Tianshui

{{Short description|Prefecture-level city in Gansu, China}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Tianshui | official_name =  | native_name = 天水市 | native_name_lang = zh | other_name = | settlement_type = Prefecture-level city | nickname = | motto = | image_skyline = {{Photomontage|photo1a=伏羲庙牌坊.jpg|photo2a=鸟瞰天水 - panoramio.jpg}} | imagesize = | image_caption = Tianshui Fuyi pedestrian street (top), Tianshui skyline | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = Location of Tianshui Prefecture within Gansu (China).png | mapsize = | map_caption = Location of Tianshui City jurisdiction in Gansu | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 =  | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = People's Republic of China | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Gansu | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | seat_type = Municipal seat | seat = Qinzhou District | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 =  | leader_name1 = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude =  | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 14280 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 5866 | area_metro_km2 = 5866 | population_as_of = 2020 census | population_footnotes = <ref name="citypopulation.de">{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/gansu/admin/|title=China: Gānsù (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 2984659 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = 1212791 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_urban = 1212791 | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{cite book |author=甘肃省统计局、国家统计局甘肃调查总队 |title=《甘肃发展年鉴－2016》 |date=November 2016 |publisher=China Statistics Press |isbn=978-7-5037-7894-0 |url=http://www.gstj.gov.cn/tjnj/2016/index.html }}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Prefecture-level city | demographics2_info1 = CN¥ 55.4 billion US$ 8.9 billion | demographics2_title2 = Per capita | demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 16,743 US$ 2,688 | timezone = China Standard | utc_offset = +8 | coor_pinpoint = Tianshui municipal government | coordinates = {{coord|34.5815|N|105.7248|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-62_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}} | elevation_footnotes =  | elevation_m = 1171 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 741000 | area_code = 0938 | iso_code = CN-GS-05 | blank_name = Licence plate prefixes | blank_info = {{lang|zh-cn|甘E}} | website = {{URL|tianshui.gov.cn}} | footnotes = | pushpin_map = China Gansu#China }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = '''Tianshui''' | float =  | collapse =  | pic = 伏羲庙内_01.jpg | piccap = The entrance to the Fuxi Temple in Tianshui | picsize = 250px | pictooltip =  | c = {{linktext|lang=zh|天水市}} | l = City of Sky and Water | p = Tiānshuǐshì | w = T{{wg-apos}}ien-shui Shih | psp = Tenshui | altname = '''Qinzhou''' | c2 = {{linktext|lang=zh|秦州}} | l2 = Qin Province | p2 = Qínzhōu | w2 = Ch{{wg-apos}}in-chou | psp2 = Tsinchow | altname3 = '''Tianshui Commandery''' | c3 = {{linktext|lang=zh|天水郡}} | l3 = Commandery of Heaven and Water | p3 = Tiānshuǐjùn | w3 = T{{wg-apos}}ien-shui Chün | psp3 =  | altname4 = '''Hanyang Commandery''' | t4 = {{linktext|漢陽郡}} | s4 = {{linktext|汉阳郡}} | l4 = | p4 = Hànyángjùn | w4 = Han-yang Chun | psp4 =  | altname5 = '''Hanyang County''' | t5 = {{linktext|漢陽縣}} | s5 = {{linktext|汉阳县}} | l5 = | p5 = Hànyángxiàn | w5 = Han-yang Hsien | psp5 =  | order = st }} '''Tianshui''' is a prefecture-level city in Gansu province, China, and is the province's second-largest city (behind the provincial capital Lanzhou). Located in the southeast of the province, the city strides along the upper reaches of the Wei River and at the boundary of the Loess Plateau and the Qinling Mountains. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,984,659 inhabitants, of which 1,212,791 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 2 urban districts of Qinzhou and Maiji.<ref name="citypopulation.de"/> The city and its surroundings have played an important role in the early history of China, as still visible in the form of historic sites such as the Maijishan Grottoes.

==History== Qin, whose House of Ying were the ruling family of the founding dynasty of Imperial China, developed from Quanqiu (present-day Lixian) to the south. After the invasions of the Rong which unseated the Western Zhou, Qin recovered the territory of Tianshui from the nomads. It became an important region of their duchy and, later, kingdom.<ref>''People's Daily Online''. "[http://english.people.com.cn/200602/20/eng20060220_244270.html Chinese surname history: Qin]".</ref> Characteristically Qin tombs have been excavated at Fangmatan nearby, including one 2200-year-old map of Qin's Gui County.<ref>''Xinhua Online''. "[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-04/30/content_378835.htm Over 2,200-Year-old Map Discovered in NW China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312011236/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-04/30/content_378835.htm |date=2007-03-12 }}".</ref>

Under the Qin Empire, the area was part of Longxi Commandery but the Emperor Wu of the Han separated the region as the Tianshui Commandery in 114 BC as part of his expansion towards the Tarim Basin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-g7lAAAAMAAJ&q=%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%B4%E7%A7%A6%E5%B2%AD+%E9%BB%83%E5%9C%9F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F|title=甘肃大辞典|date=2000|publisher=甘肃文化出版社|isbn=978-7-80608-547-9|language=zh}}</ref> The general Li Guang came from the city. The Han conquests and explorations eventually resulted in the development of the Northern Silk Road: Tianshui formed its junction with the Wei River, after which it followed the road past Mount Long to Chang'an (present-day Xi'an).<ref>Hogan, C. Michael. ''The Megalithic Portal''. "[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006 Silk Road, North China]".</ref> Nearby are the Maijishan Grottoes, filled with thousands of Buddhist sculptures representing figures such as Buddha and the original male form of Guanyin, produced between the Wei and Song dynasties by monks travelling along the road and by local Buddhists.<ref>Shrotriya, Alok & al. "[http://www.asianart.com/articles/alok/index.html Artistic treasures of Maiji Mountain caves]".</ref>

During the Northern Wei, the city was known as '''Hanyang''' and was the center of the Hanyang Commandery. During the Western Wei, this name was changed to Hanyang County. During the Tang and Five Dynasties, the city of Tianshui was known as '''Shanggui''' ({{lang|zh|上邽}}). It alternated with Chengji (present-day Qin'an) as the capital of the province of Qinzhou ({{lang|zh|秦州}}).<ref name=dud>Dudbridge, Glen. ''A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880–956)'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=rEgjlZjMd7sC&pg=PA8 pp. 8 ff.] Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2013. Accessed 14 Dec 2013.</ref> Li County was separated from Tianshui's jurisdiction during the ninth year of Chenghua (AD 1473) during the Ming dynasty.

According to a legend, the name Tianshui (天水) originates from a lake formed from heaven, which would remain the same size year round.<ref name=":1" />

==Subdivisions== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" align=center ! colspan="7" | Map |- | colspan="7" | <div style="position: relative" class="center"> {{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Tianshui.svg|width=580|link=}} {{Image label|x=570|y=530|scale=580/1280|text='''Qinzhou'''}} {{Image label|x=920|y=580|scale=580/1280|text='''Maiji'''}} {{Image label|x=890|y=300|scale=580/1280|text='''Qingshui County'''}} {{Image label|x=630|y=170|scale=580/1280|text='''Qin'an County'''}} {{Image label|x=380|y=250|scale=580/1280|text='''Gangu County'''}} {{Image label|x=140|y=350|scale=580/1280|text='''Wushan County'''}} {{Image label|x=920|y=130|scale=580/1280|text='''Zhangjiachuan County'''}} {{Image label end}} </div> |- ! Name ! Hanzi ! Hanyu Pinyin ! Population (2004 est.) ! Area (km2) ! Density (/km2) |---------- |Qinzhou District |{{lang|zh-hans|秦州区}} |Qínzhōu Qū |650,000 |2,442 |266 |---------- |Maiji District |{{lang|zh-hans|麦积区}} |Màijī Qū |580,000 |3,452 |188 |---------- |Qingshui County |{{lang|zh-hans|清水县}} |Qīngshuǐ Xiàn |310,000 |2,003 |155 |---------- |Qin'an County |{{lang|zh-hans|秦安县}} |Qín'ān Xiàn |600,000 |1,601 |375 |---------- |Gangu County |{{lang|zh-hans|甘谷县}} |Gāngǔ Xiàn |600,000 |1,572 |382 |---------- |Wushan County |{{lang|zh-hans|武山县}} |Wǔshān Xiàn |440,000 |2,011 |219 |---------- |Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County |{{lang|zh-hans|张家川回族自治县}} |Zhāngjiāchuān Huízú Zìzhìxiàn |320,000 |1,311 |244 |}

==Geography and climate== Tianshui is located in the valley of the Jie River, a major tributary of the Wei River, and on the boundary between the Loess Plateau and Qinling Mountains.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peng|first1=Jianbing|last2=Leng|first2=Yanqiu|last3=Zhu|first3=Xinghua|last4=Wu|first4=Di|last5=Tong|first5=Xiao|date=April 2016|title=Development of a loess-mudstone landslide in a fault fracture zone|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12665-016-5336-8|journal=Environmental Earth Sciences|language=en|volume=75|issue=8|pages=658|doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5336-8|bibcode=2016EES....75..658P |s2cid=131398510|issn=1866-6280|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The city has a monsoon-influenced, cool semi-arid (Köppen ''BSk'')/humid continental (''Dwa'') climate, with four distinct seasons of comparatively equal length. Winters are cold but dry, with January 24-hour average temperature of {{convert|−1.5|°C|1}}, while summers are warm and somewhat humid, with July 24-hour average temperature of {{convert|23.2|°C|1}}. Much of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September, and the annual mean temperature is {{convert|11.44|°C|1}}. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 34% in September to 50% in December, the city receives 1,911 hours of bright sunshine annually.

{{Infobox weather |width = auto |single line= Y |metric first = Y |collapsed = Y |location = Tianshui, elevation {{convert|1150|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) |Jan record high C = 12.1 |Feb record high C = 20.2 |Mar record high C = 27.0 |Apr record high C = 31.8 |May record high C = 33.9 |Jun record high C = 37.2 |Jul record high C = 38.2 |Aug record high C = 36.1 |Sep record high C = 36.2 |Oct record high C = 28.5 |Nov record high C = 21.6 |Dec record high C = 14.7 |Jan high C = 4.3 |Feb high C = 8.3 |Mar high C = 14.3 |Apr high C = 20.8 |May high C = 24.6 |Jun high C = 28.1 |Jul high C = 29.8 |Aug high C = 28.5 |Sep high C = 22.8 |Oct high C = 17.1 |Nov high C = 11.3 |Dec high C = 5.6 |Jan mean C = -1.3 |Feb mean C = 2.4 |Mar mean C = 7.8 |Apr mean C = 13.7 |May mean C = 17.7 |Jun mean C = 21.5 |Jul mean C = 23.6 |Aug mean C = 22.5 |Sep mean C = 17.4 |Oct mean C = 11.5 |Nov mean C = 5.5 |Dec mean C = -0.2 |Jan low C = -5.2 |Feb low C = -1.8 |Mar low C = 2.9 |Apr low C = 8.0 |May low C = 12.0 |Jun low C = 16.1 |Jul low C = 18.6 |Aug low C = 17.9 |Sep low C = 13.7 |Oct low C = 7.8 |Nov low C = 1.6 |Dec low C = -4.0 |Jan record low C = −19.2 |Feb record low C = −16.6 |Mar record low C = -10.0 |Apr record low C = −6.4 |May record low C = 1.8 |Jun record low C = 5.5 |Jul record low C = 10.6 |Aug record low C = 8.4 |Sep record low C = 1.2 |Oct record low C = −5.1 |Nov record low C = −11.6 |Dec record low C = −17.4 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 4.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 6.8 |Mar precipitation mm = 18.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 35.2 |May precipitation mm = 55.7 |Jun precipitation mm = 63.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 90.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 84.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 77.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 43.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 11.4 |Dec precipitation mm = 3.3 |Jan humidity = 61 |Feb humidity = 60 |Mar humidity = 57 |Apr humidity = 55 |May humidity = 59 |Jun humidity = 63 |Jul humidity = 67 |Aug humidity = 70 |Sep humidity = 75 |Oct humidity = 76 |Nov humidity = 71 |Dec humidity = 64 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 5.1 |Feb precipitation days = 4.9 |Mar precipitation days = 6.6 |Apr precipitation days = 7.8 |May precipitation days = 9.8 |Jun precipitation days = 10.3 |Jul precipitation days = 11.3 |Aug precipitation days = 10.9 |Sep precipitation days = 12.1 |Oct precipitation days = 10.5 |Nov precipitation days = 5.7 |Dec precipitation days = 2.8 |year precipitation days = |Jan sun = 140.1 |Feb sun = 129.0 |Mar sun = 163.2 |Apr sun = 193.3 |May sun = 204.7 |Jun sun = 191.3 |Jul sun = 193.7 |Aug sun = 179.4 |Sep sun = 117.6 |Oct sun = 115.3 |Nov sun = 125.4 |Dec sun = 143.7 |year sun = | Jan percentsun = 44 | Feb percentsun = 41 | Mar percentsun = 44 | Apr percentsun = 49 | May percentsun = 47 | Jun percentsun = 44 | Jul percentsun = 44 | Aug percentsun = 44 | Sep percentsun = 32 | Oct percentsun = 33 | Nov percentsun = 41 | Dec percentsun = 47 | year percentsun = |Jan snow days = 8.3 |Feb snow days = 6.3 |Mar snow days = 2.7 |Apr snow days = 0.3 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0.1 |Nov snow days = 2.1 |Dec snow days = 5.0 |year snow days = |source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =27 August 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref><ref name="CMA old"> {{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |title= }}</ref> }}

==Economy== Due to the mild climate, Tianshui is a large producer of fruits, in particular apples.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=天水市旅游详细介绍，行政区划、人口面积、交通地图、特产小吃、风景图片、名胜古迹、景区景点等|url=http://www.365135.com/gansu/tianshui.shtml|access-date=2021-01-26|website=www.365135.com}}</ref>

It is also a major industrial centre in Gansu province, especially regarding electronics.<ref name=":0" /> Some major industries include: * AVIC Tianshui Aviation Industry<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsplane.com/|title=天梭影院 - 最新最热的高清成年人电影免费在线观看|website=www.tsplane.com}}</ref> * Tianshui Pneumatic Machinery Corporation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsfd.com.cn/|title=天水风动机械股份有限公司，钻车钻架，气动工具，凿岩钎具，防霜机|website=www.tsfd.com.cn}}</ref> * Tianshui Tractor Factory * Spark Machine Tools<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sparkcnc.com/|title=Spark machine tool homepage|website=www.sparkcnc.com|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>

==Transportation== ===Airlines=== Tianshui Maijishan Airport is located near the built up area.

===Railway=== [[File:TianshuiStation.JPG|thumb|Tianshui railway station]] Tianshui is currently serviced by Tianshui railway station on the Longhai Railway. The railway station is connected to downtown by the Tianshui Tram.

A new high-speed railway station, Tianshui South railway station, opened in 2017.

The Tianshui–Longnan railway is currently under construction and will add a north–south link to the county.

===Highways=== The Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway connects Tianshui to Baoji/Xi'an in the east and Dingxi, Lanzhou towards the northwest and supersedes highway G310. G310 runs as a motorway within the urban centre.

* G7011 Shiyan–Tianshui Expressway * G8513 Pingliang–Mianyang Expressway (section from Tianshui north to Pingliang is under construction) * China National Highway 310

== Culture == Tianshui's signature dish is Guagua (呱呱), a sticky boiled buckwheat flour meal, seasoned with chili oil, sesame paste, mustard, oil, salt, vinegar and garlic paste.<ref>{{Cite web|last=sina_mobile|date=2020-05-17|title=天水天水美食呱呱|url=https://k.sina.cn/article_6068931221_169bc8a9504000xoxz.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=k.sina.cn}}</ref> The dish is normally eaten as a breakfast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=16 June 2020|title=走近你不知道的甘肃舌尖上的非遗美食：天水呱呱！你吃过吗？|url=https://new.qq.com/omn/20200616/20200616A09B9000.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> According to legends it was the imperial food during Han dynasty general Wei Xiao's rule.<ref>{{Cite web|title=這樣的天水小吃你吃過嗎？呱呱|url=https://kknews.cc/history/9xn2avj.html|access-date=2021-01-26|language=zh-tw}}</ref> [[File:秦州_天水麻辣烫.jpg|thumb|Tianshui malatang]] In early 2024 Tianshui malatang hot pot went viral online in China, attracting many tourists from all over the country to go and taste the dish. The numbing sensation of spiciness forms the "soul flavor" of Tianshui spicy hot pot. This "soul" comes from local specialty ingredients in Tianshui – Maiji peppercorns and Gangu chili peppers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=甘肃天水麻辣烫成国旅新宠临时开设"麻辣烫巴士专线" - 国际 - 带你看世界 |url=https://www.sinchew.com.my/news/20240317/international/5468744 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=星洲网 Sin Chew Daily Malaysia Latest News and Headlines |language=zh-CN}}</ref> The viral phenomenon has been compared to the 2023 spring festival Zibo BBQ craze.<ref>{{Cite web |title=火爆出圈！天水麻辣烫接棒淄博烧烤和尔滨冻梨？-中新网甘肃 |url=https://www.gs.chinanews.com.cn/news/2024/03-16/369163.shtml |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.gs.chinanews.com.cn}}</ref>

==Tourism== [[File:Majishan huge sculptures 20090226.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Large Bodhisattva statues on Maijishan]] * Maijishan Grottoes * Fuxi Temple * Yuquan Temple * Dadiwan Site

==Education== * Tianshui Normal University * Gansu Electric Science Research Institute<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tsccs.com.cn/|script-title=zh:甘肃电器科学研究院|website=www.tsccs.com.cn|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Tianshui}} {{Wiktionary|Tianshui}} *[http://www.tianshui.gov.cn/ Official website of Tianshui Government]

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Category:Tianshui Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Gansu Category:Cities in Gansu Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City