{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Relicina eximbricata 130869.jpg | image_caption = ''Relicina eximbricata'', in Florida | taxon = Relicina | authority = (Hale & Kurok.) Hale (1974) | type_species = ''Relicina eumorpha'' | type_species_authority = (Hepp) Hale (1974) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = *''Parmelia'' ser. ''Relicinae'' {{au|Hale & Kurok. (1964)}} *''Relicinopsis'' {{au|Elix & Verdon (1986)}} }}
'''''Relicina''''' is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae.<ref name="2024 Outline"/> Established as a genus in 1974 after initially being treated as a series within ''Parmelia'', ''Relicina'' now encompasses about 40 species worldwide. These lichens typically grow as yellow-green, leaf-like patches with flat {{lichengloss|lobes}} fringed by short black hairs, attaching to their substrate by a swollen base. The genus is characterized chemically by the presence of usnic acid and various other lichen products, and is distinguished from related groups by details of ascospore structure and surface features.
==Taxonomy== ''Relicina'' was originally conceived as a series of the large genus ''Parmelia'' by lichenologists Mason Hale and Syo Kurokawa in 1964. A decade later, they promoted it to the status of genus.<ref name="Hale 1974"/>
The genus ''Relicinopsis'', proposed by Australian lichenologists John Elix and Doug Verdon in 1986 as a segregate of ''Pseudoparmelia'',<ref name="Elix et al. 1986"/> was shown to be nested within ''Relicina'' in a 2017 molecular phylogenetics study.<ref name="Kirika et al. 2017"/>
==Description==
''Relicina'' lichens have a leaf-like (foliose) body (thallus) with flat, two-sided {{lichengloss|lobes}} that are typically attached by a somewhat swollen, bulbous base. The edge of each lobe is lined with short, black, hair-like structures called {{lichengloss|cilia}}. The upper surface is generally yellow to yellow-green and may sometimes show small spots; it lacks the typical hairs and minute pores (pseudocyphellae) seen in some other lichens. Instead, the surface is covered by a continuous, pored layer (the {{lichengloss|epicortex}}). On the underside, the color ranges from pale brown to black, and it bears simple or branched, root-like structures (rhizines) that extend to the edges, helping secure the lichen to its substrate.<ref name="Kantvilas 2024"/>
The lichen's photosynthetic partner is a green alga similar to those in the genus ''Trebouxia''. Reproduction occurs through apothecia, which are open, disc-like fruiting bodies located on the surface of the lobes. These apothecia have a margin that resembles the thallus (a condition described as {{lichengloss|lecanorine}}) and display a solid, uninterrupted {{lichengloss|disc}} that ranges in color from pale to dark red-brown. The disc lacks a powdery coating ({{lichengloss|epruinose}}) and is surrounded by a cup-shaped layer. The thallus-like margin is smooth or slightly scalloped and is often fringed with {{lichengloss|cilia}} at its base; in some cases, this edge appears almost crown-like due to the influence of swollen and bulbous pycnidia.<ref name="Kantvilas 2024"/>
Inside the apothecia, delicate filament-like cells called paraphyses are present; these are about 2–3 μm thick, mostly straight, and only lightly branched, with their tips being brown, rounded, and slightly expanded. The spore-bearing sacs, or asci, typically contain eight spores each. Each ascus features a well-developed, iodine-reactive (amyloid) zone known as the {{lichengloss|tholus}} that is pierced by a narrow, non-reactive central strand with parallel sides; there is no distinct ocular chamber. The resulting sexual spores are {{lichengloss|simple}} in structure, translucent (hyaline), ellipsoid in shape, and have walls about 0.5 μm thick.<ref name="Kantvilas 2024"/>
In addition to these sexual structures, ''Relicina'' produces asexual fruiting bodies known as pycnidia. These are embedded in the lichen's surface ({{lichengloss|laminal}} and {{lichengloss|immersed}}) and often appear somewhat swollen. They release conidia—small, asexual spores—that can be spindle-shaped ({{lichengloss|bifusiform}}) or more uniformly cylindrical to {{lichengloss|fusiform}}.<ref name="Kantvilas 2024"/>
Chemically, members of the genus ''Relicina'' contain usnic acid along with various other secondary metabolites such as depsidones, depsides, or fatty acids.<ref name="Kantvilas 2024"/>
==Species== {{As of|2025|November}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 37 species of ''Relicina''.<ref name="CoL_77MQ"/> * ''Relicina abstrusa'' {{au|(Vain.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina agglutinata'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1986"/> * ''Relicina amphithrix'' {{au|Hale (1975)}}<ref name="Hale 1975"/> * ''Relicina barringtonensis'' {{au|Elix (1998)}}<ref name="Elix 1998"/> * ''Relicina circumnodata'' {{au|(Nyl.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina clarkensis'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1990)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1990"/> * ''Relicina colombiana'' {{au|Elix & Sipman (2011)}}<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2011"/> * ''Relicina columnaria'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1990)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1990"/> * ''Relicina conglutinata'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1986"/> * ''Relicina connivens'' {{au|(Kurok.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina dahlii'' {{au|(Hale) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)}}<ref name="Kirika et al. 2017"/> * ''Relicina demethylbarbatica'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1986"/> * ''Relicina dentata'' {{au|Elix (1996)}}<ref name="Elix 1996"/> * ''Relicina diederichii'' {{au|Elix (2007)}}<ref name="Elix 2007"/> * ''Relicina eumorpha'' {{au|Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina fijiensis'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1986"/> * ''Relicina filsonii'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1986"/> * ''Relicina intertexta'' {{au|(Mont. & Bosch) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)}}<ref name="Kirika et al. 2017"/> * ''Relicina kurandensis'' {{au|Elix (1996)}}<ref name="Elix 1996"/> * ''Relicina limbata'' {{au|(Laurer) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina malaccensis'' {{au|(Nyl.) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)}}<ref name="Kirika et al. 2017"/> * ''Relicina niuginiensis'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1986"/> * ''Relicina palmata'' {{au|Elix (1996)}}<ref name="Elix 1996"/> * ''Relicina planiuscula'' {{au|(Kurok.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina polycarpa'' {{au|Elix & Polyiam (2003)}}<ref name="Noicharoen et al. 2003"/> * ''Relicina precircumnodata'' {{au|Hale (1975)}}<ref name="Hale 1975"/> * ''Relicina rahengensis'' {{au|(Vain.) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)}} * ''Relicina ramboldii'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1988"/> * ''Relicina ramosissima'' {{au|(Kurok.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina relicinula'' {{au|(Müll. Arg.) Hale (1975)}}<ref name="Hale 1975"/> * ''Relicina sabahensis'' {{au|Elix (1996)}}<ref name="Elix 1996"/> * ''Relicina samoensis'' {{au|(Zahlbr.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina schizospatha'' {{au|(Kurok.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina segregata'' {{au|Elix (1996)}}<ref name="Elix 1996"/> * ''Relicina sipmanii'' {{au|Elix (1996)}}<ref name="Elix 1996"/> * ''Relicina stevensiae'' {{au|(Elix & J.Johnst.) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)}}<ref name="Kirika et al. 2017"/> * ''Relicina stipitata'' {{au|Elix (1996)}}<ref name="Elix 1996"/> * ''Relicina subabstrusa'' {{au|(Gyeln.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina subcoronata'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1990)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1990"/> * ''Relicina sublanea'' {{au|(Kurok.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina subnigra'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1988"/> * ''Relicina sydneyensis'' {{au|(Gyeln.) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> * ''Relicina terricrocodila'' {{au|Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1988"/> * ''Relicina vinasii'' {{au|Elix (1996)}}<ref name="Elix 1996"/> * ''Relicina xanthoparmeliiformis'' {{au|Elix & T.H.Nash (1995)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1995"/>
==References== {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="CoL_77MQ">{{Catalogue of Life |id=77MQ |title=''Relicina'' |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1988">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=John A. |last2=Johnston |first2=Jen |year=1988 |title=New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from the southern hemisphere |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=491–510 |doi=10.5962/p.416555 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0031/002/0491.htm|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Elix et al. 1986">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=J.A. |last2=Johnston |first2=J. |last3=Verdon |first3=D. |year=1986 |title=''Canoparmelia'', ''Paraparmelia'' and ''Relicinopsis'', three new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina) |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=27 |pages=271–282 |doi=10.5962/p.418872 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1986">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=J.A. |last2=Johnston |first2=J. |year=1986 |title=New species of ''Relicina'' (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Australasia |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=27 |pages=611–616 |doi=10.5962/p.418864 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Elix 1998">{{cite journal |last=Elix |first=John A. |year=1998 |title=A new species and revised key to the genus ''Relicina'' (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae) |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=69 |pages=129–136}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1990">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=John A. |last2=Johnston |first2=J. |year=1990 |title=Three new species of ''Relicina'' from Australasia |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=269–275 |doi=10.1017/S0024282990000305 |bibcode=1990ThLic..22..269E }}</ref>
<ref name="Elix & Nash 1995">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=J.A. |last2=Nash III |first2=T.H. |year=1995 |title=New species of Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina) from South America |journal=Tropical Bryology |volume=11 |pages=161–168}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix 1996">{{cite journal |last=Elix |first=John A. |year=1996 |title=A revision of the lichen genus ''Relicina'' |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=62 |pages=1–149}}</ref>
<!-- not used <ref name="Elix & Johnston 1988">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=John A. |last2=Johnston |first2=J. |year=1988 |title=Further new species of ''Relicina'' and ''Xanthoparmelia'' (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the southern hemisphere |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=33 |pages=353–364}}</ref> -->
<ref name="Elix 2007">{{cite journal |last=Elix |first=John A. |year=2007 |title=New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Australasia |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=95 |pages=171–182}}</ref>
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|last386=Ramírez-Cruz |first386=V. |last387=Rambold |first387=G. |last388=Rathnayaka |first388=A.R. |last389=Raza |first389=M. |last390=Ren |first390=G.C. |last391=Rinaldi |first391=A.C. |last392=Rivas-Ferreiro |first392=M. |last393=Robledo |first393=G.L. |last394=Ronikier |first394=A. |last395=Rossi |first395=W. |last396=Rusevska |first396=K. |last397=Ryberg |first397=M. |last398=Safi |first398=A. |last399=Salimi |first399=F. |last400=Salvador-Montoya |first400=C.A. |last401=Samant |first401=B. |last402=Samaradiwakara |first402=N.P. |last403=Sánchez-Castro |first403=I. |last404=Sandoval-Denis |first404=M. |last405=Santiago |first405=A.L.C.M.A. |last406=Santos |first406=A.C.D.S. |last407=Santos |first407=L.A. |last408=Sarma |first408=V.V. |last409=Sarwar |first409=S. |last410=Savchenko |first410=A. |last411=Savchenko |first411=K. |last412=Saxena |first412=R.K. |last413=Schoutteten |first413=N. |last414=Selbmann |first414=L. |last415=Ševčíková |first415=H. |last416=Sharma |first416=A. |last417=Shen |first417=H.W. |last418=Shen |first418=Y.M. |last419=Shu |first419=Y.X. |last420=Silva |first420=H.F. |last421=Silva-Filho |first421=A.G.S. |last422=Silva |first422=V.S.H. |last423=Simmons |first423=D.R. |last424=Singh |first424=R. |last425=Sir |first425=E.B. |last426=Sohrabi |first426=M. |last427=Souza |first427=F.A. |last428=Souza-Motta |first428=C.M. |last429=Sri-indrasutdhi |first429=V. |last430=Sruthi |first430=O.P. |last431=Stadler |first431=M. |last432=Stemler |first432=J. |last433=Stephenson |first433=S.L. |last434=Stoyneva-Gaertner |first434=M.P. |last435=Strassert |first435=J.F.H. |last436=Stryjak-Bogacka |first436=M. |last437=Su |first437=H. |last438=Sun |first438=Y.R. |last439=Svantesson |first439=S. |last440=Sysouphanthong |first440=P. |last441=Takamatsu |first441=S. |last442=Tan |first442=T.H. |last443=Tanaka |first443=K. |last444=Tang |first444=C. |last445=Tang |first445=X. |last446=Taylor |first446=J.E. |last447=Taylor |first447=P.W.J. |last448=Tennakoon |first448=D.S. |last449=Thakshila |first449=S.A.D. |last450=Thambugala |first450=K.M. |last451=Thamodini |first451=G.K. |last452=Thilanga |first452=D. |last453=Thines |first453=M. |last454=Tiago |first454=P.V. |last455=Tian |first455=X.G. |last456=Tian |first456=W.H. |last457=Tibpromma |first457=S. |last458=Tkalčec |first458=Z. |last459=Tokarev |first459=Y.S. |last460=Tomšovský |first460=M. |last461=Torruella |first461=G. |last462=Tsurykau |first462=A. |last463=Udayanga |first463=D. |last464=Ulukapı |first464=M. |last465=Untereiner |first465=W.A. |last466=Usman |first466=M. |last467=Uzunov |first467=B.A. |last468=Vadthanarat |first468=S. |last469=Valenzuela |first469=R. |last470=Van den Wyngaert |first470=S. |last471=Van Vooren |first471=N. |last472=Velez |first472=P. |last473=Verma |first473=R.K. |last474=Vieira |first474=L.C. |last475=Vieira |first475=W.A.S. |last476=Vinzelj |first476=J.M. |last477=Tang |first477=A.M.C. |last478=Walker |first478=A. |last479=Walker |first479=A.K. |last480=Wang |first480=Q.M. |last481=Wang |first481=Y. |last482=Wang |first482=X.Y. |last483=Wang |first483=Z.Y. |last484=Wannathes |first484=N. |last485=Wartchow |first485=F. |last486=Weerakoon |first486=G. |last487=Wei |first487=D.P. |last488=Wei |first488=X. |last489=White |first489=J.F. |last490=Wijesundara |first490=D.S.A. |last491=Wisitrassameewong |first491=K. |last492=Worobiec |first492=G. |last493=Wu |first493=H.X. |last494=Wu |first494=N. |last495=Xiong |first495=Y.R. |last496=Xu |first496=B. |last497=Xu |first497=J.P. |last498=Xu |first498=R. |last499=Xu |first499=R.F. |last500=Xu |first500=R.J. |last501=Yadav |first501=S. |last502=Yakovchenko |first502=L.S. |last503=Yang |first503=H.D. |last504=Yang |first504=X. |last505=Yang |first505=Y.H. |last506=Yang |first506=Y. |last507=Yang |first507=Y.Y. |last508=Yoshioka |first508=R. |last509=Youssef |first509=N.H. |last510=Yu |first510=F.M. |last511=Yu |first511=Z.F. |last512=Yuan |first512=L.L. |last513=Yuan |first513=Q. |last514=Zabin |first514=D.A. |last515=Zamora |first515=J.C. |last516=Zapata |first516=C.V. |last517=Zare |first517=R. |last518=Zeng |first518=M. |last519=Zeng |first519=X.Y. |last520=Zhang |first520=J.F. |last521=Zhang |first521=J.Y. |last522=Zhang |first522=S. |last523=Zhang |first523=X.C. |last524=Zhao |first524=C.L. |last525=Zhao |first525=H. |last526=Zhao |first526=Q. |last527=Zhao |first527=H. |last528=Zhao |first528=H.J. |last529=Zhou |first529=H.M. |last530=Zhu |first530=X.Y. |last531=Zmitrovich |first531=I.V. |last532=Zucconi |first532=L. |last533=Zvyagina |first533=E. |title=The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=5146–6239 [5253] |year=2024 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385939154|hdl=1854/LU-8660838 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar |from1=Q7311054 |from2=Q7311057}}
Category:Parmeliaceae Category:Lichen genera Category:Lecanorales genera Category:Taxa described in 1964 Category:Taxa named by Mason Hale Category:Taxa named by Syo Kurokawa