Raphitomidae

{{Short description|Family of sea snails}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Microdaphne trichodes 01.jpg |image_caption = ''Microdaphne trichodes'' shell |display_parents = 3 |taxon = Raphitomidae |authority = A. Bellardi, 1875 |type_genus = ''Raphitoma'' |type_genus_authority = Bellardi, 1847 |synonyms = {{hidden begin|title=list}} * Andoniinae Vera Peláez, 2002 * Daphnellinae T. L. Casey, 1904 * Pleurotomellinae F. Nordsieck, 1968 * Taraninae T. L. Casey, 1904 * Thatcheriidae Powell, 1942 * Raphitominae A. Bellardi, 1875 (new rank) {{hidden end}} }}

''' Raphitomidae ''' is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.<ref name="Conoidea" /><ref name = Bouchet>Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". ''Malacologia'' '''47'''(1-2). {{ISBN|3-925919-72-4}}. 397 pp.</ref>

Bouchet, Kantor ''et al''. elevated in 2011 the subfamily Raphitominae (which at that point had been placed in the family Conidae) to the rank of family. This was based on a cladistic analysis of shell morphology, radular characteristics, anatomical characters, and a dataset of molecular sequences of three gene fragments. The family was found to be monophyletic.<ref name="Conoidea">[https://archive.today/20120710161524/http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/77/3/273.full Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.]</ref>

==Description== The Raphitomidae is the largest, most diverse and most variable taxon in the Conoidea, with the greatest number of species and the largest ecological range (from the tropics to the pole) and largest vertical range (intertidal to hadal depths).<ref name="Conoidea" />

The shells of species in the Raphitomidae are very variable in shape (buccinoid to ovate, elongate-fusiform, or high-cylindrical) and size (2 to 140 mm in height). Similarly, shell sculpture is extremely variable, from nearly smooth to well developed spiral and axial elements and subsutural ramps. Common morphology includes apertural armature rarely well developed, inner lip usually smooth, no operculum, radular tooth hypodermic in character with marginal teeth of variable morphology (including variable length).<ref name="Conoidea" />

The muscular bulb of the venom gland is always single-layered. The close relationship of Raphitomidae with cone snails (which are already under intensive study for the pharmaceutical applications of their toxins), makes them an interesting candidate for the discovery of new toxins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fedosov |first1=Alexander E. |last2=Puillandre |first2=Nicolas |title=Phylogeny and taxonomy of the ''Kermia''–''Pseudodaphnella'' (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Raphitomidae) genus complex: a remarkable radiation via diversification of larval development |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |date=2012 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=447–477 |doi=10.1080/14772000.2012.753137 |url=http://www.sevin.ru/laboratories/Marine_Invertebrates/fedosov/Fedosov_Puillandre_2012.pdf}}</ref>

Another characteristic is the multispiral protoconch, which shows spiral striae on protoconch I and diagonally cancellated ("raphitomine") sculpture on protoconch II.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yu_Kantor/publication/285309564_Foregut_anatomy_and_relationships_of_raphitomine_gastropods_Gastropoda_Conoidea_Raphitominae/links/565f633708ae1ef92985493b/Foregut-anatomy-and-relationships-of-raphitomine-gastropods-Gastropoda-Conoidea-Raphitominae.pdf Kantor, Yuri I., and John D. Taylor. "Foregut anatomy and relationships of raphitomine gastropods (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Raphitominae)." Bollettino Malacologico 38 (2003): 83-110.]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kantor |first1=Yuri I. |last2=Strong |first2=Ellen E. |last3=Puillandre |first3=Nicolas |title=A new lineage of Conoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) revealed by morphological and molecular data |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |date=2012 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=246–255 |doi=10.1093/mollus/eys007 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eys007 }}</ref>

Some species with a paucispiral protoconch are included in the family. This is usually based on similarities in shell morphology to species having a "raphitomine" protoconch. This determination should also ideally be founded on other attributes, such as the type of radula or foregut anatomy or their lack of an operculum.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Høisaeter|first1=T.|title=A taxonomic review of the Norwegian species of ''Raphitoma'' (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Raphitomidae)|journal=Fauna Norvegica|date=2016|volume=36|pages=9–32|doi=10.5324/fn.v36i0.1839|doi-access=free|hdl=1956/12445|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==Genera== This is a list of the accepted names of genera in the family Raphitomidae (the main reference for recent species is the World Register of Marine Species)<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153879 WoRMS: Raphitomidae]</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''Abyssobela'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1986 * ''Abyssothauma'' Sysoev, 1996 * ''Acamptodaphne'' Shuto, 1971 * ''Acanthodaphne'' Bonfitto & Morassi, 2006 * ''Aliceia'' Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1897 * ''Aplotoma'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name=Criscione>{{cite journal|author1=Francesco Criscione|author2=Anders Hallan|author3=Nicolas Puillandre|author4=Alexander Fedosov|title=Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia|year=2021|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=191|issue=4|pages=961–1000|url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00668/77992/80209.pdf|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa088}}</ref> * ''Asperdaphne'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Austrobela'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * ''Austrodaphnella'' Laseron, 1954 * ''Austropusilla'' Laseron, 1954 * ''Austrotheta'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * † ''Awheaturris'' Beu, 1970 * ''Bathybela'' Kobelt, 1905 * ''Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * ''Biconitoma'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * ''Clathromangelia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Clinura'' Bellardi, 1875 * ''Cryptodaphne'' Powell, 1942 * ''Cyrillia'' Kobelt, 1905 * ''Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Diaugasma'' Melvill, 1917 * ''Eubela'' Dall, 1889 * ''Eucyclotoma'' Boettger, 1895 * ''Exomilus'' Hedley, 1918 * ''Famelica'' Bouchet & Warén, 1980 * ''Favriella'' Hornung, 1920 * ''Fusobela'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * ''Glaciotomella'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * ''Gladiobela'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * ''Globodaphne'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * ''Glyphostomoides'' Shuto, 1983 * ''Gymnobela'' Verrill, 1884 * ''Hemilienardia'' Boettger, 1895 * † ''Hokianga'' Laws, 1947 * ''Isodaphne'' Laseron, 1954 * ''Kermia'' Oliver, 1915 * ''Kuroshiodaphne'' Shuto, 1965 * ''Leiosyrinx'' Bouchet & A. Sysoev, 2001 * ''Leufroyia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Lusitanops'' F. Nordsieck, 1968 * † ''Maoridaphne'' Powell, 1942 * ''Microdaphne'' McLean, 1971 * ''Microgenia'' Laseron, 1954 * ''Mioawateria'' Vella, 1954 * ''Neopleurotomoides'' Shuto, 1971 * ''Nepotilla'' Hedley, 1918 * ''Nodothauma'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * † ''Onoketoma'' Beu, 2011 * ''Pagodibela'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * ''Pagodidaphne'' Shuto, 1983 * ''Paramontana'' Laseron, 1954 * ''Phymorhynchus'' Dall, 1908 * ''Pleurotomella'' Verrill, 1872 * ''Pontiothauma'' E.A. Smith, 1895 * ''Pseudodaphnella'' Boettger, 1895 * † ''Pseudolusitanops'' Lozouet, 2017 * ''Pueridaphne'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * † ''Puha'' Marwick, 1931 * ''Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Rimosodaphnella'' Cossmann, 1916 * ''Rocroithys'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001 * ''Spergo'' Dall, 1895 * ''Stilla'' Finlay, 1926 * ''Taranidaphne'' Morassi & Bonfitto, 2001 * ''Taranis'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''Teleochilus'' Harris, 1897 * ''Teretia'' Norman, 1888 * ''Teretiopsis'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1989 * ''Thatcheria'' Angas, 1877 * ''Thatcheriasyrinx'' Powell, 1969 * ''Thatcherina'' Vera-Pelaez, 1998 * ''Thesbia'' Jeffreys, 1867 * ''Theta'' A.H. Clarke, 1959 * ''Thetidos'' Hedley, 1899 - as a separate genus<ref name="Bouchet 2011">Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'' '''77''': 273-308. {{doi|10.1093/mollus/eyr017}}.</ref> or as a synonym of ''Lienardia''<ref>Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Thetidos'' Hedley, 1899 . Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435335 on 2011-09-02</ref> * ''Tritonoturris'' Dall, 1924 * ''Trochodaphne'' Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 <ref name="Criscione"/> * ''Truncadaphne'' McLean, 1971 * ''Tuskaroria'' Sysoev, 1988 * ''Typhlosyrinx'' Thiele, 1925 * ''Veprecula'' Melvill, 1917 * ''Vepridaphne'' Shuto, 1983 * ''Vitjazinella'' Sysoev, 1988 * ''Xanthodaphne'' Powell, 1942 * ''Zenepos'' Finlay, 1926 {{div col end}}

==Synonyms== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * ''Allo'' Jousseaume, 1934: synonym of ''Taranis'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''Anomalotomella'' Powell, 1966: synonym of ''Pleurotomella'' Verrill, 1872 * ''Aspertilla'' Powell, 1944: synonym of ''Asperdaphne'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Azorilla'' F. Nordsieck, 1968; synonym of ''Teretia'' Norman, 1888. * ''Azorita'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of ''Pleurotomella'' Verrill, 1872 * ''Bathypota'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of ''Bathybela'' Kobelt, 1905 * ''Cenodagreutes'' E.H. Smith, 1967: synonym of ''Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Cirillia'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of ''Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Clathurina'' Melvill, 1917 : synonym of ''Kermia'' Oliver, 1915 * ''Cochlioconus'' Yokoyama, 1928: synonym of ''Thatcheria'' Angas, 1877 * ''Cordiera'': synonym of ''Cordieria'' Rouault, 1848 * ''Cyrtoides'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of ''Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Eudaphne'' Bartsch, 1931: synonym of ''Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Eudaphnella'' Bartsch, 1933: synonym of ''Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Feliciella'' Lamy, 1934: synonym of ''Taranis'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''Fenestrosyrinx'' Finlay, 1926 : synonym of ''Taranis'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''Fusidaphne'' Laseron, 1954: synonym of ''Pleurotomella'' Verrill, 1872 (synonym) * ''Hemidaphne'' Hedley, 1918: synonym of ''Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Homotoma'' Bellardi, 1875: synonym of ''Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Leufroyia'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of ''Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Lineotoma'' F. Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of ''Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Litachilus'' Powell, 1944: synonym of ''Teleochilus'' Harris, 1897 * ''Magnella'' Dittmer, 1960: synonym of ''Mioawateria'' Vella, 1954 * ''Majox'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of ''Gymnobela'' Verrill, 1884 * ''Metaclathurella'' Shuto, 1983: synonym of ''Otitoma'' Jousseaume, 1898 * ''Mordica'' Dall, 1924: synonym of ''Veprecula'' Melvill, 1917 * ''Ootoma'' Koperberg, 1931: synonym of ''Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * ''Ootomella'' Bartsch, 1933: synonym of ''Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * ''Paradaphne'' Laseron, 1954: synonym of ''Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Peratotoma'' Harris & Burrows, 1891: synonym of ''Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of ''Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Pionotoma'' Kuroda, 1952: synonym of ''Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * ''Qii'' Zhang, 1995: synonym of ''Pseudodaphnella'' Boettger, 1895 * ''Rhaphitoma'': synonym of ''Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1848 * ''Speoides'' Kuroda & Habe, 1961: synonym of ''Spergo'' Dall, 1895 * ''Teres'' Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of ''Teretia'' Norman, 1888 * ''Tasmadaphne'' Laseron, 1954: synonym of ''Pleurotomella'' Verrill, 1872 (synonym) * ''Turrhyssa'' Dall, 1924: synonym of ''Eucyclotoma'' Boettger, 1895 * ''Watsonaria'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of ''Gymnobela'' Verrill, 1884 {{div col end}}

== References == {{Reflist}} *Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). {{ISBN|0-915826-22-4}}. XII, 195 pp * {{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Baoquan |last2=Li |first2=Xinzheng |title=Report on the Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) from the China Seas |journal=Journal of Natural History |date=2014 |volume=48 |issue=17-18 |pages=999–1025 |doi=10.1080/00222933.2013.861939}} * {{cite journal |last1=Morassi |first1=M. |last2=Bonfitto |first2=A. |title=New raphitomine gastropods (Gastropoda: Conidae: Raphitominae) from the South-West Pacific |journal=Zootaxa |date=2010 |volume=2526 |issue=1 |pages=54–68 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2526.1.3}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2927060 Casey T.L. (1904) ''Notes on the Pleurotomidae with description of some new genera and species.'' Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 14, 123–170] * {{cite journal | last1 = Tucker | first1 = J.K. | year = 2004 | title = Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda) | url = http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 682 | pages = 1–1295 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1 }} * [http://www.gastropods.com/Taxon_pages/Family_RAPHITOMIDAE.shtml Gastropods.com for images] * [http://www.bagniliggia.it/WMSD/HtmFamily/RAPHITOMIDAELS.htm Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Raphitomidae] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philippe_Bouchet/publication/233186938_Typhlosyrinx_-like_tropical_deep-water_turriform_gastropods_Mollusca_Gastropoda_Conoidea/links/555f1a3108ae9963a1157ebf/Typhlosyrinx-like-tropical-deep-water-turriform-gastropods-Mollusca-Gastropoda-Conoidea.pdf P. Bouchet and A. Sysoex, Typhlosyrinx-like tropical deep-water turriform gastropods (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Conoidea); JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, 2001, 35, p. 1693-1715] * [http://www.sevin.ru/laboratories/Marine_Invertebrates/fedosov/Fedosov_Puillandre_2012.pdf Fedosov, Alexander E., and Nicolas Puillandre. "Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Kermia–Pseudodaphnella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Raphitomidae) genus complex: a remarkable radiation via diversification of larval development." Systematics and Biodiversity 10.4 (2012): 447-477] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191125174317/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Riccardo_Giannuzzi_Savelli/publication/336987681_Journal_of_The_Malacological_Society_of_London_Molluscan_Studies_An_assessment_of_Raphitoma_and_allied_genera_Neogastropoda_Raphitomidae/links/5dbd8ca192851c8180258b94/Journal-of-The-Malacological-Society-of-London-Molluscan-Studies-An-assessment-of-Raphitoma-and-allied-genera-Neogastropoda-Raphitomidae.pdf Fassio, Giulia, et al. "An assessment of Raphitoma and allied genera (Neogastropoda: Raphitomidae)." Journal of Molluscan Studies (2019)]

Category:Raphitomidae Category:Gastropod families