{{Short description|Species of shrub}} {{Speciesbox | image = Sarcolobus globosus.jpg | taxon = Sarcolobus globosus | authority = Wall. }}
'''''Sarcolobus globosus''''' is a twining shrub native to tropical regions of Asia including India, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar-Burma, the Philippines and Indonesia.
In India the plant is found in the mangrove forests of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Sundarbans and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Traditional practices in these regions use the leaves and rhizomes as medicine; and the seeds are poisonous and used as bait to kill dogs and wild animals.
==Description== The plant is a twining shrub with stout glabrous branches, root-stock thick, and fleshy; roots thick. Leaves are simple, opposite, 3-6x2-4.5 cm, ovate or oblong, thick and fleshy, acute or obtuse at apex, rounded at base. Inflorescence cymosely. Flowers small, starry, crowded, in axillary corymbose cymes, 2–3 mm across; corolla purplish, lobes pubescent inside. Follicles brown, 4–5 cm across, sub-globose; seeds are many and flattened. Cotyledons often large, radicle terete.
In the mangroves of India it is often found in association with and climbing on ''Phoenix paludosa''.
Flowering and fruiting occur during June–September, October–January, respectively. In Andhra Pradesh fruiting is recorded as early as during August–October.
==Chemical constituents== ''S. globosus'' is a rich source of flavonoids, rotenoids and phenolyc glycosides.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1055/s-2005-864182 |author1=Wangensteen H |author2=Alamgir M |author3=Rajia S |author4=Samuelsen AB |author5=Malterud KE |year=2005 |title=Rotenoids and isoflavones from ''Sarcolobus globosus'' |journal=Planta Med |volume=71 |issue=8 |pages=754–758 |pmid=16142641}}</ref><ref>Wangensteen H, Alamgir M, Duong GM, Grønhaug TE, Samuelsen AB, Malterud KE (2009). Chemical and biological studies of medicinal plants from the Sundarbans mangrove forest. In:''Advances in Phytotherapy Research'' (M Eddouks, ed). Research Signpost, Kerala, India, pp. 59-78. {{ISBN|978-81-308-0223-7}}</ref> Rotenoids such as tephrosin, 12aalpha-hydroxydeguelin, 11-hydroxytephrosin, 12a-hydroxyrotenone, 12aalpha-hydroxyrotenone, 6aalpha,12aalpha-12a-hydroxyelliptone, 6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin, and 13-homo-13-oxa-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin, villosinol and 6-oxo-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin are identified. Isoflavones like barbigerone, genistin and a chromone 6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydrochromone were identified. The isoflavone sarcolobone and the rotenoid sarcolobin were isolated from the stem and are unique to the species. Four phenolic glycosides including vanillic acid 4-O-beta-d-glucoside, glucosyringic acid, tachioside and isotachioside are reported.<ref name="Wang">{{cite journal |author1=Wangensteen H |author2=Miron A |author3=Alamgir M |author4=Rajia S |author5=Samuelsen AB |author6=Malterud KE |year=2006 |title=Antioxidant and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of rotenoids, isoflavones and phenolic glycosides from ''Sarcolobus globosus'' |journal=Fitoterapia |pmid=16701962 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=290–295 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2006.03.017}}</ref>
==Uses==
===Poison=== ''S. globosus'' is listed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as poisonous plant. The seeds are known to be highly toxic to mammals. Native people of Asia widely use it to kill dogs and wild animals. It was demonstrated that it effectively killed cats,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arokiasamy M |year=1968 |title=Toxicity of ''Sarcolobus globosus'' as observed in a cat |journal=Malaysian Veterin J |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=196–199}}</ref> and there are accounts of its use in Java in the 19th century to kill tigers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kerkhoven|first1=R. A.|last2=KERKHOVEN|first2=E. J.|title=A Tiger Hunt in Java|date=1883|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41560720|journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|issue=12|pages=269–281|jstor=41560720|issn=2304-7534}}</ref> The plant extract causes inhibition of the neuro-muscular system.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(90)90123-O |author1=Mustafa MR |author2=Hadi AHA |year=1990 |title=Neuromuscular blocking activity of a glycosidic extract of the plant ''Sarcolobus globosus'' |journal=Toxicon |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1237–1239 |pmid=2264070}}</ref> The symptoms of poisoning in animals include blood urine and nephrosis.<ref>Radostits OM, Arundel JH, Gay CC (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqw2gCZFfhoC&dq=sarcolobus+globosus&pg=PT1675 ''Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats'' (10th edn)]. Saunders Ltd., p. 1684. {{ISBN|0-7020-2777-4}}</ref>
===Medicine=== The plant has been used as an herbal medicine for treatment of rheumatism, dengue and fever. The plant is known to contain barbigerone which is validated to have significant antioxidant property,<ref name="Wang"/> highly effective against the malarial parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'',<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00373-X |author1=Yenesew A |author2=Derese S |author3=Midiwo JO |author4=Oketch-Rabah HA |author5=Lisgarten J |author6=Palmer R |author7=Heydenreich M |author8=Peter MG |author9=Akala H |author10=Wangui J |author11=Liyala P |author12=Waters NC |year=2003 |title=Anti-plasmodial activities and X-ray crystal structures of rotenoids from ''Millettia usaramensis'' subspecies ''usaramensis'' |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=773–779 |pmid=13679101}}</ref> and with anti-cancer potential as it causes apoptosis of murine lung-cancer cells.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000227817 |author1=Li ZG |author2=Zhao YL |author3=Wu X |author4=Ye HY |author5=Peng A |author6=Cao ZX |author7=Mao YQ |author8=Zheng YZ |author9=Jiang PD |author10=Zhao X |author11=Chen LJ |author12=Wei YQ |year=2009 |title=Barbigerone, a natural isoflavone, induces apoptosis in murine lung-cancer cells via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway |journal=Cell Physiol Biochem |volume=24 |issue=1–2 |pages=95–104 |pmid=19590197|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==See also== *Barbigerone
== References == {{Reflist|2}}
== External links == * [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sarcolobus_globosus Wikispecies] *[http://www.biosearch.in/publicOrganismPage.php?id=129681 bioSearch, Bioinformatics Centre, National Institute of Oceanography] *{{GRIN}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120730164904/http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/S/Sarcolobus_globosus/ ZipcodeZoo] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090927082915/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/plantox/index.cfm FDA Poisonous Plant Database]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarcolobus Globosus}} Category:Asclepiadoideae Category:Flora of China Category:Flora of tropical Asia