Highland Chinantec language

{{Short description|Oto-Mangue language spoken in Mexico}} {{Infobox language | name = Highland Chinantec | nativename = {{lang|mul|Jmii’}} | states = Mexico | region = Oaxaca Highlands | ethnicity = Chinantecs | speakers = 10,000 | date = 1990–1998 | ref = e18 | familycolor = oto-manguean | fam1 = Oto-Mangue | fam2 = Western Oto-Mangue | fam3 = Oto-Pame–Chinantecan | fam4 = Chinantec | dia1 = Quiotepec Chinantec | dia2 = Comaltepec Chinantec | dia3 = Yolox Chinantec | lc1 = chq | ld1 = Quiotepec Chinantec | lc2 = cco | ld2 = Comaltepec Chinantec | glotto = chin1488 | glottorefname = Chinantec Group V | ELP = 9874 | ELPname = Sierra Chinantec }}

'''Highland Chinantec''' is a Chinantecan language of Mexico, spoken in Comaltepec, San Juan Quiotepec, and surrounding towns in northern Oaxaca. It has a complex system of tone and vowel length compared to other Chinantec languages. The two principal varieties, Quiotepec and Comaltepec, have marginal mutual intelligibility. Yolox Chinantec is somewhat less divergent.

== Phonology == === Comaltepec === The following are sounds of Comaltepec Chinantec:<ref>Anderson, Judi Lynn, Martínez, Isaac H., & Pace, Wanda. (1990). Comaltepec Chinantec Tone. In William R. Merrifield & Calvin R. Rensch (Eds.), ''Syllables, Tone, and Verb Paradigms: Studies in Chinantec Languages 4'' (pp. 3-20). Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref><ref>Silverman, Daniel. (1997). Tone Sandhi in Comaltepec Chinantec. ''Language, 73''(3), 473-492.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Consonants ! colspan="2"| !! Labial!! Alveolar!! Retroflex!! Palatal!! Velar!! Laryngeal |- ! colspan="2"| Nasal | {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || || ({{IPA link|ɲ}}) || {{IPA link|ŋ}} || |- ! rowspan="2"|Stop &<br>Affricate ! {{small|voiceless}} | {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t}} || || {{IPA link|tʃ}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ʔ}} |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|ᵐb}} || {{IPA link|ⁿd}} || || {{IPA link|ⁿdʒ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}} || |- ! rowspan="2"|Fricative ! {{small|voiceless}} | ({{IPA link|f}}) || {{IPA link|s}} || ({{IPA link|ʂ}}) || ({{IPA link|ʃ}}) || ({{IPA link|x}}) || {{IPA link|h}} |- ! {{small|voiced}} | || || ({{IPA link|ʐ}}) || || || |- ! colspan="2"| Lateral | || {{IPA link|l}} || || || || |- ! colspan="2"| Approximant | || || || {{IPA link|j}} || {{IPA link|w}} || |} :1. Parenthesised sounds are loans, allophones, or free variants :2. Voiced stops are frequently prenasalised

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Vowels ! !! Front!! Central!! Back |- ! High | {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|ɨ}} || {{IPA link|u}} |- ! Mid | {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|ʌ}} || {{IPA link|o}} |- ! Low | {{IPA link|æ}} || || {{IPA link|a}} |}

;Tones {{empty section|date=December 2020}}

=== Quiotepec === The following are sounds of Quiotepec Chinantec:<ref>Robbins, Frank E. (1961). Quiotepec Chinantec Syllable Patterning. ''International Journal of American Linguistics, 27''(3), 237-250.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Consonants ! colspan="2"| !! Labial!! Alveolar!! Palatal!! Velar!! Laryngeal |- ! colspan="2"| Nasal | {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || {{IPA link|ɲ}} || {{IPA link|ŋ}} || |- ! rowspan="2"|Stop ! {{small|voiceless}} | {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|tʲ}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ʔ}} |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|dʲ}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} || |- ! rowspan="2"|Fricative ! {{small|voiceless}} | {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|ç}} || || {{IPA link|h}} |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|β}} || {{IPA link|ð}}|| {{IPA link|ʝ}} || {{IPA link|ɣ}} || |- ! colspan="2"| Lateral | || {{IPA link|l}} || || || |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant | | |{{IPA link|j}} |{{IPA link|w}} | |- ! colspan="2"| Trill | || {{IPA link|r}} || || || |}

:1. /{{IPA link|β}}/ is heard as a glide [{{IPA link|w}}] after /{{IPA link|k}}/.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Vowels !rowspan=2| !colspan=2| Front !colspan=2| Back |- ! {{small|unrounded}} || {{small|rounded}} ! {{small|unrounded}} || {{small|rounded}} |- ! High | {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|y}} | {{IPA link|ɯ}}|| {{IPA link|u}} |- ! Low | {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|ø}} | {{IPA link|a}} || {{IPA link|o}} |}

;Tones {{empty section|date=December 2020}}

==References== {{reflist}}

{{Chinantecan languages}} {{Oto-Manguean languages}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Chinantec languages