{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Short description|Genus of lichens}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = | taxon = Pyrenidium | authority = Nyl. (1865) | parent_authority = Zahlbr. (1898) | type_species = ''Pyrenidium actinellum'' | type_species_authority = Nyl. (1865) | synonyms_ref =<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = *''Dacampiosphaeria'' {{small|D.Hawksw. (1980)}} *''Pyrenidiomyces'' {{small|Cif. & Tomas. (1953)}} | subdivision_ranks = | subdivisions = }}
'''''Pyrenidium''''' is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi. It is the only genus in the family '''Pyrenidiaceae'''.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022"/> It has 13 species.
==Taxonomy== The genus was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1865, with ''Pyrenidium actinellum'' assigned as the type species.<ref name="Nylander 1865"/> The family was originally proposed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1898, and later resurrected for use in 2019. ''Pyrenidium'' was previously classified in Dacampiaceae, but molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that this family was polyphyletic, and that ''Pyrenidium'' originated from a lineage distinct from the genera in that family.<ref name="Huanraluek 2019"/>
==Description== Members of the genus have ascomata that are perithecioid in form, often with blue-green pigment in the upper wall of the peridia. Their ascomata are either immersed in the host thallus, or bursting through surface ({{lichengloss|erumpent}}), exposing the upper part of the structure (sometimes still covered by tissue of the host thalli). They have {{lichengloss|bitunicate}} asci that contain from four to eight ascospores. Infection by the fungus sometimes causes gall-like malformations of the host thallus.<ref name="Huanraluek 2019"/>
==Species== {{As of|2022|September}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 13 species of ''Pyrenidium'':<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum"/> * ''Pyrenidium actinellum'' {{small|Nyl. (1865)}}<ref name="Nylander 1865"/> * ''Pyrenidium aggregatum'' {{small|Knudsen & Kocourk. (2010)}}<ref name="Knudsen & Kocourková 2010"/> * ''Pyrenidium borbonicum'' {{small|Huanraluek, Ertz & K.D.Hyde (2019)}}<ref name="Huanraluek 2019"/> * ''Pyrenidium coccineum'' {{small|Aptroot (2014)}}<ref name="Aptroot 2014"/> * ''Pyrenidium cryptotheciae'' {{small|Matzer (1996)}}<ref name="Matzer 1996"/> * ''Pyrenidium hetairizans'' {{small|(Leight.) D.Hawksw. (1986)}}<ref name="Hawksworth 1986"/> * ''Pyrenidium hypotrachynae'' {{small|Y.Joshi (2018)}}<ref name="Joshi et al. 2018"/> * ''Pyrenidium macrosporum'' {{small|Motiej., Zhurb., Suija & Kantvilas (2018)}}<ref name="Motiejūnaitė et al. 2018"/> * ''Pyrenidium octosporum'' {{small|Looman (1963)}} * ''Pyrenidium santessonii'' {{small|Lücking (1998)}}<ref name="Lücking 1998"/> * ''Pyrenidium sporopodiorum'' {{small|Matzer (1996)}}<ref name="Matzer 1996"/> * ''Pyrenidium ucrainicum'' {{small|S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2014)}}<ref name="Kondratyuk et al. 2014"/> * ''Pyrenidium zamiae'' {{small|(Müll.Arg.) Matzer (1996)}}
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Aptroot 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |year=2014 |title=Two new genera of Arthoniales from New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, with the description of eight further species |journal=The Bryologist |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=282–289 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-117.3.282 |jstor=43188669|s2cid=85916369 }}</ref>
<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum">{{cite web |author=Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+ |title=''Pyrenidium'' |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/75YQ |work=Catalog of Life version: Annual Checklist 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="Hawksworth 1986">{{cite journal |last1=Hawksworth |first1=D.L. |year=1986 |title=Notes on British lichenicolous fungi: V |journal=Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh |volume=43 |pages=497–519}}</ref>
<ref name="Huanraluek 2019">{{cite journal |last=Huanraluek |first=N. |title=The family Pyrenidiaceae resurrected |journal=Mycosphere |volume=10 |issue=1 |year=2019 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/13 |pages=634–654|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Joshi et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Y. |last2=Tripathi |first2=M. |last3=Bisht |first3=K. |last4=Upadhyay |first4=S. |last5=Kumar |first5=V. |last6=Pal |first6=N. |last7=Gaira |first7=A. |last8=Pant |first8=S. |last9=Rawat |first9=K.S. |last10=Bajpai |first10=R. |last11=Halda |first11=J.P. |year=2018 |title=Further contributions to the documentation of lichenicolous fungi from India |journal=Kavaka |volume=50 |pages=26–33}}</ref>
<ref name="Knudsen & Kocourková 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Knudsen |first1=K. |last2=Kocourková |first2=J. |year=2010 |title=''Pyrenidium aggregatum'', a new species from North America |journal=Opuscula Philolichenum |volume=8 |pages=71–74}}</ref>
<ref name="Kondratyuk et al. 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Kondratyuk |first1=S. |last2=Lőkös |first2=L. |last3=Hur |first3=J.-S. |year=2014 |title=New lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi from Ukraine |journal=Acta Botanica Hungarica |volume=56 |issue=3–4 |pages=361–368 |doi=10.1556/ABot.56.2014.3-4.11 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277924001}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=R. |year=1998 |title=Foliicolous lichens and their lichenicolous fungi collected during the "Smithsonian International Cryptogamic Expedition 1996" to Guyana |journal=Tropical Bryology |volume=15 |pages=45–76}}</ref>
<ref name="Matzer 1996">{{cite book |last1=Matzer |first1=M. |year=1996 |title=Lichenicolous ascomycetes with fissitunicate asci on foliicolus lichens |series=Mycological Papers |volume=171 |page=149}}</ref>
<ref name="Motiejūnaitė et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Motiejūnaitė |first1=Jurga |last2=Zhurbenko |first2=Mikhail P. |last3=Suija |first3=Ave |last4=Kantvilas |first4=Gintaras |year=2018 |title=Lichenicolous ascomycetes on ''Siphula''-like lichens, with a key to the species |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=45–73 |doi=10.1017/S0024282918000579|s2cid=91709387 }}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1865">{{cite journal |last1=Nylander |first1=W. |year=1865 |title=Novitatiae quaedum lichenum europaeorum variarum tribuum |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=48 |pages=209–213 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56319}}</ref>
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy. Current Name: ''Pyrenidium'' Nyl., Flora, Regensburg 48: 210 (1865) |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=4578 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=N.N. |last2=Hyde |first2=K.D. |last3=Dai |first3=D.Q. |last4=Sánchez-García |first4=M. |last5=Goto |first5=B.T. |last6=Saxena |first6=R.K. |last7=Erdoğdu |first7=M. |last8=Selçuk |first8=F. |last9=Rajeshkumar |first9=K.C. |last10=Aptroot |first10=A. |last11=Błaszkowski |first11=J. |last12=Boonyuen |first12=N. |last13=da Silva |first13=G. |last14=de Souza |first14=F.A. |last15=Dong |first15=W. |last16=Ertz |first16=D. |last17=Haelewaters |first17=D. |last18=Jones |first18=E.B. |last19=Karunarathna |first19=S.C. |last20=Kirk |first20=P.M. |last21=Kukwa |first21=M. |last22=Kumla |first22=J. |last23=Leontyev |first23=D.V. |last24=Lumbsch |first24=H.T. |last25=Maharachchikumbura |first25=S.S.N. |last26=Marguno |first26=F. |last27=Martínez-Rodríguez |first27=P. |last28=Mešić |first28=A. |last29=Monteiro |first29=J.S. |last30=Oehl |first30=F. |last31=Pawłowska |first31=J. |last32=Pem |first32=D. |last33=Pfliegler |first33=W.P. |last34=Phillips |first34=A.J.L. |last35=Pošta |first35=A. |last36=He |first36=M.Q. |last37=Li |first37=J.X. |last38=Raza |first38=M. |last39=Sruthi |first39=O.P. |last40=Suetrong |first40=S. |last41=Suwannarach |first41=N. |last42=Tedersoo |first42=L. |last43=Thiyagaraja |first43=V. |last44=Tibpromma |first44=S. |last45=Tkalčec |first45=Z. |last46=Tokarev |first46=Y.S. |last47=Wanasinghe |first47=D.N. |last48=Wijesundara |first48=D.S.A. |last49=Wimalaseana |first49=S.D.M.K. |last50=Madrid |first50=H. |last51=Zhang |first51=G.Q. |last52=Gao |first52=Y. |last53=Sánchez-Castro |first53=I. |last54=Tang |first54=L.Z. |last55=Stadler |first55=M. |last56=Yurkov |first56=A. |last57=Thines |first57=M. |year=2022 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021 |journal=Mycosphere |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=53–453 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332|doi-access=free |hdl=10481/76378 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
}}
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Category:Pleosporales Category:Taxa described in 1865 Category:Dothideomycetes genera Category:Lichenicolous fungi Category:Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist)