Futarasan shrine

{{Short description|Shinto shrine in the city of Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan}} {{Infobox religious building | name = Futarasan jinja<br />二荒山神社 | image = Nikko Futarasan Honden M3325.jpg | caption = The ''honden'' (main hall) lies within the enclosure. | map_type = Japan Tochigi Prefecture#Japan | map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|36|45|30|N|139|35|47|E|region:JP_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title,inline}} | map_relief = 1 | map_size = | map_caption = | religious_affiliation = Shinto | type = | deity = Ōkuninushi<br />Tagorihime<br />Ajisukitakahikone | founded_by = Shōdō Shōnin | established = 767 | date_destroyed = | location = Nikkō, Tochigi | website = {{Official|1=http://www.futarasan.jp/}} | architecture_style = | festival = April 13–17 | leadership = | designation1 = World Heritage Site | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = i, iv, vi | designation1_date = 1999 | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/913/ 913] | designation2 = National Treasure of Japan | footnotes ={{box|background=white|align=center|wide=yes|border size=3px|border color=pink|text align=center|Important Cultural Property}} {{box|background=white|align=center|wide=yes|border size=3px|border color=brown|text align=center|National Historic Site of Japan}}}} {{nihongo|'''Futarasan jinja'''|二荒山神社|}} is a Shinto shrine in the city of Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. It is also known as Nikkō Futarasan Shrine, to distinguish it from the Utsunomiya Futarayama Jinja, which shares the same ''kanji'' in its name. Both shrines claim the title of ''ichinomiya'' of the former Shimotsuke Province. The main festival of the shrine is held annually from April 13 to April 17.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shibuya |first1=Nobuhiro |title=Shokoku jinja Ichinomiya Ninomiya San'nomiya |date=2015 |publisher= Yamakawa shuppansha |isbn=978-4634150867 |language=Japanese}}</ref>

The shrine consists of three geographically separate sections. The main shrine is located between Nikkō Tōshō-gū and the Taiyū-in Mausoleum. Many visitors go to all three, as well as to Rinnō-ji, which are part of the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site. The "middle shrine" is located off the shore of Lake Chuzenji. The "inner shrine" is located at the summit of Mount Nantai, the volcano overlooking the lake.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shibuya |first1=Nobuhiro |title=Shokoku jinja Ichinomiya Ninomiya San'nomiya |date=2015 |publisher= Yamakawa shuppansha |isbn=978-4634150867 |language=Japanese}}</ref>

The shrine possesses two swords that are National treasures of Japan. Dozens of buildings and cultural artifacts are listed as National Important Cultural Properties. The precincts have been designated a National Historic Site.<ref name="Bunka1">{{cite web |url= https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/3211|title=日光山内|trans-title= Nikkō sannai|language=Japanese |publisher=Agency for Cultural Affairs |accessdate=August 20, 2020}}</ref>

==Enshrined ''kami''== The ''kami'' enshrined at Nikkō Futarasan Jinja are: * {{nihongo|'''Ōkuninushi-no-Mikoto'''| 玉祖命|}}, god of nation-building, agriculture, medicine, and protective magic * {{nihongo|'''Tagorihime no Mikoto'''| 田心姫命|}}, one of the three Munakata goddesses * {{nihongo|'''Ajisukitakahikone'''| 味耜高彦根命}}, god of agriculture and thunder

==Overview== The precincts of the shrine include eight peaks of the Nikkō Mountains (Mt. Nantai, Mt. Nyōhō, Mt. Tarō, Mt. Oku-Shirane, Mt. Maeshirane, Mt. Omanago, Mt. Komanako, Mt.Akanagi) as well as the Kegon Falls. It covers 3,400 hectares, which is second only to the Ise Grand Shrine in area. The main shrine is located to the west of Nikkō Tōshō-gū where it was relocated to in 1617. The current shrine buildings date from that reconstruction. 11 buildings in the complex, including the ''Honden'', ''Haiden'' are designated as national Important Cultural Properties.

The Middle Shrine is located on the shore of Lake Chuzenji. It was built in 1096. The current buildings were reconstructed in 1699. Seven buildings in the complex including the main shrine are designated as national Important Cultural Properties. The Oku-no-miya is located at the summit of Mount Nantai and was founded in 782. Archaeologists have found relics and ritual instruments from the Nara period confirming the site's age, and many of these artifacts have been designated national Important Cultural Properties.

==History== The shrine was founded in 767 by Shōdō Shōnin (勝道上人), a Kegon school Buddhist priest who sought a training ground in the northern mountainous area of Shimotsuke Province. The area had been sacred since at least the Yayoi period as Mount Nantai (also called {{nihongo|Futarasan|二荒山}}) was a sacred mountain worshipped as a {{nihongo|go-shintai|御神体}} (a ''yorishiro'' housing the enshrined ''kami''), as it supplied streams of water, and therefore life, to the plains below, where people lived.<ref name="cambridge">Cambridge History of Japan (1993:524)</ref>

The mountain was the center of this ancient mountain cult, which merged with the Buddhist ''Shugendō'' religion.<ref name="cambridge"/> Significantly, the name {{nihongo|Nantai|男体}} itself means "man's body".<ref name="cambridge"/> The mountain not only provides water to the rice paddies below, but has the shape of the phallic stone rods found in pre-agricultural Jōmon sites.<ref name="cambridge"/>

According to shrine legend, it was visited by Kukai, who built the Takino Shrine, and by Ennin, who built the Sanbutsu-dō, which is now the Main Hall of the temple of Rinnō-ji, and Nikko became a center for the Tendai school of Buddhism. The shrine was relocated a short distance away from the temple to its current location, and together with the original site and the Takino Shrine was collectively called the Nikkō-sansha. During the Heian period, the shrine appears in various national histories, including the 927 AD ''Engishiki''. There is an ongoing controversy as to whether the ''Engishiki'' is referring to this shrine, or the Utsunomiya Futarayama Jinja. This controversy extends to the designation of ''ichinomiya'' of former Shimotsuke Province, which is likewise claimed by both shrines.<ref>[http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf "Nationwide List of ''Ichinomiya''," p. 2.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517061440/http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf |date=May 17, 2013 }}; retrieved 2011-08-10</ref>

The shrine suffered during the Sengoku period as many of its estates were seized by the Late Hōjō clan and later by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The construction of the Nikkō Tōshō-gū in the early Edo Period resulted in the reconstruction of the shrine by Tokugawa Hidetada and support of the shrine by many ''daimyō'' and members of the nobility.<ref name="Yoshiki">{{cite book |last1=Yoshiki |first1=Emi |title=Zenkoku 'Ichinomiya' tettei gaido |date=2007 |publisher=PHP Institute |isbn=978-4569669304 |language=Japanese}}</ref>

From 1871 the shrine was officially designated {{nihongo|National Shrine, 2nd rank|国幣中社|kokuhei-chūsha}} under Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrinesin State Shinto. In 1998, the grounds of the shrine were included within the National Historic Site designation the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō, which gained World Heritage Site designation the following year.<ref name="Yoshiki"/>

== Sacred Bridge == thumb|250px|The Sacred Bridge, part of the Futarasan Shrine. The {{nihongo|Sacred Bridge|神橋|shinkyō}} crossing the Daiya River belongs to the Futarasan Shrine. This beautiful vermilion lacquered structure is known as one of the three most beautiful bridges in Japan and is a gateway for Nikko. The bridge was registered as a World Heritage in December 1999. The Shinkyo measures 28 meters long, 7.4 meters wide, and stands 10.6 meters above the Daiya River.

According to legend, a priest named Shōdō and his followers climbed Mt. Nantai in the year 766 to pray for national prosperity. They could not cross the fast flowing Daiya River. Shōdō prayed and a 10 foot tall god named Jinja-Daiou appeared with two snakes twisted around his right arm. Jinja-Daiou released the blue and red snakes and they transformed themselves into a rainbow-like bridge covered with sedge, which Shōdō and his followers could use to cross the river. That is why this bridge is sometimes called Yamasugeno-jabashi, which means the "Snake Bridge of Sedge".

The Shinkyō has been rebuilt many times but has followed the same design pattern since 1636, when it could be used only by messengers of the Imperial court. It has been opened to the general public since 1973.

== Photo gallery == <gallery> Image:Nikko Futarasan Jinja M3292.jpg|Haiden Image:Nikko Futarasan Jinja Mikoshi M3299.jpg|Building housing ''mikoshi'' Image:Nikko Futarasan Jinja Hie Jinja M3294.jpg|Hie Shrine Image:Nikko Futarasan Chinese Lantern M3301.jpg|Chinese-style lantern, the ''Bake-doro'' ("Ghost Lantern") Image:Nikko Futarasan Daikoku M3303.jpg|Daikoku-den 大黒殿 Image:Nikko Futarasan Jinja Mitomo Jinja M3310.jpg|Mitomo Jinja Image:Nikko Futarasan Jinja M3331.jpg|Other buildings at Futarasan Shrine Image:Nikko Futarasan Gate M3287.jpg|The gate leads to the precincts of the shrine File:Mount nantai and lake chuzenji.jpg|Mount Nantai </gallery>

== Notes == {{Reflist}}

== References == * {{cite book | last = Brown | first = Delmer M. | title = The Early Evolution of Historical Consciousness in "Cambridge History of Japan", Vol. 1 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date=1993 | location =Cambridge, New York & Victoria | isbn = 978-0-521-22352-2 }} * Encyclopedia of Shinto, [http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=784 Nikkōsan shinkō] accessed on September 20, 2009 * Iwanami {{nihongo|Kōjien|広辞苑}} Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version

== External links == {{Commons category|Futarasan Shrine}} * [https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/913.pdf UNESCO document]: Advisory Body Evaluation * [http://www.futarasan.jp/ Futarasan Shrine] official Web site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000758/http://www.tochigi-jinjacho.or.jp/jinjalist/futarasan.html Tochigi Jinja-chō] * [http://www.mct.gr.jp/ Nikkō National Park] official Web site

Category:Beppyo shrines Category:Nikkō, Tochigi Category:8th-century establishments in Japan Category:Shinto shrines in Tochigi Prefecture Category:World Heritage Sites in Japan Category:8th-century Shinto shrines Category:767 establishments Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in the 760s Category:Shimotsuke Province Category:Ichinomiya Category:Historic Sites of Japan Category:Kokuhei Chūsha Category:Myōjin Taisha Category:Myojin Ronsha