Simpsonichthys

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Simpsonichthys parallelus.jpg | image_caption = ''Simpsonichthys parallelus'' | taxon = Simpsonichthys | authority = A. L. de Carvalho, 1959 | type_species = ''Simpsonichthys boitonei'' | type_species_authority = A. L. de Carvalho, 1959 }}

'''''Simpsonichthys''''' is a genus of killifish from the family Rivulidae the species of which are endemic to temporary freshwater habitats like ponds in the upper Paraná, upper Araguaia, upper Jequitinhonha and São Francisco basins on the central Brazilian Plateau.<ref name=COF>{{Cof genus |Simpsonichthys|access-date=8 November 2018}}</ref> They are small annual killifish that reach up to {{cvt|5.5|cm}} in standard length.<ref name=Loureiro2018>{{cite journal | author1=Loureiro, M. | author2=R. De Sá | author3=S.W. Serra | author4=F. Alonso | author5=L.E.K. Lanés | author6=M.V. Volcan | author7=P. Calviño | author8=D. Nielsen | author9=A. Duarte | author10=G. Garcia | year=2018 | title=Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998 | journal=Neotropical Ichthyology | volume=16 | issue=3 | article-number=e180007 | doi=10.1590/1982-0224-20180007 | doi-access=free | hdl=20.500.12008/26301 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Berois2015>{{cite book | editor1=Berois, N. | editor2=G. García | editor3=R.O. de Sá | year=2015 | title=Annual Fishes: Life History Strategy, Diversity, and Evolution | page=24 | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=978-1-4822-9971-7 }}</ref>

==Species== thumb|''Simpsonichthys boitonei'' As delineated by Fishbase the following species are included within the genus ''Simpsonichthys'':

* ''Simpsonichthys alternatus'' (W. J. E. M. Costa & G. C. Brasil, 1994) * ''Simpsonichthys boitonei'' A. L. de Carvalho, 1959 (Lyrefin pearlfish) * ''Simpsonichthys bokermanni'' (Carvalho, da & Cruz, 1987) * ''Simpsonichthys cholopteryx'' W. J. E. M. Costa, C. L. R. Moreira & F. C. T. Lima, 2003 * ''Simpsonichthys constanciae'' (G. S. Myers), 1942 (Featherfin pearlfish) * ''Simpsonichthys delucai'' Costa, 2003 * ''Simpsonichthys espinhacensis'' Nielsen, Pessali & Dutra, 2017<ref name = Nielsen>{{cite journal | author1 = Dalton Tavares Bressane Nielsen | author2 = Tiago C. Pessali | author3 = Guilherme Dutra | name-list-style = amp | year = 2017 | title = A new annual fish of the genus Simpsonichthys (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae) from the upper Rio Jequitinhonha basin, Brazil | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317222998 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4263 | issue = 1 | pages = 165–172| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4263.1.8 | pmid = 28609886 }} Abstract</ref> * ''Simpsonichthys fasciatus'' Costa & Brasil, 2006 * ''Simpsonichthys gibberatus'' Costa & Brasil, 2006 * ''Simpsonichthys margaritatus'' Costa, 2012 * ''Simpsonichthys marginatus'' Costa & Brasil, 1996 * ''Simpsonichthys multiradiatus'' Costa & Brasil, 1994 * ''Simpsonichthys nielseni'' Costa, 2005 * ''Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus'' Costa, 2007 * ''Simpsonichthys ocellatus'' Costa, Nielsen & de Luca 2001 * ''Simpsonichthys parallelus'' Costa, 2000 * ''Simpsonichthys perpendicularis'' Costa, Nielsen, de & Luca, 2001 * ''Simpsonichthys punctulatus'' Costa & Brasil, 2007 * ''Simpsonichthys rosaceus'' Costa, Nielsen, de & Luca, 2001 * ''Simpsonichthys rufus'' Costa, Nielsen, de & Luca, 2001 * ''Simpsonichthys santanae'' (Shibatta & Garavello, 1992) * ''Simpsonichthys similis'' Costa & Hellner, 1999 * ''Simpsonichthys stellatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 1994) * ''Simpsonichthys suzarti'' ''Costa, 2004'' * ''Simpsonichthys trilineatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 1994) * ''Simpsonichthys virgulatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 2006) * ''Simpsonichthys zonatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 1990)

''Simpsonichthys'' ''sensu lato'' was formerly one of the larger genera in the family, but four former subgenera were elevated to full genera in 2010: ''Hypsolebias'', ''Ophthalmolebias'', ''Spectrolebias'' and ''Xenurolebias''.<ref name=Costa2010>{{cite journal | author=Costa, W.J.E.M. | year=2010 | title=Historical biogeography of cynolebiasine annual killifishes inferred from dispersal–vicariance analysis | journal=Journal of Biogeography | volume=37 | issue=10 | pages=1995–2004 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02339.x | bibcode=2010JBiog..37.1995C | s2cid=86190659 }}</ref> Some uncertainty remains, with one genetic study supporting them,<ref name=Costa2017>{{cite journal | author1=Costa, W.J.E.M. | author2=P.F. Amorim | author3=J.L.O. Mattos | author4=A.L. Alves | year=2017 | title=Molecular phylogeny and timing of diversification in South American Cynolebiini seasonal killifishes | journal=Mol Phylogenet Evol | volume=116 | pages=61–68 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.020 | pmid=28754241 | bibcode=2017MolPE.116...61C }}</ref> while another genetic study indicates that ''Simpsonichthys'' (''sensu stricto''), ''Hypsolebias'' and ''Spectrolebias'' are not monophyletic.<ref name=Ponzetto2016>{{cite journal | author1=Ponzetto, J.M. | author2=R. Britzke | author3=D.T.B. Nielsen | author4=P.P. Parise-Maltempi | author5=A.L. Alves | year=2016 | title=Phylogenetic relationships of Simpsonichthys subgenera (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae), including a proposal for a new genus | journal=Zoologica Scripta | volume=45 | issue=4 | pages=394–406 | doi=10.1111/zsc.12159 | s2cid=86027315 }}</ref>

With these as separate genera, there are currently 9 recognized species in ''Simpsonichthys'':<ref name=COF/><ref name=Loureiro2018/>

* ''Simpsonichthys boitonei'' * ''Simpsonichthys cholopteryx'' * ''Simpsonichthys espinhacensis'' * ''Simpsonichthys margaritatus'' * ''Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus'' * ''Simpsonichthys parallelus'' * ''Simpsonichthys punctulatus'' * ''Simpsonichthys santanae'' * ''Simpsonichthys zonatus''

The name of this genus is a compound of the name of a friend of Antenor Leitão de Carvalho's, Charles J. Simpson of San Francisco, and the Greek for fish, ''ichthys''.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/cyprinodontiformes2/ | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 5 September 2019 | title= Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES: Family RIVULIDAE | access-date = 16 September 2019 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Simpsonichthys Category:Rivulidae Category:Freshwater fish genera