Solanum sisymbriifolium

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} {{Speciesbox |image = Solanum sisymbriifolium-IMG 9355.jpg |genus = Solanum |species = sisymbriifolium |authority = Lam. |synonyms = Many, see text }}

'''''Solanum sisymbriifolium''''' is commonly known as '''vila-vila''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Friends of Vila-vila |url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/673016442744077/ |via=Facebook}}</ref> '''sticky nightshade''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SOSI|taxon=Solanum sisymbriifolium|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> '''red buffalo-bur''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> the '''fire-and-ice plant''', '''litchi tomato''', or '''Morelle de Balbis'''.<ref name="motherearth">[https://www.motherearthnews.com/Real-Food/Litchi-Fruit-Morelle-De-Balbis.aspx ''Litchi Tomato'' article in Mother Earth News, December 2009]</ref>

The small edible fruits are red<ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> on the outside and yellow inside. It grows inside a spiny, green husk. The fruit is ripe when it is easily removed from the stem. The flavor resembles sour cherries and a little bit like a tomato.<ref name="motherearth"/>

This plant has been used as a trap crop to protect potatoes from potato cyst nematode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varandas |first1=Raquel |last2=Egas |first2=Conceição |last3=Conceição |first3=Isabel Luci |date=2020-11-01 |title=Potato cyst nematodes: New solutions to an old problem |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261219420302362 |journal=Crop Protection |volume=137 |article-number=105303 |doi=10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105303 |bibcode=2020CrPro.13705303V |issn=0261-2194|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The stems and leaves contain solasodine which makes the plant very resistant to many pests and diseases, with the exception of potato beetles and tomato hornworms. It can also be used as a hedge plant to keep animals out of a garden, because it is covered with prickles (erroneously called thorns).<ref name="motherearth"/>

==Synonyms==

thumb|Closeup of flowers thumb|Immature fruit hidden in a spiny husk thumb|Mature red fruit thumb The sticky nightshade has been described under a number of illegitimate scientific names, many of them quite ambiguous homonyms:<ref name = ss2008>[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/description-detail.jsp?taxa=5365 ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'']. Retrieved 2008-SEP-25</ref> * ''Solanum balbisii'' Dunal * ''Solanum bipinnatifidum'' Larrañaga * ''Solanum brancaefolium'' Jacq. * ''Solanum decurrens'' Balb. * ''Solanum edule'' Vell. * ''Solanum formosum'' Weinm. * ''Solanum inflatum'' Hornem. * ''Solanum mauritianum'' Willd. ex Roth (preoccupied) * ''Solanum opuliflorum'' Port. ex Walp. (''nomen nudum'') * ''Solanum opuliflorum'' Port. ex Dunal (''nomen nudum'') * ''Solanum rogersii'' S.Moore * ''Solanum sabeanum'' Buckley * ''Solanum subviscidum'' Schrank * ''Solanum thouinii'' C.C.Gmel. * ''Solanum viscidum'' Schweigg. * ''Solanum viscosum'' Lag. * ''Solanum xanthacanthum'' Willd. ex Walp. (''nomen nudum'')

Several forms and varieties have been named,<ref name = ss2008 /> but these are generally not considered distinct today:{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} * ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' var. ''purpureiflorum'' Dunal * ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' forma ''albiflorum'' Kuntze * ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' var. ''bipinnatipartitum'' Dunal * ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' var. ''brevilobum'' Dunal * ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' var. ''gracile'' Mattos * ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' var. ''heracleifolium'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' forma ''lilacinum'' Kuntze * ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' var. ''macrocarpum'' Kuntze * ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' var. ''oligospermum'' (Sendtn.) Dunal

==Distribution== ===Native=== ====South America==== *Argentina,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Bolivia,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Chile,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Colombia,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Ecuador,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Paraguay,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Peru<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> *Brazil<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> **Rio Grande do Sul<ref name="CABI-ISC" />

===Introduced=== ====Europe==== *Austria,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Belgium,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Czech Republic,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Denmark,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Ireland,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Estonia,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Finland,<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> France,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Germany,<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Hungary,<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Latvia,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Lithuania,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Morocco,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Netherlands,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Norway,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Portugal,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Spain,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Sweden,<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Ukraine,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> United Kingdom<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> *Italy<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> **Sicily - invasive<ref name="EPPO-alert" />

====Asia==== *Republic of Korea<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> *Bangladesh<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> *Taiwan<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> *Japan<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> *Turkey<ref name="CABI-ISC" /><ref name="EPPO-alert" /> *India<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> **Gujarat<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> *China<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> **Guangdong,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Yunnan<ref name="EPPO-alert" />

====Africa==== *Benin,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Kenya,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> South Africa,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Republic of the Congo,<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Eswatini,<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> Namibia<ref name="CABI-ISC" />

====North America==== *Canada<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> *Mexico<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> *United States - ~64% of the country is suitable for ''S. sisymbriifolium''.<ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Predicted to eventually be absent from most of Alaska, Montana, and Wisconsin, and to never enter North Dakota.<ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> **Alabama,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Arizona,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> California,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Delaware,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Florida,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Georgia,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Iowa,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Louisiana,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Massachusetts,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Mississippi,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> New Jersey,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> New York,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> North Carolina,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Oregon,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Pennsylvania,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> South Carolina,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> Texas<ref name="EPPO-alert" /><ref name="APHIS-weeds" /> **ABSENT from Idaho<ref name="APHIS-weeds" />

====Oceania==== *Australia<ref name="CABI-ISC" /> **New South Wales,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Victoria,<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> Western Australia<ref name="EPPO-alert" /> *New Zealand<ref name="CABI-ISC" />

== Status as an invasive species == In South Africa it is listed as a Category 1b invader in the National Environmental Biodiversity Management Act. This means most activities with regards to the species are prohibited and it should be ensured that it does not spread beyond a landowner's domain.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=South African Government Gazette: Number 37320 |url=https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/za/2014/za-government-gazette-dated-2014-02-12-no-37320.pdf |journal=South Africa Government Gazette |volume=584 |page=28}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="EPPO-alert">{{cite web |title=Solanum sisymbriifolium - EPPO Alert List |website=European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization |url=https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/plant_quarantine/alert_list_plants/solanum_sisymbriifolium |access-date=2020-11-30 |archive-date=2020-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130090028/https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/plant_quarantine/alert_list_plants/solanum_sisymbriifolium }}</ref> <ref name="APHIS-weeds">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203111057/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/Solanum_sisymbriifolium_WRA.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-03 |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/Solanum_sisymbriifolium_WRA.pdf |title=Weed Risk Assessment for ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' Lam. (Solanaceae) – Sticky nightshade |website=United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service |date=2013-03-26}}</ref> <ref name="CABI-ISC">{{cite web |title=''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' |website=Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Invasive Species Compendium |date=2019-11-22 |url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/117241 |access-date=2020-11-30}}</ref> }}

==External links== {{Commons category|Solanum sisymbriifolium}} * {{Wikispecies-inline}} * {{PFAF|Solanum sisymbriifolium}}

sisymbriifolium Category:Edible Solanaceae Category:Fruit vegetables Category:Flora of Southern America Category:Flora of Brazil Category:Flora of the Cerrado Category:Berries