NEC V60

{{Short description|CISC microprocessor}} {{Infobox CPU | name = NEC V60 / V70 / V80 / AFPP | image = NEC V60 die.jpg | image_size = | caption = Die shot of NEC V60 microprocessor Name "V60 D70616" in bottom center | manuf1 = NEC | produced-start = V60: 1986 V70: 1987 V80: 1989 AFPP: 1989 | produced-end = | slowest = V60: 16 MHz V70: 20/25 MHz V80: 25/33 MHz AFPP: 20 | slow-unit = MHz | size-from = V60: 1.5/1.2 μm V70: 1.5/1.2 μm V80: 0.8 μm AFPP: 1.2 μm | transistors = V60: 375K V70: 385K V80: 980K AFPP: 433K | arch = NEC V60-V80<ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/> | microarch = "V60/V70", "V80" | numinstructions = V60/V70: 119 V80: 123 | extensions = V80: atomic | l1cache = V80: 1K/1K | data-width = V60: 16 (int. 32) V70: 32 V80: 32 | address-width = V60: 24 (int. 32) V70: 32 V80: 32 | virtual-width = 32 Linear<ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/> | predecessor = V20-V50 | successor = V800 Series | co-processor = AFPP (μPD72691) | application = Embedded systems, minicomputers, arcade games | pack1 = V60: 68-pin PGA V60: 120-pin QFP | pack2 = V70: 132-pin PGA | pack3 = V70: 208-pin QFP | pack4 = V80: 280-pin PGA | pack5 = AFPP: 68-pin PGA | pcode1 = μPD70616R-16 | pcode2 = μPD70615GD-16 | pcode3 = μPD70632R-20 | pcode4 = μPD70632R-25 | pcode5 = μPD70632GD-20 | pcode6 = μPD70832R-25 | pcode7 = μPD70832R-33 | pcode8 = μPD72691R-20 }}

The '''NEC V60'''<ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/><ref name=maruzen/> is a CISC microprocessor manufactured by NEC starting in 1986. Several improved versions were introduced with the same instruction set architecture (ISA), the '''V70''' in 1987, and the '''V80''' and '''AFPP''' in 1989. They were succeeded<ref name=IEIEC-1995/> by the V800 product families, which is currently produced by Renesas Electronics.

The V60 family includes a floating-point unit<ref name=coproc/> (FPU) and memory management unit (MMU) and real-time operating system (RTOS) support for both Unix-based user-application-oriented systems<ref name=RX-UX-832/> and ITRON–based hardware-control-oriented embedded systems. They can be used in a multi-cpu lockstep fault-tolerant mechanism named FRM. Development tools included Ada certified system MV-4000, and an in-circuit emulator (ICE).

The V60/V70/V80's applications covered a wide area, including circuit switching telephone exchanges, minicomputers, aerospace guidance systems,<ref name=akatsuki/> word processors, industrial computers, and various arcade games.

=={{anchor}}Introduction== {{Update section|date=May 2025|reason=Some paragraphs refer to 1990 tech as current day}} NEC V60<ref name=maruzen/><ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/> is a CISC<ref name=pj/> processor manufactured by NEC starting in 1986.<ref name=SIG-ARC-043/> It was the first 32-bit general-purpose microprocessor commercially available in Japan.<ref name=trend/>

Based on a relatively traditional design for the period,<ref name=MIPS-1984/><ref name=RISC-II/><ref name=R2000/><ref name=First-SPARC/><ref name=i860/> the V60 was a radical departure from NEC's previous, 16-bit V–series processor, the V20-V50,<ref name=V20-V50-progman/> which were based on the Intel 8086 model,<ref name=pj/> although the V60 had the ability to emulate the V20/V30.<ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/>{{rp|§10}}

According to NEC's documentation, this computer architectural change was due to the increasing demands for, and the diversity of, high-level programming languages. Such trends called for a processor with both improved performance, achieved by doubling the bus width to 32 bits, and with greater flexibility facilitated by having a large number of general-purpose registers.<ref name=maruzen/><ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/> These were common features of RISC chips.<ref name=Computer-Architecture-4thEd/> At the time, a transition from CISC to RISC seemed to bring many benefits for emerging markets.

Today, RISC chips are common, and CISC designs—such as Intel's x86 and the 80486—which have been mainstream for several decades, internally adopt RISC features in their microarchitectures.<ref name=i486-ICCD89/><ref name=i486-Micro-1990/> According to Intel's Pat Gelsinger, binary backward compatibility for legacy software is more important than changing the ISA.<ref name=CNET-2007/>

=={{anchor|V60|D70616|μPD70616|.mu.PD70616}}Overview==

===Instruction set=== The V60 ({{aka}} μPD70616) retained a CISC architecture.<ref name=Wade1996/> Its manual describes their architecture as having "features of high-end mainframe and supercomputers", with a fully orthogonal instruction set that includes non-uniform-length instructions, memory-to-memory operations that include string manipulation, and complex operand-addressing schemes.<ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/><ref name=maruzen/><ref name=Computer-Architecture-4thEd/>

===Family=== The V60 operates as a 32-bit processor internally, while externally providing 16-bit data, and 24-bit address, buses. In addition, the V60 has 32 32-bit general-purpose registers.<ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/>{{rp|§1}} Its basic architecture is used in several variants. The V70 (μPD70632), released in 1987, provides 32-bit external buses. Launched in 1989, the V80 (μPD70832)<ref name=overview/> is the culmination of the series: having on-chip caches, a branch predictor, and less reliance on microcode for complex operations.<ref name=micro1990/>

===Software=== The operating systems developed for the V60-V80 series are generally oriented toward real-time operations. Several OSs were ported to the series, including real-time versions of Unix and ITRON.<ref name=rtos1997/><ref name=32b-itron/>

Because the V60/V70 was used in various Japanese arcade games, their instruction set architecture is emulated in the MAME CPU simulator.<ref name=v60-cemu/> The latest open-source code is available from the GitHub repository.<ref>{{cite web |title=mamedev/mame |website=GitHub |url=https://github.com/mamedev/mame/ |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

===FRM=== All three processors have the FRM (Functional Redundancy Monitoring) synchronous multiple modular lockstep mechanism, which enables fault-tolerant computer systems. It requires multiple devices of the same model, one of which then operates in "master mode", while the other devices listen to the master device, in "checker mode". If two or more devices simultaneously output different results via their "fault output" pins, a majority-voting decision can be taken by external circuits. In addition, a recovery method for the mismatched instruction—either "roll-back by retry" or "roll-forward by exception"—can be selected via an external pin.<ref name=IEEE-MICRO-FRM/><ref name=compcon1988/><ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/>{{rp|§11}}<ref name=overview/><ref name=SIG-ARC-069/><ref name=V60-Datasheet/>{{rp|§3–229, 266}}

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Pin Name !! I/O !! Function |- | BMODE (FRM) || Input || Select the normal bus (master) mode or FRM operating (checker) mode |- | {{overline|BLOCK}} ({{overline|MSMAT}}) || Output || Master output requesting bus lock, i.e. freezing bus operation Checker output indicating a mismatch has been detected |- | BFREZ || Input || Assertion for freezing bus operation |- | RT/{{overline|EP}} || Input || Selecting input for "roll-back by retry" or "roll-forward by exception" |}

=={{anchor|μPD70615|.mu.PD70615|D70615|PS98-145-HMW}}V60== The work on V60 processor began in 1982 with about 250 engineers under the leadership of Yoichi Yano,<ref name=dev-story/> and the processor debuted in February 1986.<ref name="Methé1991"/> It had a six-stage pipeline, built-in memory-management unit, and floating-point arithmetic. It was manufactured using a two-layer aluminum CMOS process technology, under a 1.5 μm design rule, to implement 375,000 transistors on a {{nowrap|13.9 × 13.8 mm2}} die.<ref name=SIG-ARC-043/><ref name=dataquest-1986/> It operates at 5 V and was initially packaged in a 68-pin PGA.<ref name=dataquest-1987/> The first version ran at 16 MHz and attained 3.5 MIPS.<ref name=dataquest-1986/> Its sample price at launch was set at ¥100,000 ($588.23). It entered full-scale production in August 1986.<ref name=dataquest-1986/>

[[File:VR Virtua Racing.jpg|thumb|Sega ''Virtua Racing'' based on ''Sega Model 1'' ([http://www.retroclinic.com/leopardcats/vrtwin/vrtwin.htm External Link])]]

{{anchor|70615}}Sega employed this processor for most of its arcade game sets in the 1990s; both the Sega System 32 and the Sega Model 1 architectures used V60 as their main CPU. (The latter used the lower-cost μPD70615 variant,<ref name=mamedev-model1/> which doesn't implement V20/V30 emulation and FRM.<ref name=cat95/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://radioled.com/image/catalog/pdf/NEC_SEMICON.pdf#page=57 |title=NEC Semiconductor Selection Guide Oct.1995 |accessdate=2024-01-25}}</ref>) The V60 was also used as the main CPU in the SSV arcade architecture—so named because it was developed jointly by Seta, Sammy, and Visco.<ref name=mamedev-ssv/> Sega originally considered using a 16 MHz V60 as the basis for its Sega Saturn console; but after receiving word that the PlayStation employed a 33.8 MHz MIPS R3000A processor, instead chose the dual-SH-2 design for the production model.<ref name=ric-tan/>

In 1988, NEC released a kit called PS98-145-HMW<ref name=ps98-145-hmw/> for Unix enthusiasts. The kit contained a V60 processor board that could be plugged into selected models of the PC-9800 computer series and a distribution of their UNIX System V port, the PC-UX/V Rel 2.0 (V60), on 15 8-inch floppy disks. The suggested retail price for this kit was 450,000 Yen.<ref name=ps98-145-hmw/> NEC-group companies themselves intensively employed the V60 processor. Their telephone circuit switcher (exchange), which was one of the first intended targets, used V60. In 1991, they expanded their word processor products line with ''Bungou Mini'' (文豪ミニ in Japanese) series 5SX, 7SX, and 7SD, which used the V60 for fast outline font processing, while the main system processor was a 16 MHz NEC V33.<ref>{{YouTube|2kTVKjOWu3I|''Bungou Mini 5RX''}} with "high speed outline font smoothing" TV CM</ref><ref name=ipsj-bungo/> In addition, V60 microcode variants were employed in NEC's MS-4100 minicomputer series, which was the fastest one in Japan at that time.<ref name=nec-tecj-ms4100/><ref name=ispj-ms4100/><ref name=nij-ms4100/>

=={{anchor|μPD70632|.mu.PD70632|D70632}}V70== [[File:UPD70632GD-20 V70 01.JPG|thumb|V70 (μPD70632GD-20) in QFP packaging, mounted on Jaleco ''Mega System32'' PWB ]]

The V70 (μPD70632) improved on the V60 by increasing the external buses to 32 bits, equal to the internal buses. It was also manufactured in 1.5 μm with a two-metal layer process. Its {{nowrap|14.35 × 14.24 mm2}} die had 385,000 transistors and was packaged in a 132-pin ceramic PGA. Its MMU had support for demand paging. Its floating-point unit was IEEE 754 compliant.<ref name=SIG-ARC-069/> The 20 MHz version attained a peak performance of 6.6 MIPS and was priced, at launch in August 1987, at ¥100,000 ($719.42). The initial production capacity was 20,000 units per month.<ref name=dataquest-1987-2/> A later report describes it as fabricated in 1.2-micrometer CMOS on a {{nowrap|12.23 × 12.32 mm2}} die.<ref name=overview/> The V70 had a two-cycle non-pipeline (T1-T2) external bus system, whereas that of the V60 operated at 3 or 4 cycles (T1-T3/T4).<ref name=overview/><ref name=maruzen/> Of course, the internal units were pipelined.

The V70 was used by Sega in its System Multi 32<ref name=mamedev1/> and by Jaleco in its Mega System 32. (See the photo of the V70 mounted on the latter system's printed circuit board.)<ref name=mamedev-mc32/>

[[File:H-IIA F17 launching AKATSUKI.jpg|thumb|Liftoff of H-IIA Flight 17, part of whose payload was the Akatsuki spacecraft (Venus Climate Orbiter) ]]

JAXA embedded its variant of the V70, with the ITRON RX616 operating system, in the Guidance Control Computer of the H-IIA carrier rockets, in satellites such as the Akatsuki (Venus Climate Orbiter), and the Kibo International Space Station (ISS) module.<ref name=akatsuki/><ref name=JAXA-Kibo/><ref name=Kibo-EDEE/> The H-IIA launch vehicles were deployed domestically, in Japan, although their payloads included satellites from foreign countries. As described in ''JAXA's LSI (MPU/ASIC) roadmap'', this V70 variant is designated "32bit MPU (H32/V70)", whose development, probably including the testing (QT) phase, was "from the middle of 1980s to early 1990s".<ref name=jaxa-roadmap/>{{rp|9}}<ref name=jaxa-status-2013/> This variant was used until its replacement, in 2013, by the HR5000 64-bit, 25 MHz microprocessor, which is based on the MIPS64-5Kf architecture,<ref name=MIPS64-5Kf-DS/> fabricated by HIREC, whose development was completed around 2011.<ref name=nectech-jaxagcc/><ref name=jaxa-eee-parts/><ref name=HIREC-HR5000/>

"Space Environment Data Acquisition" for the V70 was done at the Kibo-ISS exposed facility.

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Item !! Part No. !! SEE (Single Event Effect) Monitored Item ! Result<ref name=Kibo-SEE/> |- | V70-MPU || NASDA 38510/92101xz || SEU (Single Event Upset) SEL (Single Event Latch-up) || Not observed (—2010/9/30) |}

=={{anchor|μPD70832|.mu.PD70832|D70832}}V80== The V80 (μPD70832)<ref name=overview/> was launched in the spring of 1989. By incorporating on-chip caches and a branch predictor, it was declared NEC's 486 by ''Computer Business Review''.<ref name=CBR-1/><ref name=CBR-2/> The performance of the V80 was two to four times than that of the V70, depending on application. For example, compared with V70, the V80 had a 32-bit hardware multiplier that reduced the number of cycles required to complete an integer-multiplication machine-instruction from 23 to 9. (For more detailed differences, see the hardware architecture section below.) The V80 was manufactured in a 0.8-micrometer CMOS process on a die area of {{nowrap|14.49 × 15.47 mm2}}, implementing 980,000 transistors. It was packaged in a 280-pin PGA, and operated at 25 and 33 MHz with claimed peak performances of 12.5 and 16.5 MIPS, respectively. The V80 had separate 1 KB on-die caches for both instructions and data. It had a 64-entry branch predictor, a 5% performance gain being attributed to it. The launch prices of the V80 were cited as equivalent to $1200 for the 33 MHz model and $960 for the 25 MHz model. Supposedly, a 45 MHz model was scheduled for 1990,<ref name=CBR-2/> but it did not materialize.

The V80, with μPD72691 co-FPP and μPD71101 simple peripheral chips, was used for an industrial computer running the RX-UX832 real-time UNIX operating system and a X11-R4-based windowing system.<ref name=Meiden-Jiho-Jul92/><ref name=Meiden-Jiho-May93/>

=={{anchor|μPD72691|.mu.PD72691|D72691|AFPP}}AFPP (co-FPP)== The Advanced Floating Point Processor (AFPP) (μPD72691) is a co-processor for floating-point arithmetic operations.<ref name=Majithi1987/> The V60/V70/V80 themselves can perform floating-point arithmetic, but they are very slow because they lack hardware dedicated to such operations. In 1989, to compensate V60/V70/V80 for their fairly weak floating-point performance, NEC launched this 80-bit floating-point co-processor for 32-bit single precision, 64-bit double precision, and 80-bit extended precision operations according to IEEE 754 specifications.<ref name=coproc/><ref name=overview/> This chip had a performance of 6.7 MFLOPS, doing vector-matrix multiplication while operating at 20 MHz. It was fabricated using a 1.2-micrometer double-metal layer CMOS process, resulting in 433,000 transistors on an {{nowrap|11.6 × 14.9 mm2}} die.<ref name=coproc/> It was packaged in a 68-pin PGA. This co-processor connected to a V80 via a dedicated bus, to a V60 or V70 via a shared main bus, which constrained peak performance.<ref name=overview/>

=={{anchor|arch}}Hardware architecture== The V60/V70/V80 shared a basic architecture. They had thirty-two 32-bit general-purpose registers, with the last three of them commonly used as stack pointer, frame pointer, and argument pointer, which well matched high level language compilers' calling conventions.<ref name=SIG-ARC-069/><ref name=GCC-Internal/> The V60 and V70 have 119 machine instructions,<ref name=SIG-ARC-069/> with that number being extended slightly to 123 instructions for the V80. The instructions are of non-uniform length, between one and 22 bytes,<ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/> and take two operands, both of which can be addresses in main memory.<ref name=overview/> After studying the V60's reference manual, Paul Vixie described it as "a very VAX-ish arch, with a V20/V30 emulation mode (which[...] means it can run Intel 8086/8088 software)".<ref name=google-groups/>

The V60–V80 has a built-in memory management unit (MMU)<ref name=SIG-ARC-043/><ref name=Majithi1987/> that divides a 4-GB virtual address space into four 1-GB sections, each section being further divided into 1,024 1-MB areas, and each area being composed of 256 4-KB pages. On the V60/V70, four registers (ATBR0 to ATBR3) store section pointers, but the "area tables entries" (ATE) and page tables entries (PTE) are stored in off-chip RAM. The V80 merged the ATE and ATBR registers—which are both on-chip, with only the PTE entries stored in external RAM—allowing for faster execution of translation lookaside buffer (TLB) misses by eliminating one memory read.<ref name=overview/>

The translation lookaside buffers on the V60/70 are 16-entry fully associative with replacement done by microcode. The V80, in contrast, has a 64-entry 2-way set associative TLB with replacement done in hardware. TLB replacement took 58 cycles in the V70 and disrupted the pipelined execution of other instructions. On the V80, a TLB replacement takes only 6 or 11 cycles depending on whether the page is in the same area; pipeline disruption no longer occurs in the V80 because of the separate TLB replacement hardware unit, which operates in parallel with the rest of the processor.<ref name=overview/>

All three processors use the same protection mechanism, with 4 protection levels set via a program status word, Ring 0 being the privileged level that could access a special set of registers on the processors.<ref name=overview/>

All three models support a triple-mode redundancy configuration with three CPUs used in a byzantine fault–tolerance scheme with bus freeze, instruction retry, and chip replacement signals.<ref name=overview/><ref name=compcon1988/> The V80 added parity signals to its data and address buses.<ref name=overview/>

String operations were implemented in microcode in the V60/V70; but these were aided by a hardware data control unit, running at full bus speed, in the V80. This made string operations about five times faster in the V80 than in the V60/V70.<ref name=overview/>

All floating-point operations are largely implemented in microcode across the processor family and are thus fairly slow. On the V60/V70, the 32-bit floating-point operations take 120/116/137 cycles for addition/multiplication/division, while the corresponding 64-bit floating-point operations take 178/270/590 cycles. The V80 has some limited hardware assist for phases of floating-point operations—e.g. decomposition into sign, exponent, and mantissa—thus its floating-point unit was claimed to be up to three times as effective as that of the V70, with 32-bit floating-point operations taking 36/44/74 cycles and 64-bit operations taking 75/110/533 cycles (addition/multiplication/division).<ref name=overview/>

=={{anchor|PC-UX/V Rel 2.0 (V60)|Real-time UNIX RX-UX 832|RX-UX 832|RX-UX832|MUSTARD|RX616|NEC RX116|RX116|}}Operating systems==

===Unix (non-real-time and real-time)=== NEC ported several variants of the Unix operating system to its V60/V70/V80 processors for user-application-oriented systems, including real-time ones. The first flavor of NEC's UNIX System V port for V60 was called PC-UX/V Rel 2.0 (V60).<ref name=PC-UX-R2-V60/> (Also refer to external link photos below.) NEC developed a Unix variant with a focus on real-time operation to run on V60/V70/V80. Called Real-time UNIX RX-UX 832, it has a double-layered kernel structure, with all task scheduling handled by the real-time kernel.<ref name=RX-UX-832/> A multiprocessor version of RX-UX 832 was also developed, named MUSTARD (Multiprocessor Unix for Embedded Real-Time Systems).<ref name=Suzuki1992/> The MUSTARD-powered computer prototype uses eight V70 processors. It utilizes FRM function, and can configure and change the configuration of master and checker upon request.<ref name=8-V70-Proc/><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Suzuki |editor-first=Norihisa |title=Shared Memory Multiprocessing |pages=195ff |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-026219322-1 |date=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hyn9Cqf8PZsC&pg=PA195}}</ref>

===ITRON (real-time)=== For hardware-control-oriented embedded systems, the ITRON-based real-time operating system, named RX616, was implemented by NEC for the V60/V70.<ref name=IEEE-MICRO-FRM/><ref name=rtos1997/> The 32-bit RX616 was a continuous fork from the 16-bit RX116, which was for the V20-V50.<ref name=dataquest-1987-2/><ref name=32b-itron/>

===FlexOS (real-time)=== In 1987, Digital Research, Inc. also announced that they were planning on porting FlexOS to the V60 and V70.<ref name=FLEXOS/>

===CP/M and MS-DOS (legacy 16-bit)=== The V60 can also run CP/M and MS-DOS programs (ported from the V20-V50 series) using V20/V30 emulation mode.<ref name=dataquest-1986/> According to a 1991 article in ''InfoWorld'', Digital Research was working on a version of Concurrent DOS for the V60 at some point; but this was never released, as the V60/V70 processors were not imported to the US for use in IBM PC compatibles.<ref name=Inc.1991/>

=={{anchor|compiler|cross-compiler}}Development tools==

==={{anchor|PKG70616|MetaWare|MetaWare, Inc.|High C/C++}}C/C++ cross-compilers=== As part of its development tool kit and integrated development environment (IDE), NEC had its own C-compiler, the PKG70616 "Software Generation tool package for V60/V70".<ref name=cat-fr/> In addition, GHS (Green Hills Software) made its native mode C compiler (MULTI), and MetaWare, Inc. (currently Synopsys, via ARC International) made one, for V20/V30 (Intel 8086), emulation mode, called High C/C++.<ref name=high-c/><ref name=i486-Micro-1990/>{{rp|acknowledgement}} Cygnus Solutions (currently Red Hat) also ported GCC as a part of an enhanced GNU compiler system (EGCS) fork,<ref name=egcs/> but it seems not to be public.<ref name=by-cygnus-1/><ref name=by-cygnus-2/>

{{As of|2018}}, the processor-specific directory necv70 is still kept alive in the newlib C-language libraries (libc.a and libm.a) by RedHat.<ref name=newlib/> Recent maintenance seems to be done on Sourceware.org. The latest source code is available from its git repository.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newlib-cygwin.git / history |website=Sourceware.org |date=2020 |url=https://sourceware.org/git/gitweb.cgi?p=newlib-cygwin.git;a=history;f=newlib/libc/machine/necv70;hb=HEAD |access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref>

==={{anchor|MV4000|MV-4000}}MV-4100 Ada 83–certified system=== The Ada 83–certified "platform system" was named MV-4000, certified as "MV4000". This certification was done with a target system, that utilized the real-time UNIX RX-UX 832 OS running on a VMEbus (IEEE 1014)–based system with a V70 processor board plugged in. The host of the cross compiler was an NEC Engineering Work Station EWS 4800, whose host OS, EWS-US/V, was also UNIX System V–based.<ref name=ada83cpl/><ref name=MV-4000/><ref name=ews-4800/><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Ratcliffe |editor-first=Mark |title=Ada Yearbook 1995 |page=198 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=9789051992182 |date=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3F-lhug50cC&q=MV4000+V70&pg=PA198 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

The processor received Ada-83 validation from AETECH, Inc.,<ref name=ada83cpl/> running the Ada Compiler Validation Capability tests.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ada Compiler Validation Procedures – Version 5.0 |website=Ada Resource Association |date=18 November 1997 |url=http://archive.adaic.com/compilers/val-proc/1222val.html |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! System Name !! Certificate Number !! Compiler Type !! HOST Machine !! HOST OS !! TARGET Machine !! TARGET OS |- | NEC Ada Compiler System for EWS-UX/V to V70/RX-UX832, Version 1.0 || 910918S1.11217 || Base || NEC EWS4800/60 || EWS-UX/V R8.1 || NEC MV4000 || RX-UX832 V1.6 |- | NEC Ada Compiler System for EWS-UX/V(Release 4.0) to V70/RX-UX832 Version Release 4.1 (4.6.4) || 910918S1.11217 || Derived || EWS4800 Superstation RISC Series || EWS-UX/V(R4.0) R6.2 || NEC MV4000 || RX-UX832 V1.63 |}

{| class="wikitable" |- ! MV-4000 Features<ref name=MV-4000/> |- | System bus: IEEE1014 D1.2/IEC821 Rev C.1 (8-slot) |- | Expansion bus: IEC822 Rev C or V70 cache bus (6-slot) |- | Built-in 100M byte (formatted) 3.5-inch SCSI hard disk |- | Built-in 1M-byte 3.5-inch floppy disk drive 1 |- | Expansion SCSI (1 ch) |- | EMI evaluation: VCCI - 1 kind |}

===Evaluation board kits=== NEC released some plug-in evaluation board kits for the V60/V70.

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Parts No. !! Descriptions !! Remarks |- | EBIBM-7061UNX || V60 coprocessor slave board with Unix for PC-XT/AT || w/ PC-UX/V Rel 2.0 (V60) |- | PS98-145-HMW || V60 coprocessor slave board with Unix for NEC PC-9801 || w/ PC-UX/V Rel 2.0 (V60) |- | EBIBM-70616SBC || V60 single board computer for Multibus I || |- | A part of MV-4000 || V70 single board computer for VMEbus || Ada 83 certified |- |}

=={{anchor|hw-emulator|ICE}}In-circuit emulator==

===On-chip software debug support with the IE-V60=== NEC based its own full (non-ROM and non-JTAG) probe-based in-circuit emulator, the IE-V60, on the V60, because V60/V70 chips themselves had emulator-chip capabilities. The IE-V60 was the first in-circuit emulator for V60 that was manufactured by NEC. It also had a PROM programmer function.Section 9.4, p. 205<ref name=maruzen/> NEC described it as a "user friendly software debug function". The chips have various trapping exceptions, such as data read (or write) to the user specified address, and 2 break-points simultaneously.Section 9<ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/>

===External bus status pins=== The external bus system indicates its bus status using 3 status pins, which provide three bits to signal such conditions as first instruction fetch after branch, continuous instruction fetch, TLB data access, single data access, and sequential data access. Section 6.1, p. 114 <ref name=maruzen/>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! ST[2:0] !! Description |- | 111 || Instruction fetch |- | 011 || Instruction fetch after branch |- | 101 || "TLB" data access |- | 100 || "System base (interrupt & exception vector) table" data access |- | 011 || Single data access |- | 010 || Short-path data access (Skipped address by read-after-write) |- | 001 || Sequential data access |- |}

===Debugging with V80=== These software and hardware debugging functions were also built into the V80. However, the V80 did not have an in-circuit emulator, possibly because the presence of such software as real-time UNIX RX-UX 832 and real-time ITRON RX616 rendered such a function unnecessary. Once Unix boots up, there is no need for an in-circuit emulator for developing either device drivers or application software. What is needed is a C compiler, a cross compiler, and a screen debugger—such as GDB-Tk—that works with the target device.

==={{anchor|HP 64758}}HP 64758=== Hewlett-Packard (currently Keysight) offered probing-pod-based in-circuit emulation hardware for the V70, built on their HP 64700 Series systems,<ref name=HP-Vseries/><ref name=HP64700/> the successor to the HP 64000 Series, specifically the HP 64758.<ref name=HP64758G/><ref name=HP-discon/><ref name=HP-Vseries/> It enables trace function like a logic analyzer. This test equipment also displays disassembled source code automatically, with trace data display and without an object file,<ref name=HP-Vseries/> and displays high-level language source code when the source code and the object files are provided and they were compiled in DWARF format. An interface for the V60 (10339G) was also in the catalog,<ref name=HP-discon/> but the long probing-pod cable required "special grade qualified" devices, i.e. the high-speed grade V70.

HP 64758: Main units, sub-units, and hosted interface {| class="wikitable" |- ! Product !! Description |- | 64758A || V70 20 MHz Emulator with 512KB of emulation memory |- | 64758AX || One-Time-Update |- | 64758B || V70 20MHZ Emulator with 1MB of emulation memory |- | 64758G || V70 20 MHz Emulation Subsystem, 512KB |- | 64758H || V70 20 MHz Emulation Subsystem, 1MB |- | 64758S || V70 (uPD70632)–hosted User Interface |}

Software options {| class="wikitable" |- ! Product !! Description |- | 64879L || V70 Assembler/Linker, Single-user License |- | 64879M || V70 Assembler/Linker, Media & Manuals |- | 64879U || V70 Assembler/Linker Multi-user license |}

Hardware options {| class="wikitable" |- ! Product !! Description |- | B3068B || V70-Hosted Graphical User Interface |- | 10339G || NEC V60 Interface |- | E2407A || NEC V70 Interface |}

=={{anchor|fading}}Failings==

===Strategic failure of the V80 microarchitecture=== In its development phase, the V80 was thought to have the same performance as the Intel 80486,<ref name= V80-rumor/> but they ended up having many different features. The internal execution for each instruction of the V80 needed at least two cycles, while that of i486 required one. The internal pipeline of the V80 seemed buffered asynchronous, but that of i486 was synchronous. In other words, the internal microarchitecture of V80 was CISC, but that of i486 was RISC. Both of their ISAs allowed long non-uniform CISC instructions, but the i486 had a wider, 128-bit internal cache memory bus, while that of V80 had a 32-bit width. This difference can be seen on their die photos.<ref name=overview/><ref name=i486-Micro-1990/><ref name=micro1990/><ref name=i486-ICCD89/> The design was fatal from the performance point of view, but NEC did not change it. NEC might have been able to redesign the physical design, with the same register-transfer level, but it did not.

===Lack of commercial success=== The V60-V80 architecture did not enjoy much commercial success.<ref name="Methé1991"/>

The V60, V70, and V80 were listed in the 1989 and 1990 NEC catalogs in their PGA packaging.<ref name=cat89/><ref name=cat90/> A NEC catalog from 1995 still listed the V60 and V70 (not only in their PGA version but also in a QFP packaging, and also included a low-cost variant of the V60 named μPD70615, which eliminated V20/V30 emulation and FRM function), alongside their assorted chipsets; but the V80 was not offered in this catalog.<ref name=cat95/> The 1999 edition of the same catalog no longer had any V60-V80 products.<ref name=cat99/>

==Successors==

==={{anchor|NEC V810|NEC V820|NEC V830|μPD70732|μPD70742}}The V800 series=== In 1992, NEC launched a new model, the V800 Series 32-bit microcontroller; but it did not have a memory management unit (MMU).<ref name=1992-ARC-06/> It had a RISC-based architecture, inspired by the Intel i960 and MIPS architectures, and other RISC processor instructions, such as JARL (Jump and Register Link) and load–store architecture.

At this time, the enormous software assets of the V60/V70, such as real-time Unix, were abandoned and never returned to their successors, a scenario Intel avoided.

The V800 Series had 3 major variants, the V810, V830, and V850 families.<ref name=EDN/><ref name=IEIEC-1995/><ref name=IEEE-1998/>

The V820 (μPD70742) was a simple variant of the V810 (μPD70732), but with peripherals.

By 2005, the V850 was released, and enjoyed great success.<ref name=cat05/> As of 2018, it is called the Renesas V850 family and the RH850 family, with V850/V850E1/V850E2 and V850E2/V850E3 CPU cores, respectively. Those CPU cores have extended the ISA of the original V810 core;<ref name=V810-GCC/> running with the V850 compiler.<ref name=GHS-V850/>

=={{anchor|sw-emulator|ISS|MAME}}Modern software-based simulation==

===MAME=== Because the V60/V70 had been used for many Japanese arcade games, MAME (for "Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator"), which emulates multiple old arcade games for enthusiasts, includes an CPU simulator for their instruction set architecture.<ref name=v60-cemu/> It is a kind of an instruction set simulator, not for developers but for users.

It has been maintained by the [http://www.mamedev.org/ ''MAME development team'']. The latest open-source code, written in C++, is available from the GitHub repository.<ref>{{cite web |title=MAMEdev – V60 |website=GitHub |url=https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/devices/cpu/v60/ |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> The ''operation codes'' in the file [https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/devices/cpu/v60/optable.hxx optable.hxx] are exactly the same as those of the V60.<ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man/>

==See also== * NEC V20 * V850 * R4200

==References== {{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=V60-Prog-Ref-Man> {{cite book |author1=NEC |title=μPD70616 Programmer's Reference Manual |publisher=The Internet Archive, a 501(c)(3) non-profit |edition=PRELIMINARY |date=November 1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/NEC_V60pgmRef |quote= EPUB, KINDLE, PDF, PDF w/text, FULL TEXT, etc, are available}} </ref>

<ref name=V60-Datasheet> {{cite book |title=1987 Microcomputer Data Book: Vol. 2 |publisher=NEC |pages=3-229–3-232 |date=August 1986 |url=http://bitsavers.org/components/nec/_dataBooks/1987_Microcomputer_Products_Vol_2.pdf}} </ref>

<ref name=V20-V50-progman> {{cite book |author1=NEC |title=16-BIT V SERIES; INSTRUCTIONS |publisher=The Internet Archive, a 501(c)(3) non-profit |edition=5 |date=June 1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_necdatabooBITVSeriesJun97_693718 |quote= EPUB, KINDLE, PDF, FULL TEXT, etc, are available.}} </ref>

<ref name=Computer-Architecture-4thEd> {{cite book |last1=Hennessy: Stanford University |first1=John L |last2=Patterson: University of California at Berkeley |first2=David A. |title=Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann Publishers |isbn=978-0-12-370490-0 |edition=Fourth |date=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/2007ComputerArchitectureAQuantitativeApproach |quote= Open Access: EPUB, KINDLE, PDF, FULL TEXT, etc, are available.}} </ref>

<ref name=maruzen> {{cite book |last=Kani |first=Dr. Kenji |trans-title=V-Series Microcomputer 2 |title=Vシリーズマイクロコンピュータ 2 |publisher=Maruzen |isbn=978-4621031575 |language=ja |date=April 1987 |quote= 本書は日本電気(株)が、わが国ではじめて開発した32ビットマイクロプロセッサV60について解説したものである。[This book explains the V60, Japanese first developed 32-bit microprocessor by NEC.]}} </ref>

<ref name="Methé1991"> {{cite book |author=David T. Methé |title=Technological Competition in Global Industries: Marketing and Planning Strategies for American Industry |year=1991 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-89930-480-9 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wHx9wlDVlcC&pg=PA128}} </ref>

<ref name=IEEE-MICRO-FRM> {{cite journal |title=Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=22–36 |last1=Kimura |first1=S. |last2=Komoto |first2=Y. |last3=Yano |first3=Y. |s2cid=9507994 |doi=10.1109/40.527 |date=April 1988 |quote= Abstract: A description is given of the V60/V70, the first commercially based, general-purpose 32-bit microprocessor in Japan. Its functions include on-chip floating-point operations, a high-level-language-oriented architecture, software debugging support, and support functions to promote a high level of system reliability. Because high reliability is so important, the V60/V70 contains functional redundancy monitoring (FRM) support functions. The discussion covers the overall design considerations, architecture, implementation, hazard detection and control, and FRM functions. The V60/V70 uses a TRON real-time operating system specification.}} </ref>

<ref name=compcon1988> {{cite conference |isbn=0-8186-0828-5 |book-title=Digest of Papers. COMPCON Spring 88 Thirty-Third IEEE Computer Society International Conference |pages=[https://archive.org/details/compconspring8830000ieee/page/36 36–42] |last1=Yano |first1=Y. |last2=Koumoto |first2=Y. |last3=Sato |first3=Y. |title=V60/V70 microprocessor and its systems support functions |s2cid=9186701 |doi=10.1109/CMPCON.1988.4824 |date=Spring 1988 |url=https://archive.org/details/compconspring8830000ieee/page/36 |quote= Abstract: Two advanced 32-bit microprocessors, the V60 and V70 (mu PD70616 and mu PD70632, respectively), and their support functions for operating systems and high-reliability systems are described. Three operating system functions, namely, the virtual memory support functions, context-switch functions, and asynchronous trap functions are examined. A basic mechanism for high-reliability-system implementation, called FRM (functional redundancy monitoring), is discussed. FRM allows a system to be designed in which multiple V60s (or V70s) form a configuration in which one processor in the system acts as a master while the others act as monitors. An FRM board that uses three V60s in its redundant core is introduced.}} </ref>

<ref name=micro1990> {{cite journal |last1=Kaneko |first1=Hiraoki |last2=Suzuki |first2=Nariko |last3=Wabuka |first3=Hiroshi |last4=Maemura |first4=Koji |title=Realizing the V80 and its system support functions |journal=IEEE Micro |publisher=ACM |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=56–69 |s2cid=2634866 |issn=0272-1732 |doi=10.1109/40.52947 |date=1 March 1990 |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/40.52947 |url-access=subscription |quote= Abstract: An overview is given of the architecture of an overall design considerations for the 11-unit, 32-b V80 microprocessor, which includes two 1-kB cache memories and a branch prediction mechanism that is a new feature for microprocessors. The V80's pipeline processing and system support functions for multiprocessor and high-reliability systems are discussed. Using V80 support functions, multiprocessor and high-reliability systems were realized without any performance drop. Cache memories and a branch prediction mechanism were used to improve pipeline processing. Various hardware facilities replaced the usual microprogram to ensure high performance.}}</ref>

<ref name=coproc> {{cite journal |issn=1558-173X |title=A 6.7-MFLOPS floating-point coprocessor with vector/matrix instructions |journal=IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=1324–1330 |last1=Nakayama |first1=T. |last2=Harigai |first2=H. |last3=Kojima |first3=S. |last4=Kaneko |first4=H. |last5=Igarashi |first5=H. |last6=Toba |first6=T. |last7=Yamagami |first7=Y. |last8=Yano |first8=Y. |bibcode=1989IJSSC..24.1324N |doi=10.1109/JSSC.1989.572608 |date=Oct 1989 |quote= Abstract: An 80-bit floating-point coprocessor which implements 24 vector/matrix instructions and 22 mathematical functions is described. This processor can execute floating-point addition/rounding and pipelined multiplication concurrently, under the control of horizontal-type microinstructions. The SRT division method and CORDIC trigonometrical algorithm are used for a favorable cost/performance implementation. The performance of 6.7 MFLOPS in the vector-matrix multiplication at 20 MHz has been attained by the use of parallel operations. The vector/matrix instruction is about three times faster than conventional add and multiply instructions. The chip has been fabricated in 1.2- mu m double-metal layer CMOS process containing 433000 transistors on an 11.6*14.9-mm/sup 2/ die size.}} </ref>

<ref name=overview> {{cite journal |last1=Komoto |first1=Yasuhiko |last2=Saito |first2=Tatsuya |last3=Mine |first3=Kazumasa |title=Overview of 32-bit V-Series Microprocessor |format=pdf |journal=Journal of Information Processing |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=110–122 |issn=1882-6652 |language=en |date=1990-08-25 |url=https://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/index.php?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=59745&item_no=1&attribute_id=1&file_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=8 |access-date=2018-01-08 |quote=Open Access Abstract: The advances in semiconductor manufacturing technology make it possible to integrate a floating-point unit and a memory management unit noto one microprocessor chip. They also permit the designers of a microprocessor to implement techniques used in the design of mainframe computers especially with regard to pipeline structures. The architecture of the V60 V70 and V80 was made possible by there advances. The V60 and V70 are NEC's first 32-bit microprocessors and include almost all the functions required by applied systems in a chip. The instruction set provides a high-level-language-oriented structure operating system sup-port functions and support functions for highly reliable systems. The V80 also employs the same architecture and achieves higher performance by means of cache memories and branch prediction mechanisms. The V80achieved a performance from two to four times higher than that of the V70.}} </ref>

<ref name=PC-UX-R2-V60> {{cite journal |title=PORTING UNIX System V TO THE V60 SYSTEMS |publisher=Information Society of Japan |journal=全国大会講演論文集 |volume=第33回 |issue=アーキテクチャおよびハードウェア |pages=163–164 |language=ja |last1=雅則 |first1=寺本 |last2=健治 |first2=赤羽 |last3=良彦 |first3=和田 |last4=由紀子 |first4=水橋 |last5=滋 |first5=川又 |format=pdf |date=October 1986 |url=http://id.nii.ac.jp/1001/00113909/ |access-date=2018-01-07}} </ref>

<ref name=RX-UX-832> {{cite journal |title=Real-time UNIX operating system: RX-UX 832 |journal=Microprocessing and Microprogramming |volume=27 |issue=1–5 |pages=533–538 |last1=Mizuhashi |first1=Yukiko |last2=Teramoto |first2=Msanoro |doi=10.1016/0165-6074(89)90105-1 |date=August 1989 |quote= Abstract: This paper describes requirements for real-time UNIX operating systems, design concept and the implementation of RX-UX 832 real-time UNIX operating system for v60/v70 microprocessor which are NEC's 32-bit microprocessors. RX-UX 832 is implemented adopting the building block structure, composed of three modules, real-time kernel, file-server and Unix supervisor. To guarantee a real-time responsibility, several enhancements were introduced such as, fixed priority task scheduling scheme, contiguous block file system and fault tolerant functions. Thus, RX-UX 832 allows system designers to use standard Unix as its man-machine interface to build fault tolerant systems with sophisticated operability and provides high-quality software applications on the high performance microchips.}} </ref>

<ref name=Suzuki1992> {{cite book |author=Norihisa Suzuki |title=Shared Memory Multiprocessing |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19322-1 |page=195 |date=January 1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hyn9Cqf8PZsC&pg=PA195}} </ref>

<ref name=8-V70-Proc> {{cite magazine |title=The International Symposium on Shared Memory Multiprocessing (ISSMM) |publisher=Office of Naval Research Asian Office |magazine=Scientific Information Bulletin |volume=16 |number=3 |pages=2–3 |date=July–September 1991 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a240438.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301082631/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a240438.pdf |archive-date=March 1, 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=Inc.1991> {{cite journal |title=Answer Line |author=Brett Glass |journal=InfoWorld |page=72 |issn=0199-6649 |date=6 May 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72}} </ref>

<ref name=FLEXOS> {{cite journal |title=Digital Research launches FlexOS 286 Real-Time Manufacturing Operating System |journal=Computer Business Review |date=1987-01-15 |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/digital_research_launches_flexos_286_real_time_manufacturing_operating_system |access-date=2018-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118190950/http://www.cbronline.com/news/digital_research_launches_flexos_286_real_time_manufacturing_operating_system |archive-date=2013-01-18}}</ref> <ref name=rtos1997> {{cite journal |last1=Shimojima |first1=Takehiko |last2=Teramoto |first2=Masanori |year=1987 |title=V60 real-time operating system |journal=Microprocessing and Microprogramming |volume=21 |issue=1–5 |pages=197–204 |issn=0165-6074 |doi=10.1016/0165-6074(87)90038-X |quote= Abstract: This paper describes the requirements for 32-bit microprocessor real-time operating systems, design objectives and the implementation of the V60/V70 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) and its programming supports.}} </ref>

<ref name=1992-ARC-06> {{cite journal |last1=Harigai |first1=Hisao |last2=Kusuda |first2=Masaori |last3=Kojima |first3=Shingo |last4=Moriyama |first4=Masatoshi |last5=Ienaga |first5=Takashi |last6=Yano |first6=Yoichi |title=低消費電力・低電圧動作の32ビットマイクロプロセッサV810 |journal=SIG Technical Reports, Information Processing Society of Japan |volume=1992 |issue=82 (1992-ARC-096) |pages=41–48 |trans-title=A low power consumption and low voltage operation 32-bit RISC Microprocessor |date=1992-10-22 |url=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/170000021173 |quote= Abstract: An advanced 32-bit RISC microprocessor for embedded control; V810 is introduced in this paper. The V810 has high performance and application specified functions. V810 dissipates less power than any other RISC chips. The V810 is the first 32-bit RISC microprocessor that operates at 2.2V. The V810 chip is fabricated by using 0.8μm CMOS double metal layer process technology to integrate 240,000 transistors on a 7.7×7.7mm2 die.}} </ref>

<ref name=IEIEC-1995> {{cite journal |last1=Suzuki |first1=Hiroaki |last2=Sakai |first2=Toshichika |last3=Harigai |first3=Hisao |last4=Yano |first4=Yoichi |title=A 0.9-V, 2.5 MHz CMOS 32-bit Microprocessor |journal=IEICE Transactions on Electronics |volume=E78-C |issue=4 |pages=389–393 |issn=0916-8516 |date=1995-04-25 |url=https://search.ieice.org/bin/summary.php?id=e78-c_4_389&category=C&year=1995&lang=E |url-access=subscription |access-date=2018-01-09 |quote= Summary: A 32-bit RISC microprocessor "V810" that has 5-stage pipeline structure and a 1 Kbyte, direct-mapped instruction cache realizes 2.5 MHz operation at 0.9 V with 2.0 mW power consumption. The supply voltage can be reduced to 0.75 V. To overcome narrow noise margin, all the signals are set to have rail-to-rail swing by pseudo-static circuit technique. The chip is fabricated by a 0.8 μm double metal-layer CMOS process technology to integrate 240,000 transistors on a 7.4 mm7.1 mm die.}} </ref>

<ref name=IEEE-1998> {{cite journal |last1=Suzuki |first1=K. |last2=Arai |first2=T. |last3=Nadehara |first3=K. |last4=Kuroda |first4=I. |year=1998 |title=V830R/AV: embedded multimedia superscalar RISC processor |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=36–47 |issn=0272-1732 |doi=10.1109/40.671401 |quote= Abstract: The V830R/AV's real-time decoding of MPEG-2 video and audio data enables practical embedded-processor-based multimedia systems.}} </ref>

<ref name=SIG-ARC-043> {{cite journal |last1=Yamahata |first1=Hitoshi |last2=Suzuki |first2=Nariko |last3=Koumoto |first3=Yasuhiko |last4=Shiiba |first4=Tadaaki |title=マイクロプロセッサV60のアーキテクチャ |journal=SIG Technical Reports; Microcomputer 43-2 |volume=1987 |issue=8(1986-ARC-043) |pages=1–8 |trans-title=Architecture of the microprocessor V60 |publisher=Information Processing Society of Japan |language=ja |format=PDF |id=AN10096105 |date=1987-02-06 |url=https://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?action=repository_uri&item_id=24887&file_id=1&file_no=1 |quote= This report will describe a single chip 32-bit CMOS VLSI microprocessor V60. It has been implemented by using a double metal-layer CMOS process technology with 1.5 um design rule to integrate 375,000 transistors. It integrates the virtual memory management unit for demand paging and the floating-point operations that conform to the IEEE-754 Floating-Point Standard. By using V20/V30 emulation mode, it can directly execute object programs of 16-bit CPU (V30). Instruction formats are suited to code-generation phase of compilers. 237 instructions are provided for high-level language and operating system. It can execute 3.5 MIPS (Million Instructions per Second) at 16-MHz operation with 16-bit data bus.}} </ref>

<ref name=SIG-ARC-069> {{cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Toshiya |last2=Yano |first2=Yoichi |title=V60/V70アーキテクチャ |journal=SIG Technical Reports |volume=1988 |issue=4(1987-ARC-069) |pages=57–64 |trans-title=The Architecture of V60/V70 Microprocessors |publisher=Information Processing Society of Japan |language=ja |format=PDF |id=AN10096105 |date=1988-01-21 |url=https://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?action=repository_uri&item_id=24816&file_id=1&file_no=1 |quote= This report describes the architecture of V60/V70 32-bit microprocessors. The architecture integrates various features into a single silicon die, such as a rich set of general-purpose registers, high level language oriented instruction set, floating-point data handling which is suitable for scientific applications, and the FRM (Functionality Redundancy Monitoring) operation mode which supports highly-reliable systems configuration. These features will be introduced.}} </ref>

<ref name=dev-story> {{cite web |first1=Yoichi |last1=Yano |trans-title=Development story of the 32-bit microcomputer V60 |title=32ビット・マイコン「V60」開発物語 |language=ja |publisher=Semiconductor History Museum of Japan |date=April 2012 |url=https://www.shmj.or.jp/dev_story/pdf/develop46.pdf |access-date=2018-01-08}} {{cite journal |title=Encore 2012 #75|format=pdf |journal=Bulletin "Encore" |volume=75 |pages=17–20 |publisher=Society of Semiconductor Industry Specialists |language=ja |date=April 2012 |url=https://www.ssis.or.jp/encore/encore2012.html#no75 |access-date=2018-01-08}} </ref>

<ref name=32b-itron> {{cite journal |last1=Monden |first1=Hiroshi |last2=Teramoto |first2=Takashi |last3=Koga |first3=Masanori |trans-title=Feasibility study of real-time OS for the V60 - toward for the 32-bit I-TRON - |title=V60用アルタイムOSの検討－32ビットI-TRONに向けて－ |language=ja |journal=SIG (ARC) Technical Reports |volume=1986 |issue=19(1985-ARC-061) |pages=1–8 |publisher=Information Processing Society of Japan |format=PDF |id=AN10096105 |date=1986-03-14 |url=https://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=24938&item_no=1&attribute_id=1&file_no=1 |quote=Open Access}}</ref>

<ref name=nectech-jaxagcc> HAYASHI, N. [https://www.nec.com/en/global/techrep/journal/g11/n01/pdf/110130.pdf Guidance Control Computer for Launch Vehicle], NEC Technical Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1/2001, pp. 145-148 </ref>

<ref name=nec-tecj-ms4100> {{cite journal |title=The outline of NEC super minicomputer MS4100 Series, NEC Technical Journal |journal=Nec技報 |volume=39 |issue=11 |pages=113–124 |publisher=NEC Technical Journal, Vol.39 Iss.11 p.p.113-124, Nov. 1986 |language=ja |year=1986 |last1=Takeo |first1=Sakurai |last2=Osamu |first2=Oizumi |url=https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200902041619492749}} </ref>

<ref name=Meiden-Jiho-Jul92> {{cite journal |last1=OSAMU |first1=TSUJI |last2=SATORU |first2=KOMIYAMA |last3=TOSHIYUKI |first3=DOI |last4=TETSUYA |first4=IWAKI |title=情報機器工業用コンピュータμPORT-III |journal=明電時報 [Meiden Jiho] |issue=225 |pages=24–32 |trans-title=Information-processing equipment.Industrial computer .MU.PORT-III. |language=ja |issn=0386-1570 |date=July 1992 |url=https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200902079033599746}} </ref>

<ref name=Meiden-Jiho-May93> {{cite journal |last1=HISAO |first1=SASAKI |last2=AKIRA |first2=SATO |last3=TOSHIO |first3=KARAKAMA |title=工業用コンピュータμPORT-IIIと適用事例 |journal=明電時報 [Meiden Jiho] |issue=230 |pages=41–44 |trans-title=Applications of industrial computer .MU.PORT-III. |language=ja |issn=0386-1570 |date=May 1993 |url=https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200902104337850113}} </ref>

<ref name=MIPS-1984> {{cite conference |last1=Rowen |first1=C. |last2=Przbylski |first2=S. |author-link3=Norman Jouppi |last3=Jouppi |first3=N. |last4=Gross |first4=T. |last5=Shott |first5=J. |last6=Hennessy |first6=J. |book-title=1984 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers |title=A pipelined 32b NMOS microprocessor |volume=XXVII |pages=180–181 |s2cid=42147153 |doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1984.1156607 |date=1984 |quote= Stanford MIPS}} </ref>

<ref name=RISC-II> {{cite journal |last1=Sherburne |first1=R. W. |last2=Katevenis |first2=M. G. H. |last3=Patterson |first3=D. A. |last4=Sequin |first4=C. H. |title=A 32-bit NMOS microprocessor with a large register file |journal=IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=682–689 |issn=0018-9200 |bibcode=1984IJSSC..19..682S |s2cid=23195124 |doi=10.1109/JSSC.1984.1052208 |date=1984 |quote= UCB RISC-II}} </ref>

<ref name=R2000> {{cite conference |last1=Riordan |first1=T. |last2=Grewal |first2=G. P. |last3=Hsu |first3=S. |last4=Kinsel |first4=J. |last5=Libby |first5=J. |last6=March |first6=R. |last7=Mills |first7=M. |last8=Ries |first8=P. |last9=Scofield |first9=R. |title=The MIPS M2000 system |book-title=Proceedings 1988 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI |pages=366–369 |isbn=0-8186-0872-2 |s2cid=60801545 |doi=10.1109/ICCD.1988.25724 |date=1988 |quote= MIPS M2000 (R2000)}} </ref>

<ref name=First-SPARC> {{cite conference |last1=Namjoo |first1=M. |last2=Agrawal |first2=A. |last3=Jackson |first3=D. C. |last4=Quach |first4=L. |title=CMOS gate array implementation of the SPARC architecture |book-title=Digest of Papers. COMPCON Spring 88 Thirty-Third IEEE Computer Society International Conference |pages=[https://archive.org/details/compconspring8830000ieee/page/10 10–13] |isbn=0-8186-0828-5 |s2cid=21078114 |doi=10.1109/CMPCON.1988.4818 |date=1988 |url=https://archive.org/details/compconspring8830000ieee/page/10 |quote= SPARC, 1st Gen.}} </ref>

<ref name=i860> {{cite conference |last1=Kohn |first1=L. |last2=Fu |first2=S. W. |title=A 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor |book-title=IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 1989 ISSCC. Digest of Technical Papers |pages=54–55 |s2cid=58413700 |doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1989.48231 |date=1989 |quote= Intel 860}} </ref>

<ref name=i486-ICCD89> {{cite conference |last1=Fu |first1=B. |last2=Saini |first2=A. |last3=Gelsinger |first3=P. P. |title=Performance and microarchitecture of the i486 processor |book-title=Proceedings 1989 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors |pages=182–187 |isbn=0-8186-1971-6 |s2cid=62082864 |doi=10.1109/ICCD.1989.63352 |date=1989 |quote= Intel 80486 Abstract: The i486 microprocessor includes a carefully tuned, five-stage pipeline with an integrated 8-kB cache. A variety of techniques previously associated only with RISC (reduced-instruction-set computer) processors are used to execute the average instruction in 1.8 clocks. This represents a 2.5* reduction from its predecessor, the 386 microprocessor. The pipeline and clock count comparisons are described in detail. In addition, an onchip floating-point unit is included which yields a 4* clock count reduction from the 387 numeric coprocessor. The microarchitecture enhancements and optimizations used to achieve this goal, most of which are non-silicon-intensive, are discussed. All instructions of the 386 microprocessor and the 387 numeric coprocessor are implemented in a completely compatible fashion.}} </ref>

<ref name=i486-Micro-1990> {{cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=J.H. |title=The i486 CPU: executing instructions in one clock cycle |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=27–36 |issn=0272-1732 |citeseerx=10.1.1.126.4216 |doi=10.1109/40.46766 |date=February 1990}} </ref>

<ref name=pj> {{cite journal |last1=Hardenbergh |first1=Hal W |title=RISCs CISCs and Fabs |journal=Programmer's Journal |year=1988 |publisher=Avant-Garde Creations |volume=6 |issue=2 |page=15 |quote= So far we haven't mentioned two 32-bit CISC chips, the NEC V60/70 and the AT&T WE32 family. Unlike the NEC V20/25/30/50, the V60/70 is ''not'' based on the Intel architecture. NEC is targeting the V60/70 at embedded applications, ...}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=iX8qAAAAMAAJ&q=V60/70 Google Books] </ref>

<ref name=trend> {{cite journal |last1=Sakamura |first1=Ken |title=Recent Trends |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=10–11 |issn=0272-1732 |date=April 1988 |url=http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/mi/1988/02/m2010.pdf |access-date=2018-01-08 |quote= The V60/V70, NEC's proprietary CPU, is the first commercial-base, general-purpose, 32-bit microprocessor in Japan.}} </ref>

<ref name=Wade1996> {{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=James |title=A Community-Level Analysis of Sources and Rates of Technological Variation in the Microprocessor Market |journal=Academy of Management Journal |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1218–1244 |language=en |issn=0001-4273 |jstor=256997 |doi=10.2307/256997 |date=1 October 1996 |url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/256997?journalCode=amj |quote=The sponsors that did not use RISC technology were NEC, AT&T, and Followers of the TRON standard. All three of these microprocessors were specialized for users for whom performance was the highest priority. The Hitachi microprocessor followed the TRON standard, a high-performance CISC technology that, Japanese developers suggested, would be a viable alternative to RISC. The AT&T chip was portrayed as a chip suitable for building top-of-the-line, minicomputer-like computing systems. Similarly, NEC's V60 and V70 were patterned after one of NEC's 36-bit mainframe computers.|url-access=subscription }} </ref>

<ref name=Majithi1987> {{cite journal |last1=Majithi |first1=Kenneth |title=The New Generation of Microprocessors |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=4–5 |issn=0272-1732 |doi=10.1109/MM.1987.304873 |date=1987 |quote= The Japanese have been equally aggressive in their new designs of high-performance microprocessors. NEC's V60 and V70 microprocessors use architectures that include not only the MMU but also an arithmetic floating-point unit on chip. Hitachi and Fujitsu have collaborated to produce a family of microprocessors adapted to the TRON operating system. These processors incorporate instruction pipelines as well as instruction and stack caches. However, unlike NEC, their FPU function is off chip.}} </ref>

<ref name=cat-fr> {{cite web |author1=NEC |title=Microprocessors and Peripherals Data Book |url=http://matthieu.benoit.free.fr/cross/data_sheets/NEC_Microprocessors-and-Peripherals_Data_Book.htm}} </ref>

<ref name=cat89> {{cite book |author1=NEC |title=Intelligent Peripheral Devices Data Book |publisher=The Internet Archive, a 501(c)(3) non-profit |page=18 |date=June 1989 |url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_necdataBootPeripheralDevicesDataBook_33483764}} </ref>

<ref name=cat90> {{cite book |author1=NEC |title=Single-Chip Microcontroller Data Book |publisher=The Internet Archive, a 501(c)(3) non-profit |page=30 |date=May 1990 |url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_necdatabooMicrocontrollerDataBook_57118308}} </ref>

<ref name=cat95> {{cite web |author1=NEC |title=SEMICONDUCTOR SELECTION GUIDE |edition=10th |date=Oct 1995 |url=http://icbank.com/data/ICBShop/board/D72611GF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043332/http://icbank.com/data/ICBShop/board/D72611GF.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}} </ref>

<ref name=cat99> {{cite web |author1=NEC |title=SEMICONDUCTORS SELECTION GUIDE |edition=17th |date=April 1999 |url=http://www.littlediode.com/datasheets/pdf/Datasheets-NEC/NEC-SHORTFORM.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108174757/http://www.littlediode.com/datasheets/pdf/Datasheets-NEC/NEC-SHORTFORM.PDF |archive-date=2018-01-08}} </ref>

<ref name=cat05> {{cite web |title=Microcontrollers and Development Tools Selection Guide |author=NEC |date=May 2005 |url=http://www1.futureelectronics.com/doc/RENESAS%20ELECTRONICS/NECMicrocontrollerGuide%5B1%5D.pdf}} </ref>

<ref name=ric-tan> {{cite web |author=Richard Tan |title=STS 145 Case Study Sega: The effect of corporate conflict on game design |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/htgg/sts145papers/rtan_2001_2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140345/http://www.stanford.edu/group/htgg/sts145papers/rtan_2001_2.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-22 |quote= "The Saturn originally ran on a NEC V60 chip at 16MHz. Compare this to the PlayStation CPU (MIPS R3000A 32bit RISC chip) which runs are 33.8MHz, almost double the speed. According to one Sega staff member, when Nakayama first received design specifications for the PlayStation, he was 'the maddest I have ever seen him', calling up the entire R&D division to his office to shout at them. An effort was made to compensate by adding another CPU for dual operation; however, this solution made the system so hard to develop for that, according to Yu Suzuki himself, "only 1 out of 100 programmers could use the Saturn to its full potential.""}} </ref>

<ref name=ps98-145-hmw> {{cite web |title=Model Number: PS98-145-HMW, Item Name: PC-UX/V(Rel2.0)(V60) |publisher=NEC product sheet |url=http://121ware.com/support/product/data/spec/sft/sw225d-1.html}} </ref>

<ref name=GHS-V850> {{cite web |title=V850 and RH850 Embedded Software Solutions |website=ghs.com |publisher=Green Hills Software |url=https://www.ghs.com/products/v850_development.html}} </ref>

<ref name=HIREC-HR5000> {{cite web |last1=Voica |first1=Alex |title=Back to the future: 64-bit MIPS CPU explores the origins of the solar system – MIPS |website=mips.com |publisher=MIPS |language=en |date=2015-07-29 |url=https://www.mips.com/blog/back-to-the-future-64-bit-mips-cpu-explores-rare-asteroid/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033122/https://www.mips.com/blog/back-to-the-future-64-bit-mips-cpu-explores-rare-asteroid/ |archive-date=2018-02-20}} </ref>

<ref name=MIPS64-5Kf-DS> {{cite book |title=MIPS64 5Kf Processor Core Datasheet |publisher=MIPS Technologies Inc. |edition=01.04 |language=en |date=2005-01-31 |url=http://wiki.prplfoundation.org/w/images/f/f1/MD00111-2B-4KEC-DTS-02.03.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033333/http://wiki.prplfoundation.org/w/images/f/f1/MD00111-2B-4KEC-DTS-02.03.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-20}} </ref>

<ref name=v60-cemu> {{cite web |title=MAME:/src/emu/cpu/v60/v60.c |publisher=Mamedev.org |url=http://mamedev.org/source/src/emu/cpu/v60/v60.c.html |access-date=2014-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070653/http://mamedev.org/source/src/emu/cpu/v60/v60.c.html |archive-date=2014-02-22}} </ref>

<ref name=mamedev1> {{cite web |title=MAME:/src/mame/drivers/segas32.c |publisher=Mamedev.org |url=http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/segas32.c.html |access-date=2014-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403190647/http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/segas32.c.html |archive-date=2014-04-03}} </ref>

<ref name=mamedev-model1> {{cite web |title=MAME:/src/mame/drivers/model1.c |publisher=Mamedev.org |url=http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/model1.c.html |access-date=2014-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403180645/http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/model1.c.html |archive-date=2014-04-03}} </ref>

<ref name=mamedev-ssv> {{cite web |title=MAME:/src/mame/drivers/ssv.c |publisher=Mamedev.org |url=http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/ssv.c.html |access-date=2014-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403215238/http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/ssv.c.html |archive-date=2014-04-03}} </ref>

<ref name=mamedev-mc32> {{cite web |title=MAME:/src/mame/drivers/ms32.c |publisher=Mamedev.org |url=http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/ms32.c.html |access-date=2014-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403182226/http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/ms32.c.html |archive-date=2014-04-03}} </ref>

<ref name=V810-GCC> {{cite web |title=A newer GCC compiler. « Virtual Boy Development Board « Forum « Planet Virtual Boy |website=planetvb.com |language=en |url=http://www.planetvb.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6456 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530010045/http://www.planetvb.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6456 |archive-date=2019-05-30}} </ref>

<ref name=dataquest-1986> Dataquest, "Japanese Semiconductor Industry Service", 1st Quarter 1986, p. 18 (pdf p. 44 in [http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723432-05-01-acc.pdf this multi-volume archive]) </ref>

<ref name=dataquest-1987> Dataquest, "Japanese Semiconductor Industry Service", 1st Quarter 1987, p. 18 (pdf p. 182 in [http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723432-05-01-acc.pdf this multi-volume archive])</ref>

<ref name=dataquest-1987-2> Dataquest, "Japanese Semiconductor Industry Service", 2nd Quarter 1987, p. 21 (pdf p. 223 in [http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723432-05-01-acc.pdf this multi-volume archive])</ref>

<ref name=CBR-1> NEC LAUNCHES V80 ANSWER TO INTEL's 80486 - Computer Business Review, 1989-03-15 Balcklist:www.cbronline.com/news/nec_launches_v80_answer_to_intels_80486 </ref>

<ref name=CBR-2> NEC MAY HAVE THE EDGE WITH ITS 930,000 TRANSISTOR V80 ANSWER TO INTEL'S 80486 - Computer Business Review, 1989-04-06 Balcklist:www.cbronline.com/news/nec_may_have_the_edge_with_its_930000_transistor_v80_answer_to_intels_80486 </ref>

<ref name=ipsj-bungo> {{cite web |title=Bungo mini 5SX, Bungo mini 7SX, Bungo mini 7SD – Computer Museum |website=museum.ipsj.or.jp |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/word/0058.html |access-date=2017-04-22}} </ref>

<ref name=ispj-ms4100> {{cite web |title=MS-4100 Series - Computer Museum |language=en |website=museum.ipsj.or.jp |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/mini/0027.html |access-date=2018-01-07}} </ref>

<ref name=nij-ms4100> {{cite web |title=MS4100 Series |language=ja |website=dbnst.nii.ac.jp |url=https://dbnst.nii.ac.jp/pro/detail/282 |access-date=2018-01-08}} </ref>

<ref name=HP64700> {{cite web |title=HP Computer Museum |language=en |url=http://www.hpmuseum.net/display_item.php?hw=1086 |access-date=2018-01-07}} </ref>

<ref name=JAXA-Kibo> {{cite web |title=Kibo HANDBOOK |publisher=JAXA |page=101 |date=September 2007 |url=https://iss.jaxa.jp/kibo/library/fact/data/kibo-handbook_en.pdf}} </ref>

<ref name=Kibo-EDEE> {{cite web |title=Space Environment Data Acquisition equipment-Attached Payload (SEDA/AP) |website=iss.jaxa.jp |publisher=JAXA |language=en |date=2007-03-30 |url=http://iss.jaxa.jp/en/kiboexp/ef/seda-ap/}} </ref>

<ref name=jaxa-roadmap> {{cite web |title=JAXA's LSI (MPU/ASIC) roadmap, p. 9; excl. front |website=Development Status for JAXA Critical Parts, 2008 |publisher=JAXA |url=https://eeepitnl.tksc.jaxa.jp/mews/en/21st/data/2-1.pdf}} </ref>

<ref name=jaxa-status-2013> {{cite web |title=Development Status of JAXA EEE Parts |website=Development Status for JAXA Critical Parts, 2008 |publisher=JAXA |url=https://eeepitnl.tksc.jaxa.jp/mews/jp/26th/data/2_12_1.pdf}} </ref>

<ref name=jaxa-eee-parts> {{cite web |title=Database of JAXA Qualified EEE Parts and Material: Critical Parts |language=en |publisher=JAXA |url=https://eeepitnl.tksc.jaxa.jp/en/Critical_P/completed/index_e.html |access-date=2018-01-07}} </ref>

<ref name=Kibo-SEE> {{cite web |title=国際宇宙ステーション「きぼう」船外プラットフォーム搭載宇宙環境計測ミッション装置（SEDA－AP） |pages=52–53 |language=ja |trans-title=Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment – Attached Payload (SEDA-AP) on the ISS - "Kibo" Exposed Facility |url=http://www.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hmiya/5th_sympo/Goka_Chimon2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125736/http://www.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hmiya/5th_sympo/Goka_Chimon2010.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-26}} </ref>

<ref name=GCC-Internal> {{cite web |title=GNU Compiler Internals |url=https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/Frame-Registers.html}} </ref>

<ref name=by-cygnus-1> {{cite mailing list |title=Patch to replace CYGNUS LOCAL with EGCS LOCAL in config.sub |mailing-list=gcc-patches |author=Cygnus Solutions |date=1999-02-25 |url=https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/1999-02n/msg00703.html |quote= Hi Guys, I would like to submit the following patch. It renames all occurrences of CYGNUS LOCAL to EGCS LOCAL, which seems slightly more accurate! :-) Cheers Nick}} </ref>

<ref name=by-cygnus-2> {{cite mailing list |title=Re: Patch to replace CYGNUS LOCAL with EGCS LOCAL in config.sub |mailing-list=gcc-patches |author=Cygnus Solutions |date=1999-02-25 |url=https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/1999-02n/msg00704.html |quote= Seems like a misguided exercise to me. If the changes are truly Cygnus-specific, they should not be in Egcs. Otherwise, they should be merged into the config.sub master copy (whose maintainer, by the way, in Ben!).}} </ref>

<ref name=egcs> {{cite web |title=gcc/gcc-926/config.sub |author=Cygnus Solutions |publisher=Apple Inc. |url=https://opensource.apple.com/source/gcc/gcc-926/config.sub.auto.html |access-date=2018-01-07}}</ref>

<ref name=newlib> {{cite web |title=Embedding with GNU: Newlib |publisher=Embedded |date=2001-12-28 |url=https://www.embedded.com/embedding-with-gnu-newlib/ |access-date=2023-10-02}} </ref>

<ref name=ada83cpl> {{cite web |title=Ada 83 Certified Processor List |publisher=Archive.adaic.com |date=1998-03-31 |url=http://archive.adaic.com/compilers/ada83cpl.html |access-date=2014-02-15}} </ref>

<ref name=MV-4000>{{cite web |title=MV-4000 |publisher=Chipcatalog.com |url=http://www.chipcatalog.com/NEC/MV-4000.htm |access-date=2014-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107233010/http://www.chipcatalog.com/NEC/MV-4000.htm |archive-date=2018-01-07}}</ref>

<ref name=ews-4800>[http://www006.upp.so-net.ne.jp/tati/docs/48summary.txt History-of-48series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233634/http://www006.upp.so-net.ne.jp/tati/docs/48summary.txt |date=2016-03-03 }} (refers to the ''EWS 4800'' NEC computers)</ref>

<ref name=HP64758G> {{cite web |title=64758G V70 20MHz emulation subsystem 512KB |publisher=Keysight |language=en |url=https://www.keysight.com/en/pd-64758G%3Aepsg%3Apro-pn-64758G/v70-20mhz-emulation-subsystem-512kb?lc=eng&cc=US |access-date=2018-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175334/https://www.keysight.com/en/pd-64758G%3Aepsg%3Apro-pn-64758G/v70-20mhz-emulation-subsystem-512kb?lc=eng&cc=US |archive-date=2018-01-08}} </ref>

<ref name=HP-discon> {{cite web |page=97 |title=Agilent Test & Measurement Discontinued Products |publisher=Keysight |url=https://www.keysight.com/upload/cmc_upload/All/Disco_Products_not_on_site.pdf |access-date=2018-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108063503/https://www.keysight.com/upload/cmc_upload/All/Disco_Products_not_on_site.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-08 |url-status=dead}} </ref>

<ref name=HP-Vseries> {{cite web |title=HP Emulators and Development Solutions for NEC V Series Microprocessors |page=13 |publisher=Keysight |language=en |url=http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5091-2705E.pdf |access-date=2018-01-07}} </ref>

<ref name=google-groups> {{cite web |title=Google Groups – Some comments on the NEC V60/V70 |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.arch/o99tLF7STeE/OjX1y09VggwJ |access-date=2017-04-22}} </ref>

<ref name=V80-rumor> {{cite web |title=NEC V80 |website=groups.google.com |publisher=Google Groups |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.arch/NMTvNkMzef0}}</ref>

<ref name=akatsuki> {{cite web |title=Akatsuki: Dawn rises again at Venus |language=en |date=11 December 2015 |url=https://www.cpushack.com/2015/12/11/akatsuki-dawn-rises-again-at-venus/ |access-date=2018-01-07}} </ref>

<ref name=EDN> {{cite web |title=NEC Wraps ARM into Gate Arrays |date=8 October 2001 |publisher=EDN |url=https://www.edn.com/nec-wraps-arm-into-gate-arrays/ |access-date=2017-04-22}} </ref>

<ref name=high-c> {{cite web |title=MetaWare High C/C++ |publisher=EDM/2 |url=http://www.edm2.com/index.php/MetaWare_High_C/C%2B%2B}} </ref>

<ref name=CNET-2007> {{cite web |title=Despite its aging design, the x86 is still in charge |website=CNET |language=en |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/despite-its-aging-design-the-x86-is-still-in-charge/}} </ref>

}}

==Further reading== * {{cite conference |last1=Yano |first1=Y |last2=Iwasaki |first2=J |last3=Sato |first3=Y |last4=Iwata |first4=T |last5=Nakagawa |first5=K |last6=Ueda |first6=M |title=A 32b CMOS VLSI microprocessor with on-chip virtual memory management |conference=Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. 1986 IEEE International |volume=XXIX |pages=36–37 |publisher=IEEE |s2cid=57668899 |doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1986.1156924 |date=Feb 1986 |quote= The execution unit (EXU) is a microprogrammed 32b data path processor which has thirty-two 32b general-purpose registers, sixteen 32b scratch-pad registers, a 64b barrel shifter, a 32b arithmetic logic unit (ALU); and a couple of control registers. Three data-buses that are running}} * {{cite conference |last1=Kaneko |first1=H |last2=Miki |first2=Y |last3=Koya |first3=K |last4=Araki |first4=M |title=A 32-bit CMOS microprocessor with six-stage pipeline structure |book-title=Proceedings of 1986 ACM Fall Joint Computer Conference |date=November 1986 |pages=1000–1007 |publisher=IEEE Computer Society Press |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22A+32-Bit+CMOS+Microprocessor+with+Six-Stage+Pipeline+Structure%22 |url-access=subscription |quote= Abstract: 32-bit microprocessors are the key devices which carry high data processing capability, that was obtained by earlier general-purpose computer systems and mini-computer systems, in much lower cost. Earlier 32-bit microprocessors were limited to adopt excellent architecture and design using appropriate hardware by number of devices could be fabricated on a chip. Complex functions such as Virtual Memory management and ... }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Kurosawa |first1=A. |last2=Yamada |first2=K. |last3=Kishimoto |first3=A. |last4=Mori |first4=K. |last5=Nishiguchi |first5=N. |title=A Practical CAD System Application for Full Custom VLSI Microcomputer Chips |journal=IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=364–373 |s2cid=7394658 |issn=1937-4151 |doi=10.1109/TCAD.1987.1270281 |date=May 1987 |quote= Abstract: This paper presents a practical CAD system application for layout and verification, resulting in producible full-cutom VLSI microcomputer chips. The CAD system supports three design methodologies--symbolic layout mixed with mask level layout, compaction as an optimizer, and fully automated verification. For the area optimization, the symbolic layout and compactor subsystem supports a flexible description of orthogonal layout patterns with arbitrary dimensions in a loose placement manner. The layout patterns include path data, polygonal data, and symbolic cells. For power and delay optimization, the compactor compacts layout data, decreasing both resistance and capacitance for wires and ion-implanted layers. This feature is pioneering the new generation compactor. Emphasis should be put on the fact that it can compact layout data to a format 10-15 percent smaller than that accomplished manually. The verification subsystem can detect all kinds of errors, more than 30 items. A novel feature of the electrical rule check is that it investigates complementary logic errors for CMOS circuits. The synergy of those three design methodologies has brought about several significant advantages. One is manpower reduction by more than half, in the most complicated design process for unique random logic. The other is a 1600-transistors compaction output, smaller by 365 mils/sup 2/ than that manually compacted. The circuit implementation on a chip works at more than a 15 MHz clock rate. Another is the first silicon success. It has been accomplished in a full-custom VLSI microcomputer chip consisting of more than 100 000 transistors.}}

==External links== * [http://itpro.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/COLUMN/20051201/225552/?SS=imgview&FD=-791347235&ST=system Die photo of the V60; at Nikkei BP (in Japanese)] * [https://www.shmj.or.jp/shimura/ssis_shimura2_19.htm Die photo of the V60]; at Semiconductor History Museum of Japan (in Japanese) * [https://www.freeimages.com/cn/photo/silicon-chip-1564335 Die photo of the V60], mounted on PGA package (much clear, in Chinese) * [https://www.freeimages.com/cn/photo/silicon-chip-with-die-1564477 Die photo of the V60] with PGA packaging, removed ceramic cap (in Chinese) * [http://canoro.altervista.org/cpu/fotogallery2.php?idcpu=necd70616r-16mio Photo of the V60] in PGA packaging w/ ceramic cap shield; glass shield * [http://ozuma.o.oo7.jp/unix/ux-v/ Blog: PS98-145-HMW kit: "PC-UX/V" w/ 15 disks & "V60 Sub board"] for NEC PC-9801 slot (in Japanese) * [https://www.cpushack.com/2015/12/11/akatsuki-dawn-rises-again-at-venus/ Article: V70 in PGA packaging] and the H-IIA rocket (in English) * [http://www.retroclinic.com/leopardcats/vrtwin/vrtwin.htm Photo of NEC V60 CPU board] of the Sega Virtua Racing (in English) * [http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=709 Site: "System 16"] - Sega System 32 Hardware (in English) * [http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=712 Site: "System 16"] - Sega Model 1 Hardware (in English) * [http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=710 Site: "System 16"] - Sega System Multi 32 Hardware (in English) * Original documents for the V60 (μPD70616) & V70 (μPD70632) is available from [http://mess.redump.net/datasheets/nec/ here]. * Datasheets for the AFPP (μPD72691) is available from [http://www.datasheetarchive.com/uPD72691-datasheet.html here]. * [https://www.renesas.com/us/en/products/microcontrollers-microprocessors/other-mcus-mpus/v850-family-mcus Renesas V850 Family web site] * [https://www.renesas.com/us/en/products/microcontrollers-microprocessors/rh850-automotive-mcus Renesas RH850 Family web site]