The '''Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge''', or the '''SSPCK''', was a group established in Scotland to promote the better understanding of the principles of the reformed Christian religion, principally through the established Church of Scotland.
==History== ===18th century=== Founded in 1709, the Society had similar aims to the English Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, which was made up of Anglicans and did not concern itself with Scotland.<ref name=CUP>Sian Collins, [http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/departments/manuscripts-university-archives/significant-archival-collections/society-0 "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)"], Cambridge University Library, 16 March 2017, accessed 23 October 2023</ref> Its main activity was in evangelising the Scottish Highlands, sending ministers to Scottish emigrant communities overseas, and sending missionaries to convert native peoples to Christianity.<ref>Kenneth J. Stewart, "Calvinism and Missions: the contested relationship revisited" in D. A. Carson, ed., ''Themelios'', Vol. 34, Issue 1 (2015), p. 75</ref>
The Society began to establish schools in the Highlands with the aim of reducing Jacobitism and resisting the rise{{dubious|date=December 2024}} of Roman Catholicism.<ref name=HC>[https://www.highlandcathedral.org.uk/history "St Columba Gaelic Church, Glasgow"], highlandcathedral.org.uk, accessed 23 October 2023</ref> The first school was opened on St Kilda in 1711.<ref>Ian Westbury, Geoff Milburn, ''Rethinking Schooling: Twenty-Five Years of the Journal of Curriculum'' (Routledge, 2006), p. 32</ref> By the end of that year, the SSPCK had five schools, twenty-five by 1715, 176 by 1758, and 189 by 1808, by which time 13,000 children were attending the schools.<ref>Michael Hechter, ''Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536–1966'' (University of California Press, 1977, {{ISBN|9780520035126}}), [https://books.google.com/books?id=-aGO5ZxnjDMC&pg=PA113 p. 113]</ref>
At first, the SSPCK strongly avoided using the Gaelic language in its schools, which has led to the claim that pupils learnt by rote, without understanding what they were being taught.<ref>Anthony W. Parker, ''Scottish Highlanders in Colonial Georgia: The Recruitment, Emigration, and Settlement at Darien, 1735–1748'' (University of Georgia Press, 2010, {{ISBN|9780820327181}}), [https://books.google.com/books?id=-xNydb93XUMC&pg=PA33 p. 33]</ref> A Society rule of 1720 required the teaching of reading and numbers, "but not any Latin or Irish",<ref name=Tanner>Marcus Tanner, ''The Last of the Celts'' (Yale University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-300-10464-2}}), p. 35</ref> a common term for Gaelic in both Ireland and Scotland. In 1741, the SSPCK introduced the ''Galick and English Vocabulary'' compiled by the poet Alasdair MacDonald,<ref name=KMK/> but in 1753 a rule of the Society forbade children "either in the schoolhouse or when playing about the doors thereof to speak Erse, under pain of being chastised".<ref name=Mason>John Mason, "Scottish Charity Schools of the Eighteenth Century" in ''Scottish Historical Review'', 33, Issue 115, pp. 1–13 {{JSTOR|25526234}}</ref> The desired effect was to strengthen the Church of Scotland and the English language.<ref name=HC/>
John Lorne Campbell wrote in 1997, "Too often Scottish writers, and particularly writers on the history of the Scottish Highlands, have confused 'education' with 'Calvinist indoctrination', such as was given in the S.P.C.K. schools in the Scottish Highlands and Islands, where the ''Westminster Confession of Faith'', the ''Shorter Catechism'', ''Vincent's Catechism'', the ''Protestant's Resolutions'', ''Pool's Dialogues'', and Guthrie's ''Trials'', all in English, formed the bulk of an unattractive list of school books."<ref>"Introduction" in Frederick G. Rea, ed. John Lorne Campbell, ''A School in South Uist: Reminiscences of a Hebridean Scoolmaster, 1890-1913'', (Birlinn Limited, 1997), p. ''xvii''</ref>
It was not until after the final defeat of Jacobitism at Culloden in 1746 that the Society began to consider publishing a Bible in Scottish Gaelic, and it initiated a translation project in 1755.<ref>Margaret Szasz, ''Scottish Highlanders and Native Americans: indigenous education'' (2007), p. 100</ref> The New Testament translation was led by James Stuart (1701–1789), minister of Killin in Perthshire,<ref>Gilbert Foster, ''Language and poverty: the persistence of Scottish Gaelic'' (Memorial University of Newfoundland Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1988), pp. 184-185</ref> and the poet Dugald Buchanan.<ref>''The Cambridge History of the Bible'', Vol. 3 (1975), p. 173</ref> Stuart worked from the Greek, while Buchanan improved the Gaelic.<ref>Richard D. Jackson, "Buchanan, Dugald (1716–1768)" in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/3835}}</ref> The work on the Old Testament translation was largely by Stuart's son John Stuart of Luss (1743–1821).<ref name=Meek>Donald E. Meek, "LANGUAGE AND STYLE IN THE SCOTTISH GAELIC BIBLE (1767-1807)" in ''Scottish Language'', Issues 9-12 (Association for Scottish Literary Studies, 1990)</ref>
In 1766, the Society allowed its Highland schools to use Gaelic alongside English as a language of instruction.<ref name=Mason/> It published a New Testament in Gaelic in 1767, with facing pages of Gaelic and English texts.<ref name=KMK>Ken MacKinnon, ''Gaelic: A past and future prospect'' (Saltire Society, 1991), p. 56</ref> This was followed by the Old Testament in Gaelic, published in four parts between 1783 and 1801.<ref>[https://www.nls.uk/collections/rare-books/collections/bibles/ "Bibles"], National Library of Scotland, accessed 23 October 2023</ref>
Despite the SSPCK's Gaelic language work, in 1790 one of its preachers still insisted that English monolingualism was one of its goals,<ref>J. Macinnes, ''The Evangelical Movement in the Highlands of Scotland, 1688 to 1800'' (Aberdeen, 1951), p. 244, cited in Tanner (2004)</ref> and ten years later some SSPCK schools were still using corporal punishment on children speaking Gaelic.<ref name=Tanner/>
===19th century=== By the early 19th century, the Society's activity was declining. Its work in schools was taken over by the Gaelic Societies of Edinburgh, the Glasgow Gaelic School and a group based in Inverness.
In 1879, the Society boasted that through its work "barbarity and the Irish language ... are almost rooted out".<ref>"Our Gaelic Bible", ''The Celtic Magazine'', vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1879), p. 43, cited in Tanner (2004)</ref>
In 1880, the Society formed a commission to revise the Gaelic Bible, including members of the Free Churches as well as the established Church of Scotland, chaired by Norman Macleod. By the time the New Testament was completed the affairs of the Society had come under the investigation of a Royal Commission for alleged financial mismanagement, and in 1883 the work of revision was suspended, to be resumed some thirteen years later in 1896{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}. In 1902 the new revision of the Bible was adopted by the National Bible Society of Scotland, later renamed the Scottish Bible Society. The National Bible Society continues to exist as the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge.<ref>[https://funding.scot/funders/001b000000tXj3VAAS/the-society-in-scotland-for-propagating-christian-knowledge Funding Scotland The Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge]</ref>
==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *Frederick V. Mills, Sr., "The Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge in British North America, 1730-1775" in ''Church History'' Vol. 63, No. 1 (Cambridge University Press, March, 1994), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3167830 pp. 15-30] *Henry Hunter, ''A Brief History of the Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge'' (2 volumes, 1795)
==External links== *Jamie Kelly, [https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_461957_smxx.pdf The Mission at Home: The Origins and Development of the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge, 1709–1767], gla.ac.uk * [https://janealogy.co.uk/resources/sspck-schools-schoolmasters/ SSPCK schools and schoolmasters], janealogy.co.uk Category:Bible societies Category:Christian literature Category:Presbyterian organizations established in the 18th century Category:Christian publishing companies Category:Educational book publishing companies Category:History of education in the United Kingdom Category:Religious organizations established in 1709 Category:1709 establishments in Scotland