials for the EU. Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materials|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Resnick Institute|url=http://resnick.caltech.edu/docs/R_Critical.pdf|title=Critical Materials for Sustainable Energy Applications|publisher=Resnick Institute for Sustainable Energy Science|year=2011|location=Pasadena, CA|access-date=2019-02-14|archive-date=2018-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114002852/http://resnick.caltech.edu/docs/R_Critical.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similar terms include '''critical elements''',<ref>{{Cite book|title=Critical Metals Handbook|last=Gunn|first=G.|publisher=Wiley|year=2014}}</ref> '''critical materials''',<ref name=":2" /> '''energy-critical elements'''<ref name=":0" /> and '''elements of security'''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Elements of Security. Mitigating the Risks of U.S. Dependence on Critical Minerals|last=Parthemore|first=C.|publisher=Center for New America Security|year=2011}}</ref>

Many advanced engineering applications, such as clean-energy production, communications and computing, use emergent technologies that utilize numerous chemical elements.<ref name=":0" /> In 2013, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) created the ''Critical Materials Institute'' to address the issue.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Roger |title=A Strategic Approach to Rare-Earth Elements as Global Trade Tensions Flare |url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/a-strategic-approach-to-rare-earth-elements-as-global-trade-tensions-flare |website=www.greentechmedia.com |date=21 June 2019}}</ref> In 2015, the European COST Action TD1407 created a network of scientists working and interested on TCEs, from an environmental perspective to potential human health threats.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Cobelo-García|first1=A. |last2=Filella|first2=M. |last3=Croot|first3=P. |last4=Frazzoli|first4=C. |last5=Du Laing|first5=G. |last6=Ospina-Alvarez|first6=N. |last7=Rauch|first7=S. |last8=Salaun|first8=P. |last9=Schäfer|first9=J. |date=2015|title=COST action TD1407: network on technology-critical elements (NOTICE)—from environmental processes to human health threats|journal=Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.|volume=22|issue=19|pages=15188–15194 |doi=10.1007/s11356-015-5221-0 |pmid=26286804|pmc=4592495|bibcode=2015ESPR...2215188C }} {{CC-notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

A study estimated losses of 61 metals to help the development of circular economy strategies, showing that usespans of, often scarce, tech-critical metals are short.<ref>{{cite news |title=New life cycle assessment study shows useful life of tech-critical metals to be short |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-life-tech-critical-metals-short.html |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=University of Bayreuth |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Charpentier Poncelet |first1=Alexandre |last2=Helbig |first2=Christoph |last3=Loubet |first3=Philippe |last4=Beylot |first4=Antoine |last5=Muller |first5=Stéphanie |last6=Villeneuve |first6=Jacques |last7=Laratte |first7=Bertrand |last8=Thorenz |first8=Andrea |last9=Tuma |first9=Axel |last10=Sonnemann |first10=Guido |title=Losses and lifetimes of metals in the economy |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=19 May 2022 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=717–726 |doi=10.1038/s41893-022-00895-8 |bibcode=2022NatSu...5..717C |s2cid=248894322 |language=en |issn=2398-9629|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03702553/file/I2M-NS-Charpentier-2022.pdf }}</ref>

== List of technology-critical elements ==

The set of elements usually considered as TCEs vary depending on the source, but they usually include:

Seventeen rare-earth elements {{columns-list|colwidth=8em| * cerium * dysprosium * erbium * europium * gadolinium * holmium * lanthanum * lutetium * neodymium * praseodymium * promethium * samarium * scandium * terbium * thulium * ytterbium * yttrium }}

The six platinum-group elements {{columns-list|colwidth=8em| * iridium * osmium * palladium * platinum * rhodium * ruthenium }}

Twelve assorted elements {{columns-list|colwidth=8em| * antimony * beryllium * caesium * cobalt * gallium * germanium * indium * lithium * niobium * tantalum * tellurium * tungsten }}

Elements such as oxygen, silicon, and aluminum (among others) are also vital for electronics, but are not included in these lists due to their widespread abundance.

==Applications of technology-critical elements==

TCEs have a variety of engineering applications in fields such as energy storage, electronics, telecommunication, and transportation.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Ali|first1=S.|title=Technology Critical Elements and the GEF, A STAP Advisory Document|last2=Katima|first2=J.|publisher=Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel to the Global Environment Facility|year=2020|location=Washington, DC.}}</ref> These elements are utilized in cellular phones, batteries, solar panel(s), electric motor(s), and fiber-optic cables. Emerging technologies also incorporate TCEs. Most notably, TCEs are used in the data networking of smart devices tied to the Internet of Things (IoT) and automation.<ref name=":4" />

{| class="wikitable" |+Sample uses of technology-critical elements (excluding rare-earth) <ref name=":3" /> |- !Element !!Compound !!Applications |- | rowspan="2" |Gallium (Ga) ||GaAs, GaN ||Wafers for (a) integrated circuits in high-performance computers and telecommunications equipment and (b) LEDs, photodetectors, solar cells and medical equipment |- ||Trimethyl Ga, triethyl Ga ||Epitaxial layering process for the production of LEDs |- | rowspan="2" |Germanium (Ge) ||Ge ||Substrate for wafers for high-efficiency photovoltaic cells |- ||Ge single crystals ||Detectors (airport security) |- | rowspan="2" |Hafnium (Hf) ||Hf ||Aerospace alloys and ceramics |- || HfO2 ||Semiconductors and data storage devices |- |Indium (In) ||In2O5Sn ||Transparent conductive thin film coatings on flat-panel displays (e.g. liquid crystal displays) |- | rowspan="4" |Niobium (Nb) || CuNbGaSe (CIGS) ||Thin film solar cells |- ||HSLA ferro-Nb (60 % Nb), Nb metal ||High-grade structural steel for vehicle bodies |- ||NiNb ||Superalloys for jet engines and turbine blades |- ||Nb powder, Nb oxide ||Surface acoustic wave filters (sensor and touch screen technologies) |- |Platinum-group metals (PGMs) || Pd, Pt, Rh metals || Catalytic converters for the car industry |- |Platinum (Pt) || Pt metal || Catalyst refining of petroleum and magnetic coating of computer hard discs |- |Iridium (Ir) ||Ir ||Crucibles for the electronics industry |- |Osmium (Os) || Os alloys ||High wear applications such as instrument pivots and electrical contacts |- | rowspan="2" |Tantalum (Ta) ||Ta oxide||Capacitors in automotive electronics, personal computers and cell phones |- ||Ta metal ||Pacemakers, prosthetic devices |- | rowspan="2" |Tellurium (Te) || CdTe ||Solar cells |- || HgCdTe, BiTe ||Thermal cooling devices and electronics products |- |Zirconium (Zr) ||Zr ||Ceramics for solid oxide fuel cells, jet turbine coatings, and smartphones |}

==Environmental considerations==

The extraction and processing of TCEs may cause adverse environmental impacts. The reliance on TCEs and critical metals like cobalt can run the risk of the “green curse,” or using certain metals in green technologies whose mining may be damaging to the environment.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last1=Ali|first1=S.|title=Technology Critical Elements and their Relevance to the Global Environment Facility|last2=Katima|first2=J.|publisher=Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel to the Global Environment Facility|year=2020|location=Washington, DC.}}</ref>

The clearing of soil and deforestation that is involved with mining can impact the surrounding biodiversity through land degradation and habitat loss. Acid mine drainage can kill surrounding aquatic life and harm ecosystems. Mining activities and leaching of TCEs can pose significant hazards to human health. Wastewater produced by the processing of TCEs can contaminate groundwater and streams. Toxic dust containing concentrations of metals and other chemicals can be released into the air and surrounding bodies of water.

Deforestation caused by mining results in the release of stored carbon from the ground to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2).<ref name=":5"/>

==References== {{reflist}}

Category:Sets of chemical elements Category:Scarcity Category:History of technology Category:Natural materials Category:Minerals