{{Short description|Austrian botanist and lichenologist (1860–1938)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2025}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Alexander Zahlbruckner | image = Zahlbruckner Alexander 1927.jpg | image_alt = Portrait of Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1927 | caption = Zahlbruckner in 1927 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1860|5|31|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Svätý Jur]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1938|5|8|1860|5|31|df=y}} | death_place = [[Vienna]] | fields = [[Botany]], [[Lichenology]] | workplaces = [[Natural History Museum, Vienna]] | alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]] | known_for = [[Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien|Engler–Prantl classification of ''Lichenes'']]; ''Catalogus lichenum universalis'' | author_abbrev_bot = Zahlbr. }}
'''Alexander Zahlbruckner''' (31 May 1860 – 8 May 1938) was an Austrian [[botanist]] and [[lichenologist]] who became one of the early 20th century's most influential lichen taxonomists. He spent his career at the [[Natural History Museum in Vienna]], rising from volunteer to First Director (1918–1922). He became a leading authority through extensive fieldwork across the [[Austrian Alps]] and collaboration with European [[herbaria]].
Zahlbruckner's most enduring contributions include his comprehensive [[classification (biology)|classification]] system for lichens, published in [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] and [[Karl Anton Eugen Prantl|Prantl's]] work ''[[Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien]]'' (1903–1926). It organized lichen [[Family (taxonomy)|families]] primarily by fruiting body [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] and was widely adopted in handbooks across Europe. He also compiled ''Catalogus lichenum universalis'' (1921–1940), a ten-volume global catalogue of all known lichen species that imposed order on centuries of chaotic nomenclature and remains a standard reference for historical lichen literature.
His taxonomic work on Asian lichens, particularly his synthesis of Chinese species (1930) based on collections from Tibet and south-west China, introduced hundreds of new taxa and helped lay a foundation for regional lichenology. His annual literature reviews for Just's ''Botanischer Jahresbericht'' (1884–1931) and editorial work on specimen exchange series also helped coordinate the international lichen research community for nearly half a century.
==Early life and education== [[File:Zahlbruckner_Alexander.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.6|Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1890]] From 1878 to 1883, Zahlbruckner studied at the [[University of Vienna]], where his instructors included [[Anton Kerner von Marilaun]] and [[Julius Wiesner]].<ref name="Pišút 2002"/> His doctorate was formally conferred on 14 July 1883;<ref name="Keissler 1938"/> his dissertation treated [[lenticel]]s in plants. He was the grandson of the Austrian botanist [[Johann Baptist Zahlbruckner]] (1782–1850).<ref name="Pišút 2002"/>
==Museum career and fieldwork== In the same year as his doctorate, he joined the department of botany at the [[Natural History Museum, Vienna|Imperial Museum of Natural History in Vienna]] as a volunteer and became a scientific assistant in 1886.<ref name="Pišút 2002"/> He advanced through a sequence of posts: assistant (1892), ''Custos-Adjunkt'' (assistant [[curator]], 1896), provisional head of the botany section when [[Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau|G. Beck]] moved to Prague (1899), ''Custos'' 2. Klasse and confirmed head (December 1900), ''Custos'' 1. Klasse (1912); he was appointed First Director of the Natural History Museum in 1918, created ''Hofrat'' (an honorary civil-service title) in 1921, and retired in December 1922.<ref name="Redinger 1933"/> Following the economic upheaval that followed the First World War, he was compelled to retire in 1922,<ref name="Pišút 2002"/> though he continued working at the museum until May 1937.<ref name="Keissler 1938"/> He died of cancer on 8 May 1938.<ref name="Keissler 1938"/>
As a young scholar, he studied with leading authorities in Austria, Germany, France, and Switzerland and, until the First World War, spent most summers in the field. He based himself for many years at [[Schladming]] in the [[Styria]]n Alps, where he explored the surrounding [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] valleys and volcanic peaks and built a reputation as an active field botanist.<ref name="Herre 1939"/> He made research visits to many European herbaria and institutes, including [[Geneva]] (the [[Augustin Pyrame de Candolle|de Candolle]], [[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boissier]] and [[Johannes Müller Argoviensis|Müller Argoviensis]] herbaria), [[Munich]] (where in 1908 he compared [[August von Krempelhuber|Krempelhuber]]'s types with [[Richard Wettstein|Wettstein]]'s Brazilian lichen collections), and [[Dahlem (Berlin)|Berlin-Dahlem]] (attending the opening of the [[Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum|botanic garden]] and museum in 1910).<ref name="Redinger 1933"/> Although he never travelled to Tibet or south-west China, Zahlbruckner took responsibility for the scientific study of the Tibetan and [[Hengduan Shan]] collections made by the Austrian explorers [[Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti]], [[Joseph Rock]], and Anton Gebauer. Some of his most influential later papers grew directly from these materials.<ref name="Obermayer 2018"/>
==Editorial work and exsiccatae== Early in his career, he published a first review of lichen literature in 1885. From 1886, he produced a stream of [[Floristics|floristic]] papers, first on [[Lower Austria]] and later on [[Bosnia]], [[Herzegovina]] and [[Styria]], demonstrating his growing taxonomic expertise. Between 1884 and 1931, he produced 48 annual reviews of the lichenological literature for ''Just's Botanischer Jahresbericht''. He also issued specimens in [[exsiccata]] series, including ''Kryptogamae exsiccatae'' and ''Lichenes rariores exsiccati'', and spent his holidays collecting around his hometown of Svätý Jur, where he organized local excursions.<ref name="Pišút 2002"/>
From 1896, he edited [[exsiccata]] series, among them ''Kryptogamae exsiccatae editae a Museo Palatino Vindobonensi'', first together with Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau, and organized the exchange of specimens.<ref name="Triebel & Scholz 2001-2024"/><ref name="IndExs 193363905"/><ref name="IndExs 772640704"/> He began issuing ''Lichenes rariores exsiccati'' in 1902 (already over 300 numbers by 1933). He edited the museum's ''Cryptogamae exsiccatae'' with G. Beck from 1884, then alone from 1899 to 1922.<ref name="Redinger 1933"/>
==Classification work== Zahlbruckner's account presented Lichenes as a self-contained group and divided them into Ascolichenes (asco-lichens) and Hymenolichenes ([[basidiolichen]]s). Within the Ascolichenes he organized families and genera principally by [[fruiting body]] form ([[perithecia]], {{lichengloss|mazaedia}}, {{lichengloss|lirellae}}, or [[apothecia]]) and used {{lichengloss|photobiont}} identity an additional family-level criterion. The account appeared in Engler & Prantl's ''Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (first edition, 1903–1907; revised second edition, 1926) and was widely adopted in handbooks. For the British flora, [[Annie Lorrain Smith]] revised and applied the system in her ''Monograph of British Lichens'' (British Museum, 1911–1926).<ref name="Pišút 2002"/><ref name="Watson 1938"/>
Later work using [[molecular phylogenetics]] (DNA-based "family tree" studies) has reshaped the classification of lichen-forming fungi. A widely used 2016 classification, presented as a reassessment "ninety years after Zahlbruckner", showed that many older groupings based mainly on the form of the fruiting bodies do not reflect close relationships. For example, [[Ostropales]] includes species with several different kinds of [[ascoma|ascomata]] (fruiting bodies), and the traditional split between "ascohymenial" and "ascolocular" lichens is no longer used. The same study concluded that [[lichenization]]—the lichen lifestyle—evolved repeatedly, perhaps 20–30 times, across [[Ascomycota]] and [[Basidiomycota]]. Even so, [[Lecanorales]] and [[Lecanoromycetes]] remain the largest [[order (biology)|order]] and [[class (biology)|class]] of lichen-forming fungi. Although basidiolichens are relatively few, they help clarify broader evolutionary patterns. Overall, the DNA-based results show where Zahlbruckner's framework still matches natural lineages and where later evidence has redrawn the boundaries.<ref name="Lücking et al. 2016"/>
==Major works==
===''Catalogus lichenum universalis''=== In 1916, aged 56, Zahlbruckner began assembling a global catalogue of all known lichens with their full bibliographic trail, a task that drew on his command of German, Slovak and Hungarian and his working knowledge of French, Latin and English. He finished the manuscript in 1918. The first instalment appeared in 1921 and he ultimately published nine volumes during his lifetime, with a tenth (supplement) issued posthumously in 1940. Contemporary colleagues praised the work for imposing order on a chaotic synonymy accumulated since the time of [[Georg Franz Hoffmann|Hoffmann]] and [[Erik Acharius|Acharius]]. The catalogue's lasting value was affirmed by a mid-century reprint in 1951, and it remains a standard point of entry to the historical literature of lichen names.<ref name="Pišút 2002"/> Printing of the ''Catalogus'' supplement began shortly before his death, and the parts appeared posthumously.<ref name="Keissler 1938"/>
===Regional syntheses and other publications=== Zahlbruckner's synthesis "Lichenes. Übersicht über sämtliche bisher aus China bekannten Flechten" ({{gloss|Lichens. Survey of all lichens hitherto known from China}}) (1930) is treated by later authors as a milestone in Chinese lichenology. It drew on roughly 1,050 specimens and included 281 new [[taxon|taxa]]. Most [[type (biology)|type]] material came from the greater Tibetan region of north [[Yunnan]] and south-west [[Sichuan]]: 252 new taxa from [[Heinrich von Handel-Mazzetti|Handel-Mazzetti]]'s c. 850 specimens, two from [[Joseph Francis Charles Rock|Rock's]] 21 specimens and one from {{ill|Gebauer's|de|Johann Jakob Gebauer}} 47 specimens; smaller series from H. Smith and [[George Forrest (botanist)|G. Forrest]] were also used.<ref name="Obermayer 2018"/>
In ''Neue Flechten XI'' (1932) he described ''[[Thrombium cercosporum]]'' from the [[Aksai Chin]] Plateau near [[Surigh Yilganing Kol]], and erected the new genus ''Chaudhuria'' (now ''[[Heterodermia]]'' sensu stricto) for ''C. indica'' from [[Darjeeling]]. A companion note in ''Repertorium'' two weeks later repeated the ''Thrombium'' protologue but named a different collector, reflecting conflicting expedition attributions in the source material.<ref name="Obermayer 2018"/>
Zahlbruckner made three substantial contributions on East Asian lichens that were widely cited in the regional literature for years after their publication: (1) ''Neue Flechten VIII'' (1916), which described new Japanese taxa from the collections of [[Atsushi Yasuda|Yasuda]] and {{ill|Urbain Jean Faurie|fr|Faurie}}; (2) ''Additamenta ad Lichenographiam Japoniae'' (1927), treating 206 species (Asahina's 164 plus Faurie's 42) and introducing about fifty new species or new varieties, with a Japanese summary by Asahina and two plates; and (3) ''Flechten der Insel Formosa'' (1933), based mainly on Asahina's specimens but also using material from Faurie, {{ill|Masasuke Ogata|es|Ogata}} and {{ill|Shun-ichi Sasaki|es|Sasaki}}, covering 81 genera and 260 species, of which about 100 were newly described.<ref name="Satō 1938"/>
His ''Botanische Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentralasien-Expedition 1927–1928'' (1932 [1933]) listed a handful of Tibetan specimens gathered by Walter Bosshard and recorded ''[[Glypholecia tibetanica]]'' ([[Adolf Hugo Magnusson]] as author) as new.<ref name="Obermayer 2018"/>
A further paper, ''Nachträge zur Flechtenflora Chinas'' (1934), treated Rock's approximately 80 specimens from north Yunnan and south-west Sichuan and added 15 new taxa (13 species, 2 [[form (botany)|formae]]). Several of Rock's and Handel-Mazzetti's Tibetan collections were also distributed in Zahlbruckner's exsiccata (''Lichenes rariores exsiccati'' and ''Kryptogamae exsiccatae''), sometimes serving as isotypes. One name, ''Graphis rockii'', was inadvertently issued twice in 1934 with identical protologues (journal and exsiccata).<ref name="Obermayer 2018"/> He also edited the second edition of [[Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst|Rabenhorst's]] ''Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'', recruiting leading European cryptogamic botanists to contribute.<ref name="JBot 1938"/>
Beyond lichens, he published on [[flowering plant]]s, particularly from Bolivia, and cultivated a broad interest in the customs, archaeology and antiquities of the Austrian lands, especially Styria; his systematic studies of the [[Lobeliaceae]] were singled out at the time.<ref name="JBot 1938"/> By 1936, his output came to about one hundred papers, mostly systematic and floristic in scope.<ref name="JBot 1938"/> He also published regional works on lichen-forming fungi of central Africa, South America, China, [[Easter Island]], [[Juan Fernández Islands]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Formosa]], Japan, [[Java]] and [[Samoan Islands|Samoa]].<ref name="Kirk et al. 2008"/>
==Legacy and character== [[File:Zahlbruckner_Alexander_1936.jpg|thumb|right|Zahlbruckner in 1936]] [[Albert William Herre]]'s obituary called Zahlbruckner the most eminent lichenologist since [[William Nylander (botanist)|William Nylander]]—indeed, arguably the foremost since Erik Acharius—and credited the 1907 treatment in ''Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' with cementing his standing. He also noted that, before the First World War, Zahlbruckner maintained the finest private library of lichen literature then in existence; whether he could keep it complete in the straitened postwar years was doubtful. For practising lichenologists, Herre judged the ''Catalogus lichenum universalis'' indispensable because it gave a reliable foundation for the hardest part of systematics—[[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]].<ref name="Herre 1939"/> Later surveys explicitly treat his China/Tibet work as a "third milestone" beside the ''Catalogus'' and his Engler–Prantl classification, because it normalized the Chinese literature and type trail for hundreds of names used through the 20th century.<ref name="Obermayer 2018"/>
Zahlbruckner was fluent in multiple languages, which proved valuable in his international scholarly work. As Herre described it, he grew up "without a mother tongue": he spoke [[German language|German]] with his father, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] with his mother, and [[Moravian dialects|Moravian]] ("Nord Slavisch") with household staff; later he learned [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and several modern languages at school. He never quite acquired an [[English accent]], despite an excellent command of written English, and he enjoyed talking about [[English literature]].<ref name="Herre 1939"/> Colleagues and students sought him out for guidance. Herre recalled that in 1903, when few American botanists would answer his queries, Zahlbruckner was the first to offer real encouragement and practical help. He expected seriousness of purpose—he had little patience for dilettantes—and his criticisms could be blunt, but they came from a deep command of the subject.<ref name="Herre 1939"/> [[File:2008-12-02 Pseudocyphellaria nudata (Zahlbr.) D. Galloway 41253.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pseudocyphellaria nudata]]'' is one the many New Zealand-based species first described by Zahlbruckner.]] Although later molecular work has superseded parts of his morphology-based classification, his ''Catalogus'' remains an important bibliographic resource. In 1985, on the 125th anniversary of his birth, a memorial plaque was installed on his birth house in Svätý Jur. Some secondary sources have labelled him Czech; contemporary records and his own background described him as Austrian. He was from the then Austro-Hungarian town of St. Georgen (Svätý Jur), which had both German- and Slovak-speaking communities.<ref name="Pišút 2002"/> A contemporary obituary described him as kindly and retiring, generous with his knowledge, and as having an apparently unlimited capacity for arduous scientific research and organization.<ref name="JBot 1938"/> The Linnean Society recorded his death as one of the most serious losses to lichenology.<ref name="Watson 1938"/> He was a prolific author of fungus species, having [[species description|formally described]] nearly 1,700 of them in his career.<ref name="Lücking 2020"/>
==Honours, service and memberships== [[File:Zahlbruckner_Alexander_(1905).jpg|thumb|right|International Botanical Congress in Vienna (1905)]] In 1905 he served as general secretary of the [[International Botanical Congress]], held in Vienna.<ref name=SM/> He was deeply involved in the {{ill|Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft|de}} in Wien: he was elected to the committee in 1892; in 1895 he took charge of the library, which he managed for many years; in 1897 he chaired the cryptogamic section, later served as vice-president, and in 1914 was made an honorary member.<ref name="Redinger 1933"/> Elections and honours recorded at the time include the following: corresponding member, {{ill|Société Nationale des Sciences Naturelles et Mathématiques de Cherbourg|fr}} (1895); corresponding member, [[Torrey Botanical Club]] (1897); ordinary member, Royal [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] (1921); foreign member of the [[Linnean Society of London]] (1925); corresponding member, {{ill|Société botanique de Genève|fr}} (1925); and corresponding member, [[Botanical Society of America]] (1929).<ref name="Redinger 1933"/><ref name="Watson 1938"/>
==Eponymy== Several [[taxon|taxa]] have [[eponym|been named]] in Zahlbruckner's honour.<ref name="Hertel 2017"/> These include the genera ''Zahlbrucknera'' {{au|Herre (1910)}},<ref name="Herre 1910"/> ''[[Zahlbrucknerella]]'' {{au|Herre}}, and the following species: ''[[Acarospora zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Samp. (1921)}}; ''[[Arthothelium zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Makhija & Patw. (1995)}}; ''[[Aspicilia zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1971)}}; ''[[Buellia zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|J.Steiner (1909)}}; ''[[Campylothelium zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Werner (1944)}}; ''[[Catillaria zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Fink (1930)}}; ''[[Claudopus zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Beck (1886)}}; ''[[Corella zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Schiffn. (1909)}}; ''[[Cyphelium zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Samp. (1924)}}; ''[[Dermatocarpon zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Hasse (1913)}}; ''[[Epichloë zahlbruckneriana]]'' {{au|Henn. (1900)}}; ''[[Heppia zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Hasse (1911)}}; ''[[Lecanactis zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Herre (1907)}}; ''[[Lecanora zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Lynge (1913)}}; ''[[Lecanora zahlbruckneriana]]'' {{au|Servít (1934)}}; ''[[Lecidea zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Fink (1930)}}; ''[[Leptosphaeria zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Strasser (1907)}}; ''[[Lobaria zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Asahina (1933)}}; ''[[Parmelia zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Lynge (1914)}}; ''Parmelia zahlbruckneri'' {{au|Gyeln. (1927), ''nom. illeg.''}}; ''[[Pertusaria zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Henn. & H.Magn. (1944)}}; ''Pestalotia'' (''Pestalozzia'') ''zahlbruckneriana'' {{au|Henn. (1900)}}; ''[[Pleogropappus zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Redinger}}; ''[[Phyllosticta zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Zahlbr. (1887)}}; ''[[Riccia zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Frey}}; ''[[Sirococcus zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Bäumler (1902)}}; ''[[Sticta zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|de Lesd. (1914)}}; ''[[Thelidium zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Servít (1953)}}; ''[[Umbilicaria zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Frey (1936)}}; ''[[Usnea zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Du Rietz (1926)}}; ''[[Verrucaria zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Zschacke (1933)}}; ''[[Winteria zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Bäumler (1893)}}; ''[[Peltigera zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Gyeln. (1927)}} and ''[[Phaeographina zahlbruckneri]]'' {{au|Redinger (1934)}}.
{{Botanist|Zahlbr.|Zahlbruckner, Alexander}}
==See also== * [[:Category:Taxa named by Alexander Zahlbruckner]]
==Sources== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Herre 1910">{{cite journal |last=Herre |first=A.W. |year=1910 |title=The lichen flora of the Santa Cruz Peninsula, California |journal=Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences |volume=10 |page=129 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8875619}}</ref>
<ref name="Herre 1939">{{cite journal |last=Herre |first=Albert W.C.T. |year=1939 |title=Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner |journal=The Bryologist |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=128–129 |jstor=3239831}}</ref>
<ref name="Hertel 2017">{{cite journal |first1=Hannes |last1=Hertel |first2=Georg |last2=Gärtner |first3=László |last3=Lőkös |last4=Farkas |first4=Edit |title=Forscher an Österreichs Flechtenflora |trans-title=Investigators of Austria's lichen flora |journal=Stapfia |year=2017 |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=164–165 |language=de |url=https://www.zobodat.at/biografien/Flechtenforschung_Austria_STAPFIA_0104_2_0001-0211.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="IndExs 193363905">{{cite web |title=Kryptogamae exsiccatae editae a Museo Palatino Vindobonensi: IndExs ExsiccataID=193363905 |website=IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae |publisher=Botanische Staatssammlung München |url=https://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/DatabaseClients/IndExs/Exsiccatae_IndExs_Details.jsp?ExsiccataID=193363905 |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="IndExs 772640704">{{cite web |title=Kryptogamae exsiccatae editae a Museo Palatino Vindobonensi: IndExs ExsiccataID=772640704 |website=IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae |publisher=Botanische Staatssammlung München |url=https://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/DatabaseClients/IndExs/Exsiccatae_IndExs_Details.jsp?ExsiccataID=772640704 |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="JBot 1938">{{cite journal |title=Alexander Zahlbruckner (1860–1938) |journal=The Journal of Botany |year=1938 |pages=214–215 |url=https://archive.bsbi.org/Journal_of_Botany_1938.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Keissler 1938">{{cite journal |last=Keissler |first=Karl |year=1938 |title=Alexander Zahlbruckner (1860–1938) |journal=Annales de Cryptogamie exotique |series=2 |issue=4 |pages=3–4 |language=fr |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59935319}}</ref>
<ref name="Kirk et al. 2008">{{cite book |last1=Kirk |first1=P.M. |last2=Cannon |first2=P.F. |last3=Minter |first3=D.W. |last4=Stalpers |first4=J.A. |title=Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8 |page=741 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFD4_VFRDdUC&dq=Zahlbruckner+%22Georgen%22+1860&pg=PA741}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Hodkinson |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Leavitt |first3=Steven D. |year=2016 |title=The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota—Approaching one thousand genera |journal=The Bryologist |volume=119 |issue=4 |pages=361–416 [361–365; 370–376] |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking 2020">{{cite journal |last=Lücking |first=Robert |title=Three challenges to contemporaneous taxonomy from a licheno-mycological perspective |journal=Megataxa |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=2020 |doi=10.11646/megataxa.1.1.16 |doi-access=free |pages=78–103 [85]}}</ref>
<ref name="Obermayer 2018">{{cite journal |last=Obermayer |first=Walter |year=2018 |title=A contribution to the knowledge on the lichenological exploration of the greater Tibetan region with a special focus on the impact of Austrian scientists or explorers |journal=Biosystematics and Ecology Series |volume=34 |pages=597–658 [604–613]}}</ref>
<ref name="Pišút 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Pišút |first=Ivan |year=2002 |title=Alexander Zahlbruckner (1860–1938): The author of two historical milestones in lichenology |journal=The Bryologist |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=243–245 |jstor=3244748}}</ref>
<ref name="Redinger 1933">{{cite journal |last=Redinger |first=Karl |year=1933 |title=Alexander Zahlbruckner zum goldenen Doktor-Jubiläum |trans-title=Alexander Zahlbruckner on the golden jubilee of his doctorate |journal=Annales de Cryptogamie exotique |volume=6 |issue=1 |language=de |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11236/?offset=#page=93&viewer=picture&o=download&n=0&q=}}</ref>
<ref name="Satō 1938">{{cite journal |last=Satō |first=Masami |year=1938 |title=Alexander Zahlbruckner (1860–1938) |journal=Shokubutsu Kenkyū Zasshi (植物研究雑誌) |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=489–490 |language=ja |doi=10.51033/jjapbot.14_7_2127 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="SM">{{cite book |last1=Stafleu |first1=Frans A. |last2=Cowan |first2=Richard S. |title=Taxonomic literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Volume VII: W–Z |volume=7 |edition=2nd |year=1988 |location=Utrecht/Antwerpen |publisher=Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema |page=500 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33066840#page/560/mode/1up |isbn=978-90-313-0224-6}}</ref>
<ref name="Triebel & Scholz 2001-2024">Triebel, D. & Scholz, P. 2001–2024 ''IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae''. – Botanische Staatssammlung München: http://indexs.botanischestaatssammlung.de. – München, Germany.</ref>
<ref name="Watson 1938">{{cite journal |last=Watson |first=W. |year=1938 |title=Alexander Zahlbruckner (1860–1938) |journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London |volume=1937–1938 |pages=347}}</ref>
}}
==External links== * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Alexander Zahlbruckner}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015222/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/zahl/index.htm Cybertruffle] – ''Catalogus lichenum universalis'' volumes (archived listing). * [http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?search-author-txt=%22Zahlbruckner%2C+Alexander%2C+1860-1938+%22 OCLC Classify] Publications by Zahlbruckner.
{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zahlbruckner, Alexander}} [[Category:1860 births]] [[Category:1938 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Austrian botanists]] [[Category:People from Svätý Jur]] [[Category:Austrian lichenologists]] [[Category:19th-century Austrian botanists]] [[Category:Botanists from Austria-Hungary]]