Turbinidae

{{Short description|Family of gastropods}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Turbo cornutus 1.jpg | image_caption = Three views of a shell of ''Turbo sazae'' with the operculum in place | taxon = Turbinidae | authority = Rafinesque, 1815 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text }}

'''Turbinidae''', the '''turban snails''', are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.<ref name="WoRMS">Bouchet, P. (2014). Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=503 on 2014-07-28</ref>

==Description== Turbinidae have a strong, thick calcareous operculum readily distinguishing them from the somewhat similar Trochidae or top snails, which have a corneous operculum. This strong operculum serves as a passive defensive structure against predators that try to enter by way of the aperture or that would break the shell at the outer lip. These operculum are rounded ovals that are flat with a swirl design on one side and domed on the other. They are known as Pacific cat's eye or Shiva eye shells or mermaid money, and are used for decorative purposes.

== Etymology == The common name ''turban snail'' presumably refers to the shell's similarity in appearance to a turban. However, the scientific name Turbinidae is based on the genus name ''Turbo'', which is Latin for ''spinning top'', a child's toy. The word ''turbine'' has a similar derivation.

== Taxonomy == Previously{{when|date=August 2012}} they were classified in the subclass Prosobranchia, in the order Archaeogastropoda in the superfamily Trochacea. Trochaecea is now a synonym for the superfamily Trochoidea. However, this is a quite ancient group of gastropods, probably originating in the Permian period 298 to 250 million years ago.<ref name="Alf & Kreipl 2003">Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, {{ISBN|3-925919-27-9}}.</ref> They have typical primitive characters like the nacreous interior of the shell.

=== 2005 taxonomy === Turbinidae belongs to superfamily Turbinoidea according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

This family consists of eight following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005): * Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941 * Angariinae Gray, 1857 - synonym: Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868 * Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917 ** tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960 ** tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995 ** tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960 ** tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960 * Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 * † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997 * Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - synonym: "Prisogastrinae" in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) is a spelling error.<ref name="WoRMS Prisogasterinae"/> * Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 * Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

=== 2008 taxonomy === [[File:Astraea rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767) opened.jpg|thumb|''Astraea rugosa'' (Linnaeus, 1767), a fossil turbinid from the Pliocene of Cyprus.]] Turbinidae was redefined and moved to the redefined superfamily Trochoidea according to Williams et al. (2008):<ref name="Williams 2008">Williams S. T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (September 2008) "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". ''Zoologica Scripta'' '''37'''(5): 483-506. {{doi|10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x}}</ref> Angariidae was elevated to family level, Colloniinae was elevated to family Colloniidae within Phasianelloidea,<ref name="Williams 2008"/> Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae.<ref name="Williams 2008"/>

This family consists of five following subfamilies according to Williams et al. (2008):<ref name="Williams 2008"/>

* Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941 * Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae) * Margaritinae Thiele, 1924 - tribes are sensu taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) - upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae ** tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.) ** tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990 ** tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993 * Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971: upgraded to the rank of family Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971 * Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

The following subfamilies (sensu Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) classification of subfamilies in Turbinidae) were kept in Turbinidae: * Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - ''Moelleria'' was not included in the molecular studies performed in 2010.<ref name="Williams 2008"/><ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi Search for ''Moelleria''], National Center for Biotechnology Information, accessed 19 April 2010.</ref> * † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997

==Distribution== Turbinids occur in shallow and deep waters. The family has a large distribution, from the tropics to the polar regions, but most of the species live in tropical and subtropical shallow waters. Over the last 50 years a noticeable decline in both size and quantity of turban snail population has been observed by Ama divers of several regions of Japan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thelen |first=Timo |title=Revitalization and internal colonialism in rural Japan |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-19871-2 |series=Japan anthropology workshop series |location=New York, NY |pages=126ff.}}</ref>

==Genera== [[File:Guilfordiayoka.jpg|thumb|The shell of ''Guildfordia yoka'', a deep water turbinid]] Genera in the family Turbinidae include:

;Not belonging to any subfamily: * ''Phanerolepida'' Dall, 1907 * ''Tropidomarga'' Powell, 1951

;Turbininae<ref>Gofas, S. (2009). Turbininae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225151 on 2010-04-19</ref> [[File:Lithopoma caelatum (Gmelin, 1791) 2013 000.jpg|thumb|220px|''Lithopoma tectum'']] * ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798 * ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Bellastraea'' Iredale, 1924 * ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Cookia'' Lesson, 1832 * ''Guildfordia'' Gray, 1850 * ''Lithopoma'' Gray, 1850 * ''Lunella'' Röding, 1798 * ''Megastraea'' McLean, 1970<ref>Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1-82, pls 104-245.</ref> * ''Modelia'' Gray, 1850 * ''Pomaulax'' Gray, 1850 * ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758 - type genus * ''Uvanilla'' Gray, 1850 * ''Yaronia'' Mienis, 2011

;Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 * ''Prisogaster'' Mörch, 1850<ref name="WoRMS Prisogasterinae">Gofas, S. (2009). Prisogasterinae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382193 on 2010-04-19</ref>

;Genera brought into synonymy: * ''Astrea'' Link, 1807: synonym of ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798 * ''Agathistoma'' Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of ''Tegula'' Lesson, 1832 * ''Amyxa'' Troschel, 1852: synonym of ''Prisogaster'' Mörch, 1850 * ''Calcar'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Canthorbis'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798 * ''Cardinalia'' Gray, 1842: synonym of ''Tectus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Crosseia'' P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''Crossea'' A. Adams, 1865 * ''Cyclocantha'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Dinassovica'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Turbo (Turbo)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Distellifer'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Foliastralium'' Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Galeoastraea'' Habe, 1958: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Halopsephus'' Rehder, 1943: synonym of ''Turbo (Halopsephus)'' Rehder, 1943 represented as ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Harisazaea'' Habe, 1958: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Imperator'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798 * † ''Incilaster'' Finlay, 1926: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Livona'' Gray, 1842: synonym of ''Cittarium'' Philippi, 1847 * ''Lunatica'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Macropelmus'' Gistel, 1848: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Margarita'' Leach, 1819: synonym of ''Margarites'' Gray, 1847 * ''Micrastraea'' Cotton, 1939: synonym of ''Bellastraea'' Iredale, 1924 * ''Notosetia'' Iredale, 1915: synonym of ''Putilla'' A. Adams, 1867 * ''Okinawastraea'' Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * † ''Oobolma'' Sacco, 1896 : synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * † ''Ormastralium'' Sacco, 1896: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Pachypoma'' Gray, 1850: synonym of ''Lithopoma'' Gray, 1850 * ''Pagocalcar'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Pseudastralium'' Schepman, 1908: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Pyramidea'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Tectus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Pyramis'' Schumacher, 1817: synonym of ''Tectus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Rugastella'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Senobolma'' Okutani, 1964: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Stella'' P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Submargarita'' Strebel, 1908: synonym of ''Lissotesta'' Iredale, 1915 * ''Tharsiella'' Bush, 1897: synonym of ''Cirsonella'' Angas, 1877 * ''Trochiscus'' G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of ''Norrisia'' Bayle, 1880 * † ''Tylastralium'' Sacco, 1896: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Valvatella'' Gray, 1857: synonym of ''Margarites'' Gray, 1847

==References== {{Reflist}} * Marshall, B.A. 1988. ''Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales''. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949–1004. * Vaught, K.C. (1989). ''A classification of the living Mollusca.'' American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). {{ISBN|0-915826-22-4}}. XII, 195 pp. * Williams S.T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (2008) ''Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined''. Zoologica Scripta 37: 483–506.

== External links == {{Commons category|Turbinidae}} * [http://seashellsofnsw.org.au/Turbinidae/Pages/Turbinidae_intro.htm Seashells of New South Wales : Turbinidae] * [http://seashellsofnsw.org.au/Skeneidae/Pages/Skeneidae_intro.htm Seashells of New South Wales: Skeneinae] * [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0642/report.pdf Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642] {{PD-notice}}

Category:Turbinidae Category:Gastropod families Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque