Spanish Armed Forces

{{Short description|Combined military forces of Spain}} {{Infobox national military | name = Spanish Armed Forces | native_name = {{lang|es|Fuerzas Armadas de España}} | image = Emblem of the Spanish Armed Forces.svg | alt = | caption = Emblem of the Spanish Armed Forces | image2 = | alt2 = | caption2 = | motto = | founded = 20 January 1479 ({{age in years and days|1479|1|20}}) | disbanded = | branches = {{tree list}} *25px Army **25px Spanish Legion *25px Navy **25px Marine Infantry *60px Air and Space Force *25px Royal Guard *25px Military Emergencies Unit *Common Corps {{tree list/end}} | headquarters = Madrid, Spain | website =   | commander-in-chief = {{flagicon image|Estandarte Real de España.svg}} Felipe VI | commander-in-chief_title = Monarch | chief minister = {{flagicon image|Spanish Presidential Flag.svg}} Pedro Sánchez | chief minister_title = Prime Minister | minister = {{flagicon image|Spanish Presidential Flag.svg}} Margarita Robles | minister_title = Minister of Defence | commander = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chief of the Defence Staff (Spain).svg}} {{nowrap|Admiral General Teodoro Esteban López Calderón}} | commander_title = Chief of the Defence Staff  | age = 18 | conscription = No | manpower_data = | manpower_age = | available = | available_f = | fit = | fit_f = | reaching = | reaching_f = | active = 436,000 (2026) | ranked = | reserve = 250,000 (2026) | deployed =  | amount = €33.123 billion {{small|(2025)}} <ref>{{cite web | title=OTAN: España sigue a la cola de inversión en defensa, pese a llegar al 2%, pero gasta más que la media en armamento | url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/5408103/otan-espana-sigue-cola-inversion-defensa-pese-llegar-2-pero-gasta-media-armamento }}</ref> | percent_GDP = 2% (2025)  | domestic_suppliers = Airbus Santa Bárbara Navantia Indra Gamesa Abengoa Instalaza UROVESA | foreign_suppliers = {{flag|France}} {{flag|Germany}} {{flag|United States}} {{flag|Switzerland}} {{flag|Canada}} | imports = {{currency|112 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2014–2022)<ref name="SIPRI_Spain"/> | exports = {{currency|752 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2014–2022)<ref name="SIPRI_Spain">{{cite web|url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php|title=TIV of arms imports/exports data for Spain, 2014-2022|date=30 January 2024|work=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute}}</ref>  | history = Military history of Spain Warfare directory of Spain Wars involving Spain Battles involving Spain | ranks = Military ranks of Spain }}

The '''Spanish Armed Forces''' are in charge of guaranteeing the sovereignty and independence of the Kingdom of Spain, defending its territorial integrity and the constitutional order, according to the functions entrusted to them by the Constitution of 1978. They are composed of: the Army, the Air and Space Force, the Navy, the Royal Guard, and the Military Emergencies Unit, as well as the so-called Common Corps.

Spain occupies a prominent position in the structure of NATO, which it joined in 1982. Nevertheless, it spends less than the minimum of 2% of GDP on defence recommended by NATO.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Frank |date=2026-02-10 |title=Munich Security Conference: Trump’s world order hangs over Europe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cgrzjv1kykxo |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Spain has the oldest Marine Infantry in the world and the oldest permanent military units in the world: the ''Infantry Regiment "Inmemorial del Rey" No. 1'' and the ''Infantry Regiment "Soria" No. 9''.

==History== {{main|Military history of Spain}}

After the long Reconquista ending in 1492, Spain evolved into Europe's foremost power with the voyages of Christopher Columbus the same year, leading to Spain acquiring vast lands in the Americas and conquering a number of overseas civilizations in the decades to come. The period of reconquest of Iberia had ended, and now Spain entered an era of overseas conquest spearheaded by conquistadors. The conquest of the Aztec Empire, the conquest of the Inca Empire and the conquest of the Philippines ensued propelling Spain to the foremost military superpower of the time. Spain was also victorious over the French in the Italian Wars, annexing southern Italy. During the reign of Charles V and Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power with the Spanish Empire spanning 19.4 million square km of the Earth's surface, a total of 13% being the first empire which the Sun never sets. By the mid 17th century Spain had been militarily weakened by the Thirty Years War, the Eighty Years War along with financial problems, and the lack of reforms, though still holding firm to the bulk of the American Continent.

During the 18th century the new Bourbon dynasty revived Spain's economic and military power through a series of important reforms in the armed forces and the economy, notably those of Charles III of Spain. Thanks to these reforms, Spain performed well during the war of Jenkins' Ear defending overseas territory, won the war of Austrian Succession but had mixed result during the Seven Years' War. Spain had also led successful campaigns in the American Revolutionary War. Spain had recovered considerably by the outbreak of the French Revolution, by 1790, the Spanish Empire was the largest empire in the world. The occupation of a great part of Spain by the French during the Napoleonic Wars resulted in Peninsular War, which was characterized by use on a large scale of guerrilla troops, made necessary by the war's devastating effect on the Spanish economy. Although victorious in the Peninsular War over Napoleonic France, the Spanish military was in poor condition and political instability resulted in the loss of most of Spain's former colonies, who had rebelled against Spanish rule in the Spanish American wars of independence, except Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. These too would be lost later in the Spanish–American War.

In the 20th century, the Spanish armed forces did not intervene in the First World War (neutrality) or in the Second World War (non-belligerent), although they did intervene in the Spanish Civil War and in some colonial conflicts. After the arrival of democracy in 1978, they underwent a strong modernization process, becoming modern armed forces. In 1982 Spain entered NATO.

Recently, in the last decades of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st, Spanish troops have participated together with their Western allies in operations such as Gulf War, NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, KFOR, war on terror, 2011 military intervention in Libya, Combined Task Force 150 and UNIFIL.

===Today=== {{Clarify timeframe|date=January 2023}} Spain participated along with France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Denmark, the United States and Canada in the 2011 intervention against Muammar Gaddafi in Libya, contributing a tanker, 4 F/A-18 Hornet fighter jets, a frigate, a submarine and a surveillance aircraft, along with logistical support from the Naval Station Rota and the Morón Air Base.

Spain has belonged to NATO since 1982. The decision was ratified in the 1986 referendum by the Spanish people. The conditions were the reduction of American military bases, non-integration of Spain in the military structure of NATO, and the prohibition of introducing nuclear weapons in Spain.

====Current missions==== As of June 2017, 3,093 soldiers of the Spanish Armed Forces and the Civil Guard are part of the nineteen operations where Spain has an active role.<ref name="missions2017">{{cite news|title=Fuerzas Armadas españolas en misiones internacionales, Junio 2017|url=http://www.dsn.gob.es/es/actualidad/infografias/fuerzas-armadas-espa%C3%B1olas-misiones-internacionales-junio-2017#sthash.2M7BLKBb.uxfs|access-date=June 19, 2017|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617211233/http://www.dsn.gob.es/es/actualidad/infografias/fuerzas-armadas-espa%C3%B1olas-misiones-internacionales-junio-2017#sthash.2M7BLKBb.uxfs|archive-date=June 17, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

According to the National Security Department of Spain (DSN), these are the current missions of the armed forces and civil guard: <ref name="missions2017"/>

*'''Missions with the European Union''' **EUTM Mali (2013–2024): Advisory mission in the security and training sector of the Malian National Army. 130 deployed military personnel. **EUTM CAR (2016–present): Training mission of the Armed Forces of the Government of the Central African Republic. The Eurocorps is in charge of carrying out this mission. 19 military deployed. **EUTM SOMALIA (2010–present): Training mission of the Somali Armed Forces, with the cooperation of the UN and the African Union. 16 military deployed. **Operation Atalanta (2008–present): Mission to combat piracy in the Indian Ocean as well as protection of the UN food program. 338 deployed military. **EUFOR ALTHEA BOSNIA (2004–present): Advisory mission to the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3 military deployed. ** EUNAVFOR MED-SOPHIA (2015–present): Mission to combat trafficking in human beings and prevention of loss of life in the Mediterranean. 261 deployed military personnel. *'''Missions with NATO''' ** Operation Sea Guardian (2016–present): Mission to fight against terrorism in the Mediterranean. 119 military deployed. ** SNMG1 / SNMG2 / SNMCMG2: NATO first-responder permanent naval units. 251 deployed military personnel. ** Baltic Air Policing (2004–present): Mission to protect the airspace of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. 128 deployed military personnel. ** Enhanced Forward Presence (2017–present): Mission of presence of NATO in the Baltic Sea region following the annexation of Crimea by Russia. 310 military deployed. **Operation Active Fence (2015–present): Mission to reinforce Turkey's air defense against the threat of ballistic missiles from Syria. 149 deployed military personnel. * '''Missions with UN''' ** UNIFIL (2006–present): Peacekeeping Monitoring Mission between Lebanon and Israel. 620 soldiers and civil guards deployed. ** UN COLOMBIA (2016–present): Mission of observers of the peace process in Colombia. 14 deployed military personnel. *'''Coalition against Daesh''' ** INHERENT RESOLVE (2015–present): Training mission of Iraqi forces to fight the Daesh. 463 soldiers and civil guards deployed. *'''Security cooperation with France''' **Support for Mali-Senegal (2013–2022): Military support to France to facilitate air transport of French and EU operations in Mali and Sahel. 61 military deployed. **Support for the Central African Republic (2013–present): Military support for France and the EU to facilitate air transport in its operations. 45 military deployed. * '''National missions of cooperation with Senegal and Cape Verde''' ** Support for Senegal (2016–present): Cooperative security activities with other countries. 34 deployed military personnel. ** Support for Cape Verde (2016–present): Cooperative security activities with other countries. 59 deployed military personnel.

The Spanish Armed Forces also participated in the last few years in other missions, above all humanitarian and observation: in Albania in 1999, Mozambique in 2000, Republic of Macedonia in 2001, Haiti in 2004 and Indonesia in 2005. In 2006, Spain participated in Darfur, Sudan by sending observers, and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Spain also participated in the Iraq War between 2003 and 2004, in Gabon and in Senegal to safeguard maritime traffic in the Horn of Africa (with 33 Civil Guards and national police officers, two patrol vessels and a helicopter).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensa.gob.es/areasTematicas/misiones/enCurso/ |title=Misiones en curso |date=April 9, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414001833/http://www.defensa.gob.es/areasTematicas/misiones/enCurso/ |archive-date=April 14, 2015 }}</ref> In 2015, 46 UME soldiers and 12 Civil Guards of the High Mountain Group went to help and rescue in the Nepal earthquake, along with six dogs, three scientific police and a Boeing 707 of supplies transport of the Air and Space Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.es/videos-espana/20150502/medio-centenar-militares-espanoles-4211677670001.html|title=Medio centenar de militares españoles parten desde Jaca rumbo a Nepal|date=May 5, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028145842/http://www.abc.es/videos-espana/20150502/medio-centenar-militares-espanoles-4211677670001.html|archive-date=October 28, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elcomercio.es/videos/politica/201505/02/medio-centenar-militares-espanoles-4211677660001-mm.html|title=Medio centenar de militares españoles parten desde Jaca rumbo a Nepal|date=May 5, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028145926/http://www.elcomercio.es/videos/politica/201505/02/medio-centenar-militares-espanoles-4211677660001-mm.html|archive-date=October 28, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The cost of these missions abroad amounts to approximately 800 million euros per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-espana-gasto-2016-mas-770-millones-euros-misiones-fuerzas-armadas-20161220192750.html|title=España gastó en 2016 más de 770 millones de euros en las misiones de las Fuerzas Armadas|agency=Europa Press|date=20 December 2016|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608054540/http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-espana-gasto-2016-mas-770-millones-euros-misiones-fuerzas-armadas-20161220192750.html|archive-date=8 June 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Command structure== {{multiple image |align = right |total_width = 300 |image1 = 2019-05-30 Felipe VI Karlspreis 2019-5882 (cropped).jpg |caption1 = King Felipe VI |image2 = Pedro Sánchez 2021c (cropped).jpg |caption2 = PM Pedro Sánchez }}

The commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces is the Monarch; with the ''ex officio'' rank of Captain General in the Army, Navy and Air and Space Force. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 states in article 62(h) that the King of Spain shall have "supreme command of the Armed Forces"; however under article 64, all official acts of the Monarch must be countersigned by the President of the Government (or other competent minister) to become valid.

The President of the Government (also known as ''Prime Minister'' in English translations), as the head of government, is responsible under article 97 for "domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration and the defense of the State", and thus bears the ultimate responsibility before the Cortes Generales, and the Spanish electorate.

The Minister of Defense is in charge of running the Ministry of Defense, which carries out the day-to-day administration of the forces. The President of the Government and the Minister of Defense are civilians. No provision in the Constitution requires the Government to seek approval from the Cortes Generales before sending the armed forces abroad.

The Chief of the Defense Staff directs the Defense Staff and is the senior military advisor to the Minister and the Government. The military leadership of the three military services are: the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Chief of Staff of the Air and Space Force and the Chief of Staff of the Navy.

The structure, and incumbents {{As of|2025|lc=y}}, are:

# 20px Commander in Chief: King Felipe VI, Captain General of the Armed Forces # 20px President of the Government: Pedro Sánchez. # 20px Minister of Defence: Margarita Robles. # 20px Chief of the Defense Staff: Admiral General Teodoro E. López Calderón. # The Chiefs of Staff of the branches: #: 20px Chief of Staff of the Army: Army General Amador Fernando Enseñat y Berea. #: 20px Chief of Staff of the Navy: Admiral General Antonio Piñeiro Sánchez. #: 20px Chief of Staff of the Air and Space Force: Air General Francisco Braco Carbó.

==Branches== {{seealso|Civil Guard (Spain)}} The Spanish armed forces are a professional force with a strength in 2017 of 121,900 active personnel and 4,770 reserve personnel. The country also has the 77,000 strong Civil Guard which comes under the control of the Ministry of defense in times of a national emergency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/43968/update-spain-to-increase-defence-spending|title=Update: Spain to increase defence spending|work=janes.com|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073610/http://www.janes.com/article/43968/update-spain-to-increase-defence-spending|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Army=== The Spanish Army consists of 15 active brigades and 6 military regions. Modern infantry have diverse capabilities and this is reflected in the varied roles assigned to them. There are four operational roles that infantry battalions can fulfil: air assault, armoured infantry, mechanised infantry, and light role infantry.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" caption="Ejército de Tierra de España (Spanish Army)"> File:Trident Juncture 2018 181103-N-FO714-221.jpg|Leopard 2E (MBT) File:2 spanish army M109.jpg|M-109A5E File:Eurocopter EC 655 Tigre (cropped).jpg|Eurocopter Tiger</gallery>

===Navy=== {{Main|Spanish Navy}}

Under the command of the Spanish Admiral Chief of Naval Staff, stationed in Madrid, the Spanish Navy has four area commands: * Cantabrian Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Ferrol on the Atlantic coast * Straits Maritime Zone with its headquarters at San Fernando near Cadiz * Mediterranean Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Cartagena * Canary Islands Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

The current flagship of the Spanish Navy is the amphibious assault ship/aircraft carrier {{ship|Spanish ship|Juan Carlos I||2}}. In addition, the fleet consists of: 2 amphibious transport docks, 11 frigates, 3 submarines, 6 mine countermeasure vessels, 23 patrol vessels and a number of auxiliary ships. The total displacement of the Spanish Navy is approximately 220,000 tonnes. As of 2012, the Armada has a strength of 20,838 personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensa.gob.es/Galerias/presupuestos/presupuesto-defensa-2012.pdf|title=Military Budget 2012|page=454|website=defensa.gov.es|language=es|access-date=2013-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125221512/http://www.defensa.gob.es/Galerias/presupuestos/presupuesto-defensa-2012.pdf|archive-date=2013-01-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" caption="Armada Española (Spanish Navy)"> File:Manoeuvring exercise 11 (22811737931).jpg|Amphibious assault ship-aircraft carrier {{ship|Spanish ship|Juan Carlos I||2}} File:Armada Española F105 Cristóbal Colón.jpg|{{sclass|Álvaro de Bazán|frigate|1}} {{ship|Spanish frigate|Cristóbal Colón||2}} File:Submarine (S 71)-Galerna-01.jpg|{{sclass|Agosta|submarine|1}} ''Galerna'' </gallery>

====Marines==== [[File:AAV-7 en Santander2.JPG|thumb|Spanish Marine Infantry deploying from an AAV-7 during an exhibition.]] {{Main|Spanish Marine Infantry}}

The Marines, in Spanish, ''Infanteria de Marina'', are the marine infantry of the Spanish Navy, the oldest in the world. It has a strength of 5,000 troops divided into base defense forces and landing forces. One of the three base defense battalions is stationed with each of the Navy headquarters. "Groups" (midway between battalions and regiments) are stationed in Madrid and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The Tercio (fleet — regiment equivalent) is available for immediate embarkation and based out of San Fernando. Its principal weapons include light tanks, armored combat vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and SPIKE antitank missiles.

===Air and Space Force=== Spanish Air and Space Force currently has 10 fighter squadrons, each with 18–24 airplanes. The Air and Space Force also has 15 operational air bases around the country. The Air and Space Force operates a wide-ranging fleet of aircraft, from fighters to transport aircraft and passenger transports to helicopters. It maintains some 450 aircraft in total, of which around 130 are fighter aircraft (Eurofighter Typhoons and F-18 MLU). The Spanish Air and Space Force is replacing older aircraft in the inventory with newer ones including the recently introduced Eurofighter Typhoon and the Airbus A400M Atlas airlifter. Both are manufactured with Spanish participation; EADS CASA makes the Eurofighter's right wing and leading edge slats, and participates in the testing and assembly of the airlifter.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231207045711/http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release/detail/first-a400m-wings-delivered-to-final-assembly-line/news-browse/1/news-period/1175378400/2591999/archived/news-category/press_release/?tx_felogin_pi1%5Bforgot%5D=1]</ref> Its aerobatic display team is the Patrulla Aguila, which flies the CASA C-101 Aviojet. Its helicopter display team, Patrulla Aspa, flies the Eurocopter EC-120 Colibrí. In July 2014 the Spanish Air Force joined the European Air Transport Command, headquartered at Eindhoven Airbase in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eatc-mil.com/45/Articles/News%20&%20Press%20updates/265/Spain+is+now+member+of+the+EATC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095201/http://eatc-mil.com/45/Articles/News%20%26%20Press%20updates/265/Spain+is+now+member+of+the+EATC|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2014|title=Spain is now member of the EATC - Articles - EATC  -  European Air Transport Command|work=eatc-mil.com|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" caption="Ejército del Aire y del Espacio (Spanish Air and Space Force)"> File:Typhoon - RIAT 2006 (altered).jpg| Eurofighter Typhoon File:Spanish Air Force EF-18 DD-SD-00-02833 cropped.jpg|EF-18 File:Fuerza Aérea Española (Spanish Air Force) Airbus A400M-180 (T.23-01).jpg|A400M </gallery>

=== Common Corps === {{Main|Common Corps of the Spanish Armed Forces}}The Common Corps are four corps that provide professional services to all the branches of the Armed Forces and the Civil Guard. The Common Corps were created in the 1980s to unify the specialist corps of the different branches for operational reasons. The Common Corps are: * Military Legal Corps * Military Comptroller Corps * Military Medical Corps * Military Band Corps

===Royal Guard=== {{Main|Spanish Royal Guard}} [[File:Guardias reales en 2001.jpg|thumb|right|Spanish Royal Guard change at the ''Palacio Real''.]]

The ''Royal Guard'' (''Guardia Real'') is an independent unit of the Spanish Armed Forces whose primary task is the military protection of the King of Spain and the Spanish royal family. It also protects visiting Heads of State.

The Royal Guard's history dates back to medieval times, the Corps of Gentlemen of the Chamber, the "Monteros de Espinosa", dating to 1006.

It currently has a strength of 1,900 troops, constituting a fully functional combat unit drawn from the ranks of all three branches of the Spanish Armed Forces: among others, a Marines company, a Paratroop company and an infantry company. Some units have served recently in Afghanistan and Bosnia.

===Military Emergencies Unit=== {{Main|Military Emergencies Unit}}

The ''Military Emergencies Unit'' ({{langx|es|Unidad Militar de Emergencias}}), is the most recently instituted branch of the Spanish Armed Forces, resulting from a decision of the Council of Ministers of Spain in 2005.

In addition to headquarters staff ({{lang|es|Unidad de Cuartel General}}, there are five emergency intervention battalions ({{Lang|es|Batallon de Intervención en Emergencias}}, BIEM), a support regiment ({{lang|es|Regimiento de Apoyo a Emergencias}}) and an aerial group ({{lang|es|Agrupación de Medios Aéreos}}).

It is responsible for providing disaster relief principally throughout Spain but also if necessary abroad. The activities including handling natural hazards such as floods and earthquakes, forest fires, chemical and nuclear accidents, and other emergency situations recognized as such by the Prime Minister of Spain.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" caption="Unidad Militar de Emergencias (Military Emergencies Unit)"> File:URO M3-24.14 UME.JPG|URO M3-24.14. File:Canadair CL-215T in Spanish service 4316.jpg|Canadair CL-215T File:Lancha UME.jpg|Inflatable boat Zodiac Mark IV </gallery>

== Equipment of the Spanish Armed Forces ==

=== Spanish Army ===

* Equipment of the Spanish Army Or the same page in Spanish (with more information): {{ill|Anexo:Materiales del Ejército de Tierra de España|es|Anexo:Materiales del Ejército de Tierra de España}} * Air defence equipment of the Spanish Army * Aircraft of the FAMET * Tanks in the Spanish Army

=== Spanish Air Force ===

* Aircraft of the Spanish Air and Space Force * Weapons of the Spanish Air Force * Air defence equipment of the Spanish Air Force

=== Spanish Navy ===

* List of active Spanish Navy ships * Aircraft of the Spanish Navy

=== Spanish Marine Infantry ===

* Equipment of the Spanish Marine Infantry

==Citations== {{reflist|30em}}

==References== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=IISS |title=The Military Balance 2020|year=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0367466398}} *{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |pages=201−204 |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2023}}}} {{refend}}

==Further reading== * Jane's defense Weekly, Country Survey: Spain, JDW 18 April 1992, p. 655-onwards

==External links== [https://emad.defensa.gob.es/en/?__locale=en Official website] * {{in lang|es}} [http://www.militar.org.ua/foro/ Foro Militar General - Spanish Military forum]

{{Spain topics}} {{FFAA España}} {{Military of Europe}} {{Militaries of European Union member states}} {{North Atlantic Treaty Organization}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Military of Spain Category:Permanent Structured Cooperation