Melaspilea

{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = 2014-09-13 Melaspilea ochrothalamia Nyl 455383.jpg | image_caption = ''Melaspilea ochrothalamia'', found in Sintra, Portugal | taxon = Melaspilea | authority = Nyl. (1857) | type_species = ''Melaspilea arthonioides'' | type_species_authority = (A.Massal.) Nyl. (1857) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/><ref name="2024 Outline"/> | synonyms = *''Celidium'' sect. ''Melaspileella'' {{au|P.Karst. (1885)}} *''Hazslinszkya'' {{au|Körb. (1861)}} *''Melanographa'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1882)}} *''Melaspileomyces'' {{au|Cif. & Tomas. (1953)}} *''Stictographa'' {{au|Mudd (1861)}} *''Eremithallus'' {{au|Lücking, Lumbsch & L.Umaña (2008)}} | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }}

'''''Melaspilea''''' is a genus of fungi in the family Melaspileaceae.<ref name="2024 Outline"/> The genus includes both lichen-forming species that grow on tree bark and lichenicolous species that parasitise other lichens. Originally, ''Melaspilea'' encompassed a broad and diverse group of species, but a 2015 molecular study narrowed its circumscription, showing that many species historically placed in the genus actually belonged to unrelated lineages. In its current sense, ''Melaspilea'' belongs to the family Melaspileaceae and order Eremithallales within Dothideomycetes and is characterised by dark fruiting bodies with single-septum spores. The genus has a worldwide distribution but is particularly diverse in tropical regions, with species primarily found growing on the bark of trees and woody plants.

==Taxonomy==

The genus was established by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1857. In his original description, Nylander characterized ''Melaspilea'' as having a thin or inconspicuous thallus and a black apothecium with a superficial or simple {{lichengloss|disc}} that is often convex. The genus was distinguished by its discrete paraphyses, ovoid to somewhat uncoloured single septum spores measuring 8&nbsp;micrometres, and lack of a hymenial gelatin. The type species, ''M.&nbsp;arthonioides'', was described from specimens collected on ash trees (''Fraxinus'') near Philippeville, Algeria. Nylander noted that while the species was rare in France, particularly on elm trees, it was not truly found there in a well-developed state. He also described a second species, ''M.&nbsp;deformis'', characterized by its reduced thallus, small or medium-sized rounded or deformed apothecium, and occurrence on oak, walnut, and ash trees in Switzerland.<ref name="Nylander 1857"/>

For much of its history, names placed in ''Melaspilea'' formed a heterogeneous assemblage with uncertain rank and placement; different authors treated parts of the group in Arthoniomycetes, Graphidales, Patellariaceae and Buelliaceae, or as lichenicolous outliers, reflecting the lack of a stable circumscription.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>

A multi-locus phylogenetic study in 2015 dismantled the broad, traditional concept of the genus and family. It showed that ''Melaspilea'' (in the broad sense) is polyphyletic: ''Melaspilea'' in the strict sense belongs in the order Eremithallales within Dothideomycetes, together with the rock-dwelling genus ''Encephalographa''; Eremithallaceae is treated as a synonym of Melaspileaceae. In the same work, the authors subsumed ''Eremithallus'' into ''Melaspilea'' and made the new combinations ''Melaspilea costaricensis'', ''Melaspilea enteroleuca'' and ''Melaspilea urceolata''. Many other species historically assigned to ''Melaspilea'' were shown to belong in Asterinales and are best treated in segregate genera such as ''Melaspileella'', ''Melaspileopsis'' and ''Stictographa''. The revised framework reflects that superficially similar dark, 1-septate ascomata have evolved repeatedly in unrelated lineages, and that lichenised and lichenicolous lifestyles are intermingled within Asterinales.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>

==Description==

''Melaspilea'' (in the strict sense) forms a thin, whitish, bark-inhabiting (corticolous) thallus with a {{lichengloss|trentepohlioid}} green-algal partner (''Trentepohlia''). The ascomata are usually rounded to short-{{lichengloss|lirelliform}}, immersed at first, then {{lichengloss|erumpent}} and finally superficial, with a flat to slightly convex disc bordered by a low, sometimes lobulate margin. The {{lichengloss|exciple}} is dark reddish-brown and turns olive-brown with potassium hydroxide solution (K+ olivaceous). The hymenium is non-amyloid (does not turn blue with iodine).<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>

Asci are elongate {{lichengloss|clavate}} to somewhat cylindrical with a thickened apex and a distinct {{lichengloss|ocular chamber}}, each typically containing eight 1-septate ascospores. The spores are ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline when young and brown at maturity, and commonly constricted at the septum. In some material a gelatinous sheath becomes blue after KOH pretreatment followed by iodine (K/I-positive), but the taxonomic weight of this sheath is uncertain. Filamentous paraphyses are {{lichengloss|simple}} to branched and not markedly swollen at the tips. Reports of {{lichengloss|photobiont}} cell clusters within bark {{lichengloss|periderm}} cells connected to the apothecia by hyaline hyphae pertain to Central American material formerly segregated as ''Eremithallus'' and are not considered diagnostic for the genus as currently circumscribed.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>

==Habitat, distribution, and ecology==

Species of ''Melaspilea'' are primarily corticolous, meaning they grow on the bark of trees and woody plants. The genus has a worldwide distribution but appears more diverse in tropical regions, though it is also well-represented in temperate areas. For example, eleven species have been accepted in the lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/> ''M.&nbsp;enteroleuca'' is consistently corticolous on old trees and has records across much of Europe, with reports in North Africa and Asia; by contrast, ''M.&nbsp;urceolata'' is American. ''M.&nbsp;costaricensis'' (the former ''Eremithallus'') is confirmed from Costa Rica and Saba.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>

==Species== thumb|right|''Melaspilea lentiginosa'' {{As of|2025|October}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 59 species of ''Melaspilea''.<ref name="CoL_5NMG"/> Many names historically placed in ''Melaspilea'' have been shown to belong in Asterinales (e.g., ''Melaspileella'', ''Melaspileopsis'', ''Stictographa'', ''Karschia'') rather than ''Melaspilea'' in the strict sense.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/> *''Melaspilea amarkantakensis'' {{au|S.Joseph & G.P.Sinha (2015)}}<ref name="Joseph & Sinha 2015"/> *''Melaspilea amota'' {{au|Nyl. (1867)}}<ref name="Nylander 1867"/> *''Melaspilea arthonioides'' {{au|(A.Massal.) Nyl. (1857)}} *''Melaspilea atacamensis'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1967)}}<ref name="Dodge 1967"/> *''Melaspilea atroides'' {{au|Coppins (1992)}}<ref name="Coppins et al. 1992"/> – Europe *''Melaspilea bagliettoana'' {{au|Zahlbr. (1904)}}<ref name="Zahlbruckner 1904"/> *''Melaspilea chilena'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1969)}}<ref name="Dodge 1968"/> – South America *''Melaspilea congregans'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1891)}}<ref name="Müller 1891"/> *''Melaspilea congregantula'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1895)}}<ref name="Müller 1895"/> *''Melaspilea constrictella'' {{au|(Stirt.) A.L.Sm. (1911)}} *''Melaspilea coquimbensis'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1967)}}<ref name="Dodge 1967"/> *''Melaspilea costaricensis'' {{au|(Lücking, Lizano & Chaves)<ref name="Lücking et al. 2008"/> Ertz & Diederich (2015)}} *''Melaspilea diplasiospora'' {{au|(Nyl.) Müll.Arg. (1887)}} *''Melaspilea enteroleuca'' {{au|(Ach.) Ertz & Diederich (2015)}} *''Melaspilea galligena'' {{au|Zhurb. & Zhdanov (2013)}}<ref name="Zhurbenko & Zhdanov 2013"/> – Russia *''Melaspilea gemella'' {{au|(Eschw.) Nyl. (1867)}} *''Melaspilea granitophila'' {{au|(Th.Fr.) Coppins (1989)}}<ref name="Coppins 1989"/> *''Melaspilea hyparctica'' {{au|K.Holm & L.Holm (1993)}}<ref name="Holm & Holm 1993"/> *''Melaspilea interjecta'' {{au|(Leight.) A.L.Sm. (1911)}} *''Melaspilea lecideopsoidea'' {{au|(Rehm) K.Holm & L.Holm (1986)}}<ref name="Holm & Holm 1986"/> *''Melaspilea leciographoides'' {{au|Vouaux (1913)}}<ref name="Vouaux 1913"/> *''Melaspilea lekae'' {{au|Brackel & Kalb (2012)}}<ref name="Kalb et al. 2012"/> *''Melaspilea lentiginosa'' {{au|(Lyell ex Leight.) Müll.Arg. (1887)}} *''Melaspilea lentiginosula'' {{au|(Nyl.) A.L.Sm. (1911)}} *''Melaspilea leucina'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. (1887)}} *''Melaspilea mangrovei'' {{au|Vrijmoed, K.D.Hyde & E.B.G.Jones (1996)}}<ref name="Vrijmoed et al. 1996"/> *''Melaspilea microcarpa'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. (1887)}} *''Melaspilea ochrothalamia'' {{au|Nyl. (1865)}}<ref name="Nylander 1865"/> *''Melaspilea opegraphoides'' {{au|Nyl. (1863)}}<ref name="Nylander 1863"/> *''Melaspilea santiagensis'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1969)}}<ref name="Dodge 1968"/> – South America *''Melaspilea saxicola'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1969)}}<ref name="Dodge 1968"/> – South America *''Melaspilea stellaris'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1895)}}<ref name="Müller 1895"/> *''Melaspilea sudzuhensis'' {{au|Makar. (1976)}} *''Melaspilea tucumana'' {{au|Flakus, Etayo & Kukwa (2014)}}<ref name="Flakus et al. 2014"/> – Bolivia *''Melaspilea urceolata'' {{au|(Fr.) Ertz & Diederich (2015)}} *''Melaspilea zerovii'' {{au|Makar. & Knyazheva (1974)}}<ref name="Kopachevskaya et al. 1977"/>

==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q10580981}}

Category:Dothideomycetes Category:Dothideomycetes genera Category:Lichen genera Category:Lichenicolous fungi Category:Taxa described in 1857 Category:Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist)