{{Short description|Genus of lichens}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Pseudoparmelia uleana - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg | image_caption = ''[[Pseudoparmelia uleana]]'' | taxon = Pseudoparmelia | authority = [[Bernt Arne Lynge|Lynge]] (1914) | type_species = ''[[Pseudoparmelia cyphellata]]'' | type_species_authority = Lynge (1914) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = }}
'''''Pseudoparmelia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[lichen]]-forming [[fungi]] in the family [[Parmeliaceae]]. The genus has a [[pantropical]] distribution.
==Taxonomy==
It was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by [[Bernt Arne Lynge]] in 1914, who distinguished the genus from ''[[Parmelia (fungus)|Parmelia]]'' by the presence of [[pseudocyphellae]] on the underside of the lichen [[thallus]].<ref name="Lynge 1914"/> However, this distinguishing characteristic was later shown to be an artifact caused by torn [[rhizine]]s.<ref name="Buaruang et al. 2015"/>
The genus was not widely accepted until it was redefined by [[Mason Hale]] in the 1970s to include {{lichengloss|parmelioid}} lichens with a pored {{lichengloss|epicortex}} and narrow, non-ciliate lobes. Further research revealed that this broader definition included a heterogeneous group of species, leading to a more restricted circumscription with most species being transferred to other genera.<ref name="Buaruang et al. 2015"/>
[[Molecular phylogenetics]] studies have shown that ''Pseudoparmelia'' forms a distinct [[lineage (evolution)|lineage]] within the [[Parmeliaceae]], closely related to the genera ''[[Relicina]]'' and ''[[Relicinopsis]]''. These three genera share features including a pored {{lichengloss|epicortex}}, isolichenan as cell wall polysaccharide, and relatively small {{lichengloss|ascospores}}. The genus has its centres of distribution in the Neotropics and southern Africa.<ref name="Buaruang et al. 2015"/>
==Description==
The main body ([[thallus]]) of ''Pseudoparmelia'' has a yellowish tint in both its outer layer (upper {{lichengloss|cortex}}) and inner tissue ([[medulla (lichenology)|medulla]]), caused by the presence of chemicals called [[secalonic acid]]s. The upper surface has microscopic pores in its protective outer layer, known as a pored {{lichengloss|epicortex}}. The {{lichengloss|lobes}} of the thallus are narrow and lack hair-like projections called {{lichengloss|cilia}}.<ref name="Buaruang et al. 2015"/>
On the thallus underside, ''Pseudoparmelia'' species have a pale surface with simple root-like structures ([[rhizine]]s) that attach the lichen to its {{lichengloss|substrate}}. The fungal component of these lichens contains [[isolichenan]] in its [[cell wall]]s, a type of [[polysaccharide]] that helps give the lichen structure. The cortex contains small amounts of the compound [[atranorin]], while the medulla contains β-orcinol [[depsidone]]s.<ref name="Buaruang et al. 2015"/>
When reproducing, these lichens produce small, [[ellipsoid]] to nearly spherical {{lichengloss|ascospores}}. They also produce another type of reproductive cell called [[conidia]], which are elongated and can be either {{lichengloss|bifusiform}} (tapering at both ends) or thread-like in shape.<ref name="Buaruang et al. 2015"/>
''Pseudoparmelia'' species are found primarily in two regions of the world: [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] America (the [[Neotropics]]) and southern Africa. They can be distinguished from similar-looking genera by their unique combination of chemical compounds, particularly the presence of secalonic acids and absence of usnic acid, as well as their lack of specialised structures like bulbate cilia that are found in related genera. A unique chemical feature of the genus is the presence of [[terphenyl]] derivatives called [[butlerin]]s, compounds that are uncommon in lichen-forming fungi but more frequently found in non-lichenised [[mushroom]]s and other [[basidiomycetes]].<ref name="Buaruang et al. 2015"/>
==Species==
*''[[Pseudoparmelia arida]]'' {{au|(Lynge) Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia brakoana]]'' {{au|Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia buckiana]]'' {{au|Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia callichroa]]'' {{au|Kurok. (1976)}} *''[[Pseudoparmelia caribaea]]'' {{au|(Hale) Hale (1974)}} *''[[Pseudoparmelia chapadensis]]'' {{au|(Lynge) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia chlorea]]'' {{au|(Stizenb.) Krog & Swinscow (1987)}} *''[[Pseudoparmelia concomitans]]'' {{au|Hale (1976)}}<ref name="Hale 1976"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia convexa]]'' {{au|Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia cubensis]]'' {{au|(Nyl.) Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia cyphellata]]'' {{au|Lynge (1914)}}<ref name="Lynge 1914"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia dahlii]]'' {{au|Hale (1976)}}<ref name="Hale 1976"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia floridensis]]'' {{au|Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia harrisiana]]'' {{au|Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia hypomiltha]]'' {{au|(Fée) Hale (1974)}}<ref name="Hale 1974"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia kalbiana]]'' {{au|Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia regnellii]]'' {{au|(Lynge) Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia relicinoides]]'' {{au|Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia sphaerospora]]'' {{au|(Nyl.) Hale (1976)}}<ref name="Hale 1976"/> *''[[Pseudoparmelia uleana]]'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)}}<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998"/>
==References== {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Buaruang et al. 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Buaruang |first1=Kawinnat |last2=Scharnagl |first2=Klara |last3=Divakar |first3=Pradeep |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D. |last5=Crespo |first5=Ana |last6=Nash |first6=Thomas H. |last7=Manoch |first7=Leka |last8=Lücking |first8=Robert |last9=Lumbsch |first9=H. Thorsten |title=Molecular data support ''Pseudoparmelia'' as a distinct lineage related to ''Relicina'' and ''Relicinopsis'' (Ascomycota, Lecanorales) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=47 |issue=1 |year=2015 |doi=10.1017/S0024282914000577 |pages=43–49}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix & Nash 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=J.A. |last2=Nash |first2=T.H. |year=1998 |title=A monograph of the lichen genus ''Pseudoparmelia'' (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae) |journal=The Bryologist |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=482–498}}</ref>
<ref name="Hale 1974">{{cite journal |last=Hale |first=Mason E. |year=1974 |title=New combinations in the lichen genus ''Pseudoparmelia'' Lynge |journal=Phytologia |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=188–191}}</ref>
<ref name="Hale 1976">{{cite book |last=Hale |first=Mason E. |year=1976 |title=A monograph of the lichen genus ''Pseudoparmelia'' Lynge (Parmeliaceae) |series=Smithsonian Contributions to Botany |volume=31 |pages=1–62}}</ref>
<ref name="Lynge 1914">{{cite journal |last=Lynge |first=B. |year=1914 |title=Die Flechten der ersten Regnellschen Expedition. Die Gattungen ''Pseudoparmelia'' gen. nov. und ''Parmelia'' Ach. |trans-title=The lichens of the first Regnell expedition. The genera ''Pseudoparmelia'' gen. nov. and ''Parmelia'' Ach. |journal=Arkiv før Botanik |volume=13 |issue=13 |page=15 |language=de}}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7255233}}
[[Category:Parmeliaceae]] [[Category:Lichen genera]] [[Category:Lecanorales genera]] [[Category:Taxa named by Bernt Arne Lynge]] [[Category:Taxa described in 1914]]