Sac spider

{{Short description|Family of spiders}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Palaeogene|present}} | image = Clubiona trivialis2.jpg | image_caption = ''Clubiona trivialis'' | image2 = | image2_caption = | taxon = Clubionidae | authority = Simon, 1878 | diversity = 18 genera, 678 species | range_map = Clubionidae range map.svg | range_map_caption = blue: reported countries (WSC) green: observation hotspots (iNaturalist) }}

The '''sac spiders''' of the family '''Clubionidae'''{{efn|the term "sac spider" is also part of the common name of various non-clubionid spiders—such as yellow sac spiders (Cheiracanthiidae) or corinnid sac spiders (Corinnidae)—many of which were formerly included in Clubionidae}} are nocturnal, sac-building hunting spiders with a near-worldwide distribution. Their sacs, silken retreats in which they hide during the day, may be made in a variety of places, including between folded leaves or grass blades, under bark and below rocks or other ground litter.<ref name="serket" />

Although formerly a much larger catch-all taxon, in its current definition the family contains less than 700 described species across 18 genera, of which ''Clubiona'' is by far most species-rich, with 528 accepted species {{as of|lc=y|2024|11}}.<ref name="NMBE-clubiona" />

==Taxonomy== The Clubionidae have a complex taxonomic history. Historically, the family was a large catch-all taxon for a variety of spiders that shared the following morphological and behavioral similarities: having eight eyes arranged in two rows; having conical anterior spinnerets that touched; and being nocturnal wandering predators that build "sacs" to retreat to during the day.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

A large number of genera have been transferred from Clubionidae to other families, and several former subfamilies of the Clubionidae are now treated as separate families.<ref name="wsc" /> The Zoropsidae, to which genera ''Anachemmis'', ''Lauricius'' and ''Liocranoides'' were transferred, is much more closely related to the lynx spiders of family Oxyopidae than to the remaining Clubionidae.<ref name="Kulkarni-2023" />

According to 2023 cladistic research by Siddharth Kulkarni, Hannah M. Wood and Gustavo Hormiga, the remaining Clubionidae remain polyphyletic as a result of the current placement of genus ''Elaver''.<ref name="Kulkarni-2023"/>

== Genera ==

<gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Clubiona durbana 315168323 569327015.jpg|male ''Clubiona durbana'' Elaver excepta 297602220.jpg|''Elaver excepta'' Porrhoclubiona leucaspis.jpg|''Porrhoclubiona leucaspis'' </gallery>

{{as of|2026|1}}, this family includes eighteen genera and 678 species:<ref name="wsc" /> {{Div col}} * ''Arabellata'' Baert, Versteirt & Jocqué, 2010 – Papua New Guinea * ''Bucliona'' Benoit, 1977 – Kenya, St. Helena, Eastern Asia, Russia * ''Clubiona'' Latreille, 1804 – Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, Chile, Guyana * ''Clubionina'' Berland, 1947 – Île Saint-Paul * ''Elaver'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 – North America, South America * ''Femorbiona'' Yu & Li, 2021 – China, Vietnam * ''Invexillata'' Versteirt, Baert & Jocqué, 2010 – Papua New Guinea * ''Malamatidia'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 – China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia * ''Matidia'' Thorell, 1878 – Asia, New Guinea * ''Nusatidia'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 – China, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Borneo * ''Porrhoclubiona'' Lohmander, 1944 – Asia, Europe, North Africa * ''Pristidia'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 – China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand * ''Pteroneta'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 – China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Guinea * ''Ramosatidia'' Yu & Li, 2021 – China * ''Scopalio'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 – Borneo * ''Simalio'' Simon, 1897 – Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Trinidad * ''Sinostidia'' Yu & Li, 2021 – China * ''Tixcocoba'' Gertsch, 1977 – Mexico {{Div col end}}

Additionally, the World Spider Catalog considers ''Carteroniella'' Strand, 1907 to be a ''nomen dubium''.<ref name="NMBE-Carteroniella" />

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="wsc">{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/catalog/17 | title=Family Clubionidae Simon, 1878 | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=2026-01-18}}</ref> <ref name="NMBE-clubiona">{{cite web |title=Clubiona Species list |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/specieslist/502 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> <ref name="NMBE-Carteroniella">{{cite web |title=Carteroniella Strand 1907 |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/500?type=nd |website=World Spider Catalog version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> <ref name="Kulkarni-2023">{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Siddharth |last2=Wood |first2=Hannah M. |last3=Hormiga |first3=Gustavo |title=Advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life: A roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies |journal=Cladistics |date=December 2023 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=479–532 |doi=10.1111/cla.12557 |language=en |issn=0748-3007|doi-access=free |pmid=37787157}}</ref> <ref name="serket">{{cite journal |last1=Das Sarkar |first1=Irina |last2=Quasin |first2=Shazia |last3=Siliwal |first3=Manju |title=Two new species of sac spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae) from the Indian Western Himalayas |journal=Serket |date=April 2023 |volume=19 |page=126 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370156209_Two_new_species_of_sac_spiders_Araneae_Clubionidae_from_the_Indian_Western_Himalayas |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> }}

== External links == * {{inaturalist taxon}}

* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/Spiders/Anyphaenidae/anyphaenidae.htm Family Anyphaenidae Sac spiders, ghost spiders] * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/australian/sacspiders/sacspiders.html Australian sac spiders, family Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Miturgidae, Corinnidae] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090305003004/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2060A.html] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812185526/http://bohart.ucdavis.edu/Docs/insects/SacSpider.pdf]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sac Spider}} * Category:Taxa named by Eugène Simon