{{Short description|Extinct cinder cone butte in Portland, Oregon}} {{Use American English|date=February 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}} {{good article}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Rocky Butte | image = rocky_butte_from_I-205_2003.jpg | image_caption = Rocky Butte looking northwest from Interstate 205 in 2003 | elevation_ft = 613 | elevation_ref = {{NAVD88}}<ref name="ngs">{{cite ngs |id=RD2899 |designation=Rocky Butte Reset |date=October 12, 2018|access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref> | prominence = | location = Multnomah County, Oregon, U.S. | volcanic_field = Boring Lava Field | coordinates = {{coord|45.546713961|N|122.565940936|W|type:mountain_region:US-OR_scale:100000_source:NGS|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | range_coordinates = | coordinates_ref = <ref name="ngs"/> | topo = USGS Mount Tabor | embedded = {{Infobox NRHP | embed = yes | name = Rocky Butte Scenic Drive Historic District | nrhp_type = hd | nocat = yes | location = Rocky Butte Rd. and parts of NE Fremont St. and 92nd Ave., Portland, Oregon, U.S. | locmapin = Oregon#USA | built = {{Start date|1933}}{{sfn|Oregon National Register List|p=39}} | builder = Multnomah Co. Road Dept. | architecture = | added = October 17, 1991{{sfn|Oregon National Register List|p=39}} | area = {{convert|21.5|acre}} | refnum = 91001550<ref name=npgallery/> }} }} '''Rocky Butte''' (previously known as '''Mowich Illahee'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-08|title=Parkrose Life Podcast #7 Indigenous History of Parkrose & Portland, Oregon with Tracy J. Prince, Ph.D.|url=https://parkroselife.com/podcast-tracy-j-prince/|access-date=2022-01-18|website=Parkrose Life|language=en-US}}</ref> and '''Wiberg Butte''') is an extinct cinder cone butte in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is also part of the Boring Lava Field, a group of volcanic vents and lava flows throughout Oregon and Washington state. The volcano erupted between 285,000 and 500,000 years ago.
As part of the Boring Lava Field, Rocky Butte is considered an outlier of the Cascade Range. It was produced by the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the North American tectonic plate; it is the core remnant of intrusive rock from kilate Pleistocene volcano. The butte has a calc-alkaline composition and consists of basaltic andesite with olivine phenocrysts.
Historically, the butte was the home of the Rocky Butte Jail, Judson Baptist College, and Hill Military Academy, as well as an extensive Works Progress Administration construction project, Portland Bible College and a campus for the City Bible Church; at the summit of Rocky Butte there is a still functioning but decommissioned rotating airway beacon. The slopes of the butte currently support '''Joseph Wood Hill Park''' and the '''Rocky Butte Natural Area''', which includes a wide variety of flora and fauna and supports rich forest stands. Located adjacent to Interstate 205, the butte is a popular destination for hiking, climbing, and viewing mountains from its summit viewpoint.
== Geography == thumb|left|Downtown Portland as seen from Rocky Butte
Rocky Butte lies in the northeast part of Portland{{sfn|Bretz|1925|p=254}} within the city limits,{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=263}} in Multnomah County, part of the U. S. state of Oregon. It is one of the few smaller volcanic cones within or near Portland, along with Mount Tabor, Kelly Butte, and Powell Butte.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=37}} According to the U.S. National Geodetic Survey, Rocky Butte has an elevation of {{convert|613|ft|m}}.<ref name="ngs"/> It is surrounded on almost all sides by the Portland Delta.{{sfn|Bretz|1925|p=254}}
With a variable topography, the Portland area ranges from river valley floors to terraces reaching elevations of {{convert|400|ft|m}}.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=5}} The Willamette Valley is separated within by hills reaching heights more than {{convert|1000|ft|m}},{{sfn|Trimble|1963|pp=5–6}} and it is also physically separated from the lower Columbia River valley.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=5}} The Columbia River flows west from the eastern Portland region, merging with the Willamette near Portland before moving north. Tributaries for the Willamette include the Pudding, Molalla, Tualatin, Abernethy, and Clackamas Rivers, while the Washougal and Sandy Rivers mark notable tributaries for the Columbia River.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=6}} The Columbia River has significantly shaped the geology of the area.{{sfn|Madin|2009|p=73}}
Portland's climate is moderate, with long growing seasons, moderate rainfail, mild winters, and warm, dry summer seasons. The area typically does not experience frost, with more than 200 frost-free days annually. Temperature can vary widely, reaching a historic maximum of {{convert|107|F|C}}, though the usual July maximum is below {{convert|80|F|C}}, and the average minimum for January is above {{convert|32|F|C}}.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=6}} Yearly, precipitation averages between {{convert|35|and|45|in|cm}} in most river valleys, with a mean of {{convert|42.04|in|cm}} from 1871 through 1952. It shows variability, however, with a historic low of {{convert|26.11|in|cm}} at Portland in 1929 and a maximum of {{convert|67.24|in|cm}} in 1882.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=6}} More than 75 percent of this precipitation occurs between October and March; July and August mark the driest months with means below {{convert|1|in|cm}}, while November, December, and January represent the wettest with averages greater than {{convert|6|in|cm}}.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=7}} Prevailing winds originate from the south during winter and from the northwest during the summer season, with the exception of prevailing winds at the mouth of the Columbia River Gorge, where winds predominantly move to the east. The southern winds have the highest velocities of the three, only rarely occurring with potentially destructive force.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=8}}
== Geology ==
thumb|300px|left|Locations of Boring vents in the Portland, Oregon area, with Rocky Butte on the upper left center
There are a number of volcanic centers within a {{convert|20|mi|km}} radius of Troutdale and more than 32 vents within a {{convert|13|mi|km}} radius of Kelly Butte. Mostly small cinder cone vents, these volcanoes also include some larger lava domes from shield volcanoes at Mount Sylvania, Highland Butte, and Larch Mountain. Known as the Boring Lava Field, this cluster includes more than 80 known small vents and associated lava flows, with more volcanic deposits likely present.<ref name=cvobvf/> The Global Volcanism Program reports that the field includes somewhere between 32 and 50 shield volcanoes and cinder cones, with many vents concentrated northwest of the town of Boring.<ref name=gvp>{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=322800|title=Boring Lava|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|date=2013|access-date=September 27, 2018|archive-date=September 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003310/https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=322800|url-status=live}}</ref>
Considered an outlier of the Cascade Range,{{sfn|Swanson|McFarland|Gonthier|Wilkinson|1993|p=13}} the Boring Lava Field lies about {{convert|100|km|mi|disp=flip}}<ref name=gvp/> to the west of the major Cascade crest.{{sfn|Swanson|McFarland|Gonthier|Wilkinson|1993|p=13}} It marks one of five volcanic fields along the Quaternary Cascade arc, along with Indian Heaven, Tumalo in Oregon, the Mount Bachelor chain, and Caribou in California.{{sfn|Hildreth|2007|p=2}} Like the Cascade Range, the Boring field was also generated by the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the North American tectonic plate, but it has a different tectonic position, with its eruptive activity more likely related to tectonic rifting throughout the region.<ref name=cvobvf/> The Boring Lava Field has erupted material derived from hot mantle magma, and the subducting Juan de Fuca plate may be as shallow as {{convert|80|km|mi|disp=flip}} in depth at their location.{{sfn|Conrey|Leeman|Streck|Evarts|2003}}
Many volcanic features in the Portland Basin area were destroyed by the Missoula Floods (also known as the Bretz or Ice Age Floods),{{sfn|Madin|2009|p=76}} which took place between 21,000 and 15,000 years ago and probably destroyed small cinder cones (including those made from tuff) and maar craters, burying them under up to {{convert|98|ft|m}} of silt from slack water.<ref name=cvobvf>{{cite web|url=https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/cvo/cvo_boring.html|title=The Boring Volcanic Field — Hills of the Portland Basin|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=November 13, 2017|access-date=September 26, 2018|work=Cascades Volcano Observatory|archive-date=September 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930030811/https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/cvo/cvo_boring.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Volcanic vents with either extensive eruptions of lava flows or volcanic plugs that filled their vents survived, including Rocky Butte, Prune Hill, and Beacon Rock.{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=257}} However, the upstream side of Rocky Butte was heavily eroded by the flooding.{{sfn|Alt|2001|p=167}}
thumb|right|Mount Hood (background) from Rocky Butte
Rocky Butte is a prominent, but isolated hill,{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=263}} with two volcanic vents.{{sfn|Allen|1975|p=150}} It is the core remnant of intrusive rock from a heavily eroded, late Pleistocene volcano that erupted basaltic andesite.{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=263}} Like many other vents in the Boring Lava Field, Rocky Butte consists of basaltic andesite with olivine phenocrysts, and it has a calc-alkalic composition. This basaltic andesite can be observed in exposures that extend from its summit park area to the roads below, as well as in a sill (a sheet of intrusive rock wedged between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava, or tuff, or along the direction of layering in metamorphic rock) between layers of fluvial gravel from the Troutdale Formation on the Butte's eastern slope, within a flow scarp.{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=264}} Vug cavities were identified from rock in the historic quarry on the eastern side of Rocky Butte by scientists from the United States Geological Survey, including optically positive hornblende (also known as pargasite) with a pale brown color. They exhibit prismatic cleavage and extend for a few millimeters in length. Other minerals identified were dark green, pyroxene crystals with 70 percent hedenbergite and 30 percent diopside; white aggregates of tridymite; brown, granular olivine crystals with 80 percent forsterite and 20 percent fayalite; and tiny black, hexagonal plates of hematite with beveled edges. These minerals constitute a rare combination, and Trimble (1963) was unable to explain why free silica tridymite would be found together with low silica olivine.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=41}}
The hill descends to meet the floodplain of the Columbia River, and at lower elevations, the mountain has cliffs on its northern and eastern sides.{{sfn|Bretz|1925|p=254}} At the foot of Rocky Butte, there is a fosse (a ditch), which extends for {{convert|1|mi|km}} before it opens toward the Columbia River to the north and divides to the south into two arms that run west and southwest. This depression has a width of less than {{convert|0.5|mi|km}} and an average depth between {{convert|20|and|25|ft|m}}.{{sfn|Bretz|1925|p=255}} There is another terrace, with a height of {{convert|250|ft|m}}, which sits next to Rocky Butte. It runs for {{convert|9|mi|km}} to the west, with a descent of {{convert|150|ft|m}} over that distance.{{sfn|Bretz|1925|p=255}} To the south, this terrace also has a long depression near its base, which extends for {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} from Rocky Butte.{{sfn|Bretz|1925|pp=255–256}} These features are likely the product of more than just erosional forces; Bretz (1925) argued that the fosse resulted from fluid eddies that pushed downward where currents interacted with the eastern side of Rocky Butte, and the terrace formed from accumulation of deposits in water under the blockage.{{sfn|Bretz|1925|p=256}}
=== Eruptive history ===
Evarts et al. (2009) assign Rocky Butte an age younger than 500,000 years.{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=256}} One Argon–argon dating experiment determined an age for Rocky Butte lava of 285,000 years ± 16,000 years ago, which matches the normal magnetic polarity for the lava deposits at the Butte.{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=264}} There is a magnetic anomaly about {{convert|4|km|mi|disp=flip}} northwest from Rocky Butte in Portland, but it is unlikely to be associated with the volcano or the Boring Lava Field in general.{{sfn|Blakely|Wells|Yelin|Madin|1995|p=1055}} Local newspaper sources report that Rocky Butte is extinct.<ref name=hale/>
Trimble (1963) noted that an eruption at Rocky Butte covered a hill composed of Troutdale Formation rocks, which are exposed as conglomerate rock at a height of {{convert|500|ft|m}} on Rocky Butte's western slope. The exposure of rock from the Troutdale Formation suggests that Rocky Butte erupted onto a topographically irregular surface and that this surface later underwent erosion.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=41}}
== Ecology == The moderate climate and ample precipitation of the region lead to rapid regrowth of vegetation on untended sites, which can hamper fieldwork in the area.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=8}} Many forests that covered the area were partly cleared for agriculture, timber, or burials in the early 20th century.{{sfn|Portland Bureau of Planning 1997|p=5}} These cleared and burned land plots sustain rich stands of secondary forest, featuring gorse, huckleberry, nettles, poison oak, salal, and blackberry. Myriad species of fern, as well as rapid-growth deciduous trees like alder and vine maple are also frequent. Forests support stands of Douglas fir, western hemlock, western redcedar, Pacific dogwood, bigleaf maple, Oregon ash, red alder, cascara buckthorn, Pacific madrone, and Oregon white oak; within swamps and moist areas in creeks, the shrub Devil's club can be observed.{{sfn|Trimble|1963|p=8}} Other trees that sometimes dominate forest areas include black cottonwood.{{sfn|Portland Bureau of Planning 1997|p=8}} Forest communities have many additional shrubs including Indian plum, western hazel, and snowberry. Ground layer plants include the herbaceous sword fern and stinging nettle.{{sfn|Portland Bureau of Planning 1997|p=8}}
In contemporary times, clearing of forests for housing development has left about half of the Boring Lava region still forested. As a result, water quality has decreased due to higher sedimentation and turbidity, and flooding has gotten worse over time.{{sfn|Portland Bureau of Planning 1997|p=6}} Streams within the area are of either first or second order, with moderate to low flows and average gradients between 10 and 12 percent. Cool and clear, many sustain macroinvertebrates, and a smaller number support amphibians and fish.{{sfn|Portland Bureau of Planning 1997|p=5}} The Riparian zones in the Lava Field area host diverse species, and they are influenced by uplands that serve as migration connections for birds, mammals, reptiles, and some amphibians.{{sfn|Portland Bureau of Planning 1997|p=8}} Gravel bars extend to the west from Rocky Butte,{{sfn|Alt|2001|p=167}} creating barriers for a lowland marsh.{{sfn|Alt|2001|p=168}}
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service provided a list of potentially threatened or endangered species in the Boring Lava area, calling them "sensitive" species.{{sfn|Portland Bureau of Planning 1997|p=11}} Among plant species, they determined the following species to be sensitive: white top aster, golden Indian paintbrush, tall bugbane, pale larkspur, peacock larkspur, Willamette daisy, water howellia, Bradshaw's lomatium, Kincaid's lupine, Howell's montia, Nelson's checkermallow, and Oregon sullivantia.{{sfn|Portland Bureau of Planning 1997|p=13}} For animal and marine life, northwestern pond turtles, Willow flycatchers, long-eared myotises, fringed myotises, long-legged myotises, Yuma myotises, Pacific western big-eared bats, and northern red-legged frogs have been identified as species of concern; pileated woodpeckers, bald eagles, cutthroat trout, and coho salmon are also considered sensitive.{{sfn|Portland Bureau of Planning 1997|p=13}}
== Human history == thumb|right|300px|The Rocky Butte Tunnel Mowitch Illihee, 'home of the deer', was the traditional hunting grounds for indigenous peoples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parkroselife.com/podcast-tracy-j-prince/|title=Parkrose Life Podcast #7 Tracy J. Prince, Ph.D.|date=8 January 2021}}</ref>
At the summit of Rocky Butte, a rotating airway beacon was erected in 1929; although the beacon is still lit, it was officially decommissioned in the late 1960s.{{sfn|Foster|2013|p=247}} During the 1930s, employees of the Works Progress Administration constructed a park at the summit, at an elevation of about {{convert|600|ft|m}}.{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=263}} Called Joseph Wood Hill Park, it was built when Rocky Butte was known as Wiberg Butte.<ref name=viewclearing>{{cite web|url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/74152|title=Rocky Butte View Clearing|date=October 2017|access-date=October 16, 2018|publisher=Portland Parks & Recreation|last=Roth|first=E.|archive-date=October 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017042954/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/74152|url-status=live}}</ref> Rock from Rocky Butte's eastern slopes was used for the Multnomah County jail building,{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=263}} and some were later used for renovation of the Historic Columbia River Highway.{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=263}} There is a communications tower on the southern end of the volcano.{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=264}}
The Rocky Butte jail, completed in 1947,{{sfn|Houston|Gibbons|Jones|1988|p=452}} served as the major facility for male prisoners in Multnomah County, with a courtyard and recreation field.{{sfn|Houston|Gibbons|Jones|1988|p=452}} According to Rubin (1973), the Rocky Butte jail housed 320 inmates,{{sfn|Rubin|1973|p=2}} but Houston, Gibbons, and Jones (1988) claimed that it often exceeded this limit.{{sfn|Houston|Gibbons|Jones|1988|p=452}} The jail also had a library, which was established in 1967 and housed 3,000 volumes.{{sfn|Rubin|1973|p=8}} In general, the jail was known for being the subject of multiple grand jury investigations for security concerns, dirty conditions, access to drugs, violence, lack of organized programming, and most notably, during the 1960s and 1970s for severe overcrowding.{{sfn|Houston|Gibbons|Jones|1988|p=452}} Further attempts to replace the Rocky Butte jail were motivated by a successful escape in 1981 and a gun smuggling incident that resulted in an officer being shot in 1982.{{sfn|Houston|Gibbons|Jones|1988|p=452}} The Multnomah County Detention Center (MCDC) was built in downtown Portland after Rocky Butte Jail was demolished in 1984 to make way for Interstate 205.<ref>{{cite news |last=Crick |first=Rolla |date=February 28, 1984 |title=Old jail's reputation destroyed |page=B2 |work=The Oregonian}}</ref>{{sfn|Houston|Gibbons|Jones|1988|p=453}} The Rocky Butte Jail and MCDC participated in a study on prisons, which was published in 1988 in the journal ''Crime & Delinquency''.{{sfn|Houston|Gibbons|Jones|1988|pp=449–466}}
In 1934, the Rocky Butte Scenic Drive Historic District was established.{{sfn|Oregon National Register List|p=39}} Built as part of a Works Progress Administration project<ref name=bluebook/> that supported 25,000 employees in Portland,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/this-land-oregon/oregon-in-depression-and-war-1925-1945/hard-times/#.W8oYUVBKiUk|title=Hard Times|work=The Oregon History Project|publisher=Oregon Historical Society|date=March 17, 2018|last=Robbins|first=W. G.|access-date=October 19, 2018|archive-date=September 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911191021/http://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/this-land-oregon/oregon-in-depression-and-war-1925-1945/hard-times/#.W8oYUVBKiUk|url-status=live}}</ref> it was designed by the Multnomah County Road Department,<ref name=npgallery>{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/91001550|title=Rocky Butte Scenic Drive Historic District|publisher=National Park Service|date=October 17, 1991|access-date=October 18, 2018|archive-date=December 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208080739/https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/91001550|url-status=live}}</ref> The drive reaches the summit of Rocky Butte to a viewpoint overlooking Portland. Workers used basalt from the Rocky Butte quarry to create retaining walls, and the finished project was designed to have a rustic style typical for public works projects of the time.<ref name=bluebook>{{cite web|url=http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/8927165|title=Introduction: Lasting Beauty Rises from Economic Crisis|last=Sawyer|first=L.|work=Oregon Blue Book|publisher=Oregon State Archives|date=January 2017|access-date=October 17, 2018|archive-date=October 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017203425/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/explore/exhibits/depression-intro.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> WPA workers also built the park and a baroque staircase at the top of Rocky Butte, finishing construction in 1939.{{sfn|Foster|2013|p=249}} At its peak popularity in the 1940s, Rocky Butte had more than 4,000 cars visiting each day. Over time, the park had far fewer visitors and fell into disrepair. During the 1970s, the summit became a frequent site for teenage parties; excessive littering, graffiti and vandalism were commonplace. In the early 1990s, the Rocky Butte Preservation Society began cleaning up and restoring the park area and adding new amenities.{{sfn|Foster|2013|p=249}} Once {{convert|5.5|acre|km2}} of land were added and the Preservation Society took on an active maintenance role, the site was regraded, original plaques were reinstalled, and lawn areas, irrigation, red cinder walkways and additional trees, flowers, shrubs and grass were added to the park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/VisitVolcano/rocky_butte.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726024132/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/VisitVolcano/rocky_butte.html|title=Rocky Butte, Portland, Oregon|work=Cascades Volcano Observatory|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=April 15, 2008|archive-date=July 26, 2013|access-date=October 20, 2018|last=Topinka|first=L.}}</ref> The District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.{{sfn|Oregon National Register List|p=39}} Other WPA projects included a tunnel {{convert|375|ft|m}} in length at the southern end of Rocky Butte.{{sfn|City of Portland Civic Planning, Development & Public Works 2009|p=45}} Built between 1939 and 1941, it was constructed to improve access to scenic views on the Butte. The project took 16 months to complete, and workers used hand mining and drill and shoot methods to excavate layers of cinders and lava flows. The tunnel is curved because of the volcano's 5 degree grade. Rocky Butte basalt was used to build the Rocky Butte Tunnel as well as the nearby West Burnside and NW Cornell Road Tunnels, all of which were constructed by the mason R. Curcio and his crew.{{sfn|Bednarz|Gribbon|Gildner|2010|p=45}} In total, the WPA's Rocky Butte project cost $500,000 to complete.{{sfn|Foster|2013|p=249}}
The Hill Military Academy, a prominent military school in Portland, moved from the northwestern district of Portland<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/young-cadets-drill-at-hill-military-academy/#.W8oR-VBKiUk|title=Young Cadets Drill at Hill Military Academy|work=The Oregon History Project|publisher=Oregon Historical Society|date=March 17, 2018|last=Tucker|first=K.|access-date=October 19, 2018|archive-date=October 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011627/https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/young-cadets-drill-at-hill-military-academy/#.W8oR-VBKiUk|url-status=live}}</ref> to a campus on Rocky Butte in 1931. The campus covered {{convert|150|acre|km2}} on the northern side of the volcano. Ran by its founder, Joseph Wood Hill, it closed in 1959 after its enrollment had declined significantly,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/hill_military_academy/#.W8oR-1BKiUk|title=Hill Military Academy|last1=Cornett|first1=W.|last2=Coleman|first2=K. R.|date=2018|encyclopedia=The Oregon Encyclopedia|publisher=Portland State University Department of History, the Oregon Council of Teachers of English, and Oregon Historical Society|access-date=October 19, 2018|archive-date=October 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021012446/https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/hill_military_academy/#.W8oR-1BKiUk|url-status=live}}</ref> and the school was purchased by Judson Baptist College.<ref name=pasttense/> Today, Portland Bible College has a campus on Rocky Butte<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portlandbiblecollege.org/about/|title=Portland Bible College: About|date=2018|publisher=Portland Bible College|access-date=October 19, 2018|archive-date=October 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020054525/https://www.portlandbiblecollege.org/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> with offices and dormitory buildings,<ref name=pasttense>{{cite news|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/history/2015/07/past_tense_oregon_for_6_decade.html|last=Killen|first=J.|title=Past Tense Oregon: For 6 decades, Portland's Hill Military Academy taught discipline, decorum|date=July 21, 2015|access-date=October 19, 2018|work=OregonLive.com|publisher=Advance Publications|archive-date=October 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095025/https://www.oregonlive.com/history/2015/07/past_tense_oregon_for_6_decade.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and The Grotto, a famous Catholic shrine encompassing {{convert|62|acre|km2}}, lies adjacent to the volcano. Created in 1924, The Grotto has more than 200,000 visitors annually. It consists of two levels, which are separated by the {{convert|110|ft|m}} cliff of Rocky Butte's northern face. On the upper level of the shrine is the Chapel of St. Anne, which sits on the northern side of Rocky Butte and offers views of the Columbia River and Mount St. Helens. Built in 1934, the chapel also has a Peace Garden (finished in 1989) and a Meditation Chapel, which was completed in 1991.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/grotto_the/#.W8oXclBKiUk|title=The Grotto|date=March 17, 2018|last=Arnold|first=S.|encyclopedia=The Oregon Encyclopedia|publisher=Portland State University Department of History, the Oregon Council of Teachers of English, and Oregon Historical Society|access-date=October 19, 2018|archive-date=October 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021020909/https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/grotto_the/#.W8oXclBKiUk|url-status=live}}</ref> The City Bible Church also maintains a location at Rocky Butte, with services on Sunday mornings at 9:30 and 11:15 am as well as youth services on Wednesdays at 7 pm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citybiblechurch.org/rockybutte/|title=Rocky Butte Campus|date=2018|access-date=October 19, 2018|publisher=City Bible Church|archive-date=October 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020053108/https://citybiblechurch.org/rockybutte/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2000, Portland Police Bureau Officer Mark Kruger placed a shrine to Nazi soldiers on public park property at Rocky Butte. When Kruger's past was discovered during 2003 lawsuits, Kruger removed the shrine. The shrine was stored in the city attorney's office by then-deputy Tracy Reeve, preventing their discovery during the lawsuits. Kruger remained on the force and was promoted to captain in 2009. Kruger admitted to wearing Nazi uniforms. The shrine's existence was discovered by internal affairs in 2010 after commissioner Dan Saltzman ordered an investigation. Kruger was disciplined and suspended for two weeks in 2010, but was not demoted or fired. Kruger continued to state that he was a history buff, not a Nazi. He remained on the force until his retirement.<ref name="theg_Whi">{{Cite web |title='White as hell': Portland protesters face off with Trump but are they eclipsing Black Lives Matter? |last=McGreal |first=Chris |work=the Guardian |date=26 July 2020 |access-date=10 September 2020 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/26/portland-federal-agents-teargas-protesters-black-lives-matter |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907025528/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/26/portland-federal-agents-teargas-protesters-black-lives-matter |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rs">{{Cite magazine |title=RS Reports: Progressive City, Brutal Police |last=Dickinson |first=Tim |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=17 July 2020 |access-date=10 September 2020 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/portand-oregon-police-brutality-history-1027677/ |archive-date=4 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904083635/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/portand-oregon-police-brutality-history-1027677/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wwee_TheI">{{Cite web |title=The Ice Man Weepeth |author=James Pitkin |work=Willamette Week |date=13 October 2009 |access-date=13 September 2020 |url=https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-11156-the-ice-man-weepeth.html |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920110236/https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-11156-the-ice-man-weepeth.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portland police chief suspends Capt. Mark Kruger for erecting a shrine on Rocky Butte to five Nazi-era soldiers |author=Maxine Bernstein |work=oregonlive |date=17 November 2010 |access-date=13 September 2020 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2010/11/portland_police_chief_suspends_1.html |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924014003/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2010/11/portland_police_chief_suspends_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="oreg_Comm">{{Cite web |title=Community activists call for outside investigations after Portland city attorney stashes plaques memorializing Nazi soldiers |author=Maxine Bernstein |work=oregonlive |date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 September 2020 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2010/10/two_community_activists_call_f.html |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021004626/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2010/10/two_community_activists_call_f.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In May 2018, government officials from the Oregon Department of Transportation began clearing belongings and debris from a long-standing homeless campsite at the eastern side of Rocky Butte, also posting eviction notices.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.koin.com/news/local/multnomah-county/odot-begins-cleanup-of-rocky-butte-homeless-campsite/1080551981|title=ODOT begins cleanup of Rocky Butte homeless campsite|last=Ault|first=T.|date=March 26, 2018|access-date=October 19, 2018|work=KOIN|publisher=Nexstar Media Group|archive-date=October 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020053213/https://www.koin.com/news/local/multnomah-county/odot-begins-cleanup-of-rocky-butte-homeless-campsite/1080551981|url-status=live}}</ref> A fire occurred near a homeless camp on the northern side of Rocky Butte in July 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kptv.com/news/investigators-activity-at-homeless-camp-caused-fire-at-rocky-butte/article_c895c8ae-ab28-50fa-b76c-031d64830cca.html|title=Investigators: Activity at homeless camp caused fire at Rocky Butte|work=KPTV|publisher=Meredith Corporation|date=July 17, 2018|access-date=October 19, 2018|archive-date=October 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011730/https://www.kptv.com/news/investigators-activity-at-homeless-camp-caused-fire-at-rocky-butte/article_c895c8ae-ab28-50fa-b76c-031d64830cca.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Recreation == thumb|right|The steps leading up to Joseph Wood Hill Park on Rocky Butte
Rocky Butte is part of the Rocky Butte Natural Area, encompassing {{convert|17.28|acre|km2}} of land on NE Rocky Butte Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/finder/index.cfm?&propertyid=568&action=ViewPark|title=Rocky Butte Natural Area|publisher=City of Portland|date=2018|access-date=October 19, 2018|archive-date=September 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925023655/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/finder/index.cfm?&propertyid=568&action=ViewPark|url-status=live}}</ref> The summit of Rocky Butte is a Portland city park, Joseph Wood Hill Park, which covers {{convert|2.38|acre|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewPark&PropertyID=1291|title=Joseph Wood Hill Park|publisher=City of Portland|date=2018|access-date=October 19, 2018|archive-date=October 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011836/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewPark&PropertyID=1291|url-status=live}}</ref> The park offers views of the Boring Lava Field, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Hood.{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=263}} It lies in the throat of Rocky Butte's former volcanic vent{{sfn|Evarts|Conrey|Fleck|Hagstrum|2009|p=263}} on a bluff above the Hill Military Academy campus;<ref name=pasttense/> this land was donated by Joseph Hill's sons.<ref name=pasttense/> The park has red, crushed stone pathways, a stone wall, and a stone pedestal adorned with a metal plaque bearing Joseph Wood Hill's image looking to the west.<ref name=pasttense/> Rocky Butte is a popular location for seeing mountains.<ref name=hale>{{cite news|last=Hale|first=J.|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2017/10/an_epic_volcano_road_trip_acro.html|title=An epic volcano road trip across Oregon|date=October 8, 2017|access-date=October 17, 2018|work=OregonLive.com|publisher=Advance Publications|archive-date=October 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043051/https://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2017/10/an_epic_volcano_road_trip_acro.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the Portland Parks & Recreation bureau proposed to clear trees and invasive species in the park to allow better views of downtown Portland, Mount Hood, and Mount St. Helens, planting 400 low-growth trees and 5,200 shrubs in their place.<ref name=viewclearing/> A man was killed after falling {{convert|200|ft|m}} from the summit viewpoint in May 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/05/man_dies_in_fall_from_portland.html|title=Man dies in fall from Portland's Rocky Butte|date=May 1, 2015|access-date=October 16, 2018|work=OregonLive.com|publisher=Advance Publications|last=Rose|first=J.|archive-date=October 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001858/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/05/man_dies_in_fall_from_portland.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Rocky Butte does not have a well-defined trail system. There are a number of climber and biker trails made by civilians on the base and lower parts of the mountain, as well as climbing paths near the summit, which are unfenced and can be unsafe.{{sfn|Foster|2013|p=242}} A walking path described by L. O. Foster (2013) starts from NE 92nd Avenue and Skidmore Street and runs for {{convert|1.25|mi|km}} each way, lasting 1.5 to 2 hours.{{sfn|Foster|2013|p=242}} This trail passes the Rocky Butte Tunnel,{{sfn|Foster|2013|p=243}} the site for the Hill Military Academy,{{sfn|Foster|2013|p=244}} and the beacon.{{sfn|Foster|2013|p=247}} Dogs can be unleashed on the trails, but have to be kept on a leash at Joseph Wood Hill Park.{{sfn|Foster|2013|p=242}}
Rocky Butte is also a popular climbing destination in the Portland area,{{sfn|Horton|2006|p=31}} having been developed by climbers during the 1970s and 1980s.{{sfn|Horton|2006|p=32}} Many of its routes are top-roped, but some top anchors are missing from its routes,{{sfn|Horton|2006|p=31}}{{sfn|Horton|2006|p=57}} so daisy chain straps are recommended.{{sfn|Horton|2006|p=31}} The climbing routes are not suitable for dogs or children.{{sfn|Horton|2006|p=32}} Some of the most popular climbs are on the section known as Video Bluff.{{sfn|Horton|2006|p=58}} Rocky Butte provides a variety of climbs including cracks, dihedrals, slab, vertical, and overhanging face routes.{{sfn|Horton|2006|p=29}}
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M.|journal=USGS Report |page=136 |publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2018-10-15|archive-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194430/https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri904196|url-status=live|doi-access=free|bibcode=1993usgs.rept..136S }}. * {{citation|last=Trimble|first=D. E.|title=Geology of Portland, Oregon, and adjacent areas: Bulletin 1119|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=1963|doi=10.3133/b1119|url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b1119|doi-access=free|access-date=2018-10-15|archive-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194617/https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b1119|url-status=live}}.
{{div col end}} {{refend}}
== External links == {{commons category |Rocky Butte}} * [https://rockybutteps.wordpress.com/ Rocky Butte Preservation Society] * [https://www.portlandmaps.com/detail/zoning-district/Rocky-Butte-Scenic-Drive-Historic-District/RH_did/ Rocky Butte Scenic Drive Historic District] at PortlandMaps * [https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/91001550.pdf NRHP Registration Form, 1991] * {{cite web | url = https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/VisitVolcano/rocky_butte.html | title = Rocky Butte, Portland, Oregon | publisher = USGS Cascades Volcanic Observatory}}
{{Parks in Portland, Oregon}} {{Volcanoes of Oregon |state=collapsed}}
Category:Buttes of Oregon Category:Cascade Volcanoes Category:Cinder cones of the United States Category:Geography of Portland, Oregon Category:Landforms of Multnomah County, Oregon Category:Madison South, Portland, Oregon Category:Mountains of Oregon Category:Parks in Northeast Portland, Oregon Category:Subduction volcanoes Category:Volcanoes of Multnomah County, Oregon Category:Volcanoes of Oregon Category:Quaternary Oregon