{{good article}} {{Short description|Genus of foliose lichens}} {{italic title}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Punctelia borreri (26167464298).jpg | image_caption = ''Punctelia borreri'' | taxon = Punctelia | authority = Krog (1982) | type_species = ''Punctelia borreri'' | type_species_authority = (Sm.) Krog (1982) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }}
'''''Punctelia''''' is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus ''Parmelia'' in 1982. Characteristics that define ''Punctelia'' include the presence of hook-like to thread-like conidia (asexual spores), simple rhizines (root-like structures that attach the lichen thallus to its substrate), and point-like pseudocyphellae (tiny pores on the thallus surface that facilitate gas exchange). It is this last feature that is alluded to in the vernacular names '''speckled shield lichens''' or '''speckleback lichens'''.
''Punctelia'' lichens grow on bark, wood, and rocks. The genus has a worldwide distribution, occurring on all continents but Antarctica. Species are found in temperate to subtropical locations. ''Punctelia'' has centres of distribution in the Neotropics and Africa; about half of the known species occur in South America. The photobiont partners of ''Punctelia'' are green algae in the genus ''Trebouxia''. Some pollution-sensitive ''Punctelia'' species have been proposed for use as bioindicators of air pollution.
==Systematics==
Norwegian lichenologist Hildur Krog circumscribed ''Punctelia'' in 1982. Originally, the genus contained 22 species segregated from ''Parmelia'' based on differences in the development of the pseudocyphellae, secondary chemistry, and phytogeography. The earliest-published member of this group, ''Parmelia borreri'', was assigned as the type species of the genus.<ref name="Krog 1982"/> This widely distributed lichen was first described by James Edward Smith in 1807,<ref name="Smith 1807"/> followed by Dawson Turner in 1808.<ref name="Turner 1808"/>
Before Krog's publication, species with point-like pseudocyphellae, known as the ''Parmelia borreri'' group, fell under ''Parmelia'' subgenus ''Parmelia'', section ''Parmelia'', subsection ''Simplices''.<ref name="Hale & Kurokawa 1964"/> Krog divided ''Punctelia'' into two subgenera: ''Punctelia'' subgenus ''Punctelia'', with hook-shaped ({{lichengloss|unciform}}) conidia and atranorin as a major cortical substance, and ''Punctelia'' subgenus ''Flavopunctelia'', with bifusiform conidia and usnic acid as a major cortical substance.<ref name="Krog 1982"/> Mason Hale later identified ''Flavopunctelia'' as a separate genus with four species, based on conidial shape and chemical traits.<ref name="Hale 1984"/> A 2005 molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed their genetic independence from ''Parmelia'', and established genus boundaries.<ref name="Thell et al. 2005"/>
In North America, these lichens are commonly known as "speckled shield lichens" or "speckleback lichens".<ref name="Brodo et al. 2001"/> The genus name, derived from the Latin {{lang|la|punctum}} ("small spot" or "dot") refers to the pseudocyphellae.<ref name="Elix 1994"/>
===Phylogenetics=== {{cladogram|title= |caption=Phylogeny of ''Punctelia'', using sequences from about a third of its species. Letter labels on the lines correspond to the five monophyletic clades recognized in ''Punctelia''.<ref name="Alors et al. 2016"/> |cladogram={{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%;width:240px; |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |label2=D |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=A |1={{clade |1=''P. guanchica'' |2=''P. rudecta'' }} |2=''P. toxodes'' }} |label2=B |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. missouriensis'' |2=''P. aff rudecta'' }} |2=''P. ruderata'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. perreticulata'' |2=''P. subrudecta'' }} }} }} |label2=C |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. jeckeri'' |2=''P. caseana'' }} |2=''P. pseudocoralloidea'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''P. bolliana'' |2=''P. appalachensis'' }} }} |2=''P. hypoleucites'' }} |label2=E |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. borreri'' |2=''P. subpraesignis'' }} |2=''P. reddenda'' }} |2= }} |2=''P. stictica'' }} }} }} }} ''Punctelia'' is a member of the large lichen family Parmeliaceae.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022"/> In 2017, Pradeep Divakar and colleagues applied a "temporal phylogenetic" approach to define taxonomic ranks within Parmeliaceae, inferring that groups of species diverging 29.45–32.55 million years ago signify distinct genera. They suggested synonymizing the lichenicolous genus ''Nesolechia'' with ''Punctelia'' (its lichen-forming sister group), because ''Nesolechia''{{'}}s relatively recent origin falls within their timeframe threshold for genus classification.<ref name="Divakar 2017"/> This synonymy was not accepted in a review of Parmeliaceae classification soon afterwards. Although the authors (Arne Thell, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and Mark Seaward) recognized ''Nesolechia''{{'}}s place in Parmeliaceae and its morphological reduction in ''Punctelia'', they suggest that "since the parasitic genera appear as sister groups ... synonymization feels hardly necessary".<ref name="Thell et al. 2018"/> Robert Lücking, critiquing the temporal phylogenetic method, also dismissed the proposed synonymy, stating that merging genera based solely on divergence time does not align with taxonomy's need to mirror evolutionary history.<ref name="Lücking 2019"/>
Molecular phylogenetics analysis has refined ''Punctelia'' species identification, uncovering many cryptic species – a growing research trend in Parmeliaceae research.<ref name="Crespo & Lumbsch 2010"/> For ''Punctelia'', ''P. rudecta'' was once considered to be globally distributed across the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a species complex that has subsequently been split into four distinct cryptic lineages with more restricted distributional ranges, reducing ''P. rudecta''{{'s}} range to North America. This study also uncovered five ''Punctelia'' clades, each with unique medullary chemistry: clades A, B, and C have species with lecanoric acid, clade D has species with gyrophoric acid as the main compound, while clade E has two species with fatty acids as the main secondary chemical.<ref name="Alors et al. 2016"/>
==Description== [[File:Punctelia rudecta-3.jpg|thumb|left|Herbarium specimen of ''Punctelia rudecta'' showing rounded pseudocyphellae on a lobe.]] ''Punctelia'' lichens are medium-sized, foliose (leafy), and grey to greyish-green,<ref name="Brodo et al. 2001"/> although collected specimens gradually lose their colour tone.<ref name="Alors et al. 2016"/> The size range for most typical specimens is {{convert|4|to|20|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} in diameter.<ref name="Elix 1994"/> The {{lichengloss|lobes}} that comprise the thallus are typically {{convert|3|–|10|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} across. The medulla is white, while the lower surface ranges from pale to black. {{lichengloss|Simple}}, unbranched rhizines are present that extend to the edge of the lobe;<ref name="Brodo et al. 2001"/> they are usually more or less the same colour as the thallus underside, although individuals with light rhizines on a dark background are not unusual.<ref name="Krog 1982"/>
A major characteristic of ''Punctelia'' is the presence of point-like (''{{lichengloss|punctate}}'') pseudocyphellae on the surface of the thallus. These are tiny pores that facilitate gas exchange. In the genus ''Parmelia'', pseudocyphellae are straight and without a distinct form, and typically situated on the thallus surface (''{{lichengloss|laminal}}'') and/or on the margins (''{{lichengloss|marginal}}''). In comparison, ''Punctelia'' pseudocyphellae are rounded (''orbicular'') and laminal, although in some species the cortex gets pushed around the edges of the thallus, giving them a marginal appearance. Electron microscopy of ''Parmelia'' pseudocyphellae reveals a perforated polysaccharide layer; this layer is absent in ''Punctelia''.<ref name="Krog 1982"/> Pseudocyphellae are termed ''conspicuous'' when they can be viewed with the naked eye, ''inconspicuous'' when a hand lens or microscope is needed to see them, and ''subtle'' for intermediate states where they can be seen only with concerted effort.<ref name="Canêz & Marcelli 2010b"/>
The apothecia (sexual reproductive structures) are {{lichengloss|lecanorine}}, with brown {{lichengloss|discs}}. Ascospores are colourless, ellipsoid, and number eight per ascus;<ref name="Brodo et al. 2001"/> they range in size from 10–27 to 6–18 μm.<ref name="Elix 1994"/> The unciform (hook-like) shape of the conidia is another major characteristic of genus ''Punctelia''. These are short rods measuring 4–7 μm long with one end curved. Although not all ''Punctelia'' species have unciform conidia, this conidial shape only occurs in ''Punctelia''.<ref name="Krog 1982"/> Some species have filiform (threadlike) conidia that are in the size range 7–12 μm long by 0.8–1 μm wide.<ref name="Elix 1994"/> The size and shape of the conidia is an important character in some species; for example, ''P. graminicola'' and ''P. hypoleucites'' are morphologically indistinguishable from each other, and they can only be reliably identified by differences in their conidia.<ref name="Culberson & Culberson 1980"/> Cell walls of ''Punctelia'' lichens contain the alpha glucan polysaccharide isolichenan.<ref name="Elix 1994"/>
Other Parmeliaceae genera that are superficially similar to ''Punctelia'' and have pseudocyphellae are ''Flavopunctelia'' and ''Cetrelia''. ''Flavopunctelia'' species tend to be yellower than ''Punctelia'' due to the presence of usnic acid in the cortex. ''Cetrelia'' is usually larger with lobes measuring {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}}, a dark lower thallus surface, and few rhizines.<ref name="Brodo et al. 2001"/>
Secondary chemicals found in the genus include atranorin in the cortex, and gyrophoric acid in the medulla.<ref name="Krog 1982"/> Lecanoric acid has been detected as a minor component in ''Punctelia jujensis'' and ''P. subrudecta''.<ref name="Thell et al. 2008"/>
===Photobiont=== Most lichen genera associate with a photobiont partner from one algal genus.<ref name="Honegger 2008"/> ''Punctelia'' is no exception to this general rule; it associates with species from the most common photobiont genus, ''Trebouxia''. In a study of photobiont partner selectivity, ''Punctelia subrudecta'' specimens collected from central Europe were shown to have a moderate selectivity, associating with three species of ''Trebouxia'': ''T. jamesii'', ''T. arboricola'', and ''T. gelatinosa'' (the latter most frequently).<ref name="Honegger 2008"/> The photobiont partner for ''P. rudecta'' is ''Trebouxia anticipata''.<ref name="CRC HoL"/>
An investigation centred on the lichen species ''Punctelia borreri'' and ''P. subrudecta'', which are prominent in Europe's temperate and Mediterranean forest ecosystems, confirmed that these fungi predominantly collaborate with ''Trebouxia gelatinosa''. This symbiotic relationship appears to be influenced by the diverse climates of the Iberian Peninsula. While each ''Punctelia'' species has unique associations with specific microalgal lineages, some photobiont lineages are common to both. These shared lineages seem to be region-specific, hinting at a potential influence of local climate on these fungal-algal interactions.<ref name="Garrido-Benavent et al. 2023"/>
==Habitat and distribution== ''Punctelia'' lichens are generally found on bark, wood, and rocks.<ref name="Brodo et al. 2001"/> However, ''P. constantimontium'' and ''P. subpraesignis'' have been recorded utilising cement mortar as a growing surface in Verónica, Buenos Aires.<ref name="Rosato 2006"/> In the biodiverse cerrado forests of Brazil, they are more or less limited to well-lit microhabitats without direct sunlight.<ref name="Marcelli et al. 2009"/> They have a temperate to subtropical distribution with centers of distribution in the Neotropics and Africa.<ref name="Alors et al. 2016"/> Rarely does the geographical range of ''Punctelia'' species extend to boreal and cold mountainous areas; an exception is ''Punctelia stictica'',<ref name="Szymczyk et al. 2015"/> which has been recorded in Greenland.<ref name="Kristinsson et al. 2010"/> Collectively, the genus has a cosmopolitan distribution,<ref name="Elix 1994"/> occurring on all continents, with the exception of Antarctica.<ref name="Alors et al. 2016"/> Only a few species are known to occur in Asia and Australia; in contrast, most ''Parmelia'' species occur in these regions.<ref name="Krog 1982"/> Five species are known from Australia, including two cosmopolitan species and three endemic Australasian species.<ref name="Elix 1994"/> Sixteen ''Punctelia'' species occur in the continental United States and Canada.<ref name="Esslinger checklist"/> About half of the known ''Punctelia'' species are found in Brazil.<ref name="Marcelli et al. 2009"/> Revised accounts of the genus have been published for several European countries in recent decades, including Norway (2000),<ref name="Gauslaa 2000"/> Switzerland (2003),<ref name="Truong & Clerc 2003"/> Denmark (2007),<ref name="Christensen & Søchting 2007"/> Lithuania (2010),<ref name="Kukwa & Motiejūnaitė 2012"/> and Poland.<ref name="Szymczyk et al. 2015"/> Seven species occur in Europe.<ref name="Hawksworth et al. 2008"/><ref name="Hawksworth et al. 2011"/>
==Conservation== {{As of|2023|October}}, only a single species of ''Punctelia'' has been assessed for the global IUCN Red List. Because it has an abundant and widespread population in North America with no sign of decline, ''Punctelia caseana'' is considered a species of least concern.<ref name="IUCN: Punctelia caseana"/>
==Species== thumb|right|''Punctelia appalachensis'' thumb|right|''Punctelia guanchica'' thumb|right|''Punctelia jeckeri'' thumb|right|''Punctelia rudecta'' A recent (2022) estimate places 48 species in the genus ''Punctelia''.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022"/> {{Asof|2023|October}}, Species Fungorum accepts 30 species of ''Punctelia''.<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum"/> *''Punctelia appalachensis'' {{small|(W.L.Culb.) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – United States *''Punctelia bolliana'' {{small|(Müll.Arg.) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – North America *''Punctelia borreri'' {{small|(Turner) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – cosmopolitan *''Punctelia borrerina'' {{small|(Nyl.) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – South America; Mexico *''Punctelia canaliculata'' {{small|(Lynge) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – South America *''Punctelia caseana'' {{small|Lendemer & B.P.Hodk. (2010)}}<ref name="Lendemer & Hodkinson 2010"/> – eastern United States *''Punctelia cedrosensis'' {{small|Egan & Elix (2004)}}<ref name="Nash et al. 2004"/> – Baja California; northern Mexico<ref name="Egan & Ledemer 2016"/> *''Punctelia colombiana'' {{small|Sérus. (1984)}}<ref name="Sérusiaux 1984"/> – South America *''Punctelia constantimontium'' {{small|Sérus. (1983)}}<ref name="Sérusiaux 1983"/> – Africa; South America; Mexico<ref name="Egan & Ledemer 2016"/> *''Punctelia crispa'' {{small|Marcelli, Jungbluth & Elix (2009)}}<ref name="Marcelli et al. 2009"/> – Brazil *''Punctelia diffractaica'' {{small|Kurok. (1999)}}<ref name="Kurokawa 1999"/> – Peru *''Punctelia digitata'' {{small|Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix (2009)}}<ref name="Marcelli et al. 2009"/> – Brazil *''Punctelia eganii'' {{small|B.P.Hodk. & Lendemer (2011)}}<ref name="Hodkinson & Lendemer 2011"/> – Alabama *''Punctelia fimbriata'' {{small|Marcelli & Canêz (2007)}}<ref name="Canêz & Marcelli 2007"/> – Brazil *''Punctelia graminicola'' {{small|(B.de Lesd.) Egan (2003)}}<ref name="Egan 2003"/> – North America *''Punctelia guanchica'' {{small|Alors, A.Crespo & Divakar (2016)}}<ref name="Alors et al. 2016"/> – Canary Islands *''Punctelia hypoleucites'' {{small|(Nyl.) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – Africa; North America; South America *''Punctelia imbricata'' {{small|Marcelli, Jungbluth & Elix (2009)}}<ref name="Marcelli et al. 2009"/> – Brazil *''Punctelia involuta'' {{small|Canêz & Marcelli (2010)}}<ref name="Canêz & Marcelli 2010b"/> – Brazil *''Punctelia jeckeri'' {{small|(Roum.) Kalb (2007)}} – Europe; Mexico *''Punctelia jujensis'' {{small|Adler (1998)}}<ref name="Adler 1998"/> – South America *''Punctelia microsticta'' {{small|(Müll.Arg.) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – South America *''Punctelia missouriensis'' {{small|G.Wilh. & Ladd (1992)}}<ref name="Wilhelm & Ladd 1992"/> – United States *''Punctelia nashii'' {{small|Marcelli & Canêz (2011)}}<ref name="Marcelli et al. 2011"/> – California *''Punctelia nebulata'' {{small|Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1988"/> – Australia *''Punctelia negata'' {{small|(Nyl.) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – South America *''Punctelia neutralis'' {{small|(Hale) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – Africa; Asia *''Punctelia novozelandica'' {{small|Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1988"/> – New Zealand *''Punctelia osorioi'' {{small|Canêz & Marcelli (2010)}}<ref name="Canêz & Marcelli 2010"/> – Brazil *''Punctelia perreticulata'' {{small|(Räsänen) G.Wilh. & Ladd (1987)}}<ref name="Wilhelm & Ladd 1987"/> – Europe; North America; South America; Australia; New Zealand *''Punctelia pseudocoralloidea'' {{small|(Gyeln.) Elix & Kantvilas (2001)}}<ref name="Elix & Kantvilas 2001"/> – Australia *''Punctelia punctilla'' {{small|(Hale) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – Africa; South America; North America *''Punctelia purpurascens'' {{small|Marcelli & Canêz (2007)}}<ref name="Canêz & Marcelli 2007"/> – Brazil *''Punctelia reddenda'' {{small|(Stirt.) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – Africa; Europe; North America; South America *''Punctelia riograndensis'' {{small|(Lynge) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – Africa; South America *''Punctelia roseola'' {{small|Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix (2009)}}<ref name="Marcelli et al. 2009"/> – Brazil *''Punctelia rudecta'' {{small|(Ach.) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – North America *''Punctelia ruderata'' {{small|(Vain.) Canêz & Marcelli (2016)}}<ref name="Wong et al. 2016"/> – Asia and East Africa *''Punctelia stictica'' {{small|(Delise ex Duby) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – Africa; Europe; North America; South America; Greenland *''Punctelia subalbicans'' {{small|(Stirt.) D.J.Galloway & Elix (1984)}}<ref name="Galloway & Elix 1984"/> – Australia; New Zealand *''Punctelia subflava'' {{small|(Taylor) Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)}}<ref name="Elix & Johnston 1988"/> – Australia *''Punctelia subpraesignis'' {{small|(Nyl.) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – South Africa; South America; Mexico *''Punctelia subrudecta'' {{small|(Nyl.) Krog (1982)}}<ref name="Krog 1982"/> – cosmopolitan *''Punctelia tomentosula'' {{small|Kurok. (1999)}}<ref name="Kurokawa 1999"/> – Peru *''Punctelia toxodes'' {{small|(Stirt.) Kalb & M.Götz (2007)}}<ref name="Kalb 2007"/> – South Africa *''Punctelia transtasmanica'' {{small|Elix & Kantvilas (2005)}}<ref name="Elix & Kantvilas 2005"/> – Tasmania, New Zealand *''Punctelia ulophylla'' {{small|(Ach.) Herk & Aptroot (2000)}}<ref name="van Herk & Aptroot 2000"/> – Europe
The species ''Punctelia pallescens'', described by Syo Kurokawa in 1999 as a new species from western Australia,<ref name="Kurokawa 1999"/> is considered synonymous with ''P. subalbicans''.<ref name="IF: Punctelia pallescens"/> ''Parmelia helenae'', described by Maurice Bouly de Lesdain in 1937<ref name="De Lesdain 2014"/> and transferred to ''Punctelia'' in 1998,<ref name="DePriest and Hale 1998"/> was considered by some lichenologists to be a questionable taxon because, according to Teuvo Ahti, "the type material is insufficient to resolve its taxonomic relationship with ''Punctelia perrituculata'' ... and ''P. subrudecta'' ... on the basis of conidial characters".<ref name="DePriest and Hale 1998"/> It is now placed in synonymy with ''P. subrudecta''.<ref name="Krog 1982"/><ref name="Hawksworth et al. 2008"/> ''Punctelia semansiana'' {{small|(W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.) Krog}} is the same species as ''Punctelia graminicola''.<ref name="Egan 2003"/>
==Parasites== Many species of lichenicolous fungi have been recorded using ''Punctelia'' as a host. These include: ''Abrothallus parmeliarum'', ''Didymocyrtis melanelixiae'', ''Epithamnolia xanthoriae'', ''Lichenoconium usneae'', ''Llimoniella bergeriana'', ''Lichenohendersonia uniseptata'', ''Nesolechia oxyspora'', ''Pronectria oligospora'', ''Pyrenidium'' sp., ''Rinodina conradii'', ''Sphaerellothecium reticulatum'', ''Tremella parmeliarum'', ''Trichosphaerella buckii'', and ''Xenonectriella subimperspicua''. One of these fungal parasites—''Xenophoma puncteliae''—is named after its host's genus.<ref name="Etayo 2017"/><ref name="Diederich et al. 2018"/>
==Human uses== ===Biomonitoring=== Some members of ''Punctelia'' have been shown to be somewhat sensitive to air pollution. One research study identified apparent signs of damage on thalli in areas potentially affected by air pollution. The researchers suggested that the distinctive colour changes seen on ''Punctelia'' thalli could result from pollutants affecting the thylakoid membranes of the {{lichengloss|trebouxioid}} algae. This disturbance might cause the release of K+ ions, which then interact with lichen compounds, leading to these coloured markings.<ref name="Garrido-Benavent et al. 2023"/> A study conducted in Spain observed ''Punctelia borreri'' and ''P. subrudecta'' reappearing in areas with a decline in SO<sub>2</sub> pollution.<ref name="Crespo et al. 2004"/> Two ''Punctelia'' species have been recommended for use as element bioindicators in air pollution monitoring studies in the eastern United States. ''Punctelia rudecta'' is suggested for use in cooler forested uplands, and ''P. missouriensis'' for use in isolated woodlands or urban areas.<ref name="Will-Wolf & Jovan 2019"/> Because of the widespread occurrence of ''P. hypoleucites'' in both urban and industrial sites in and around Tandil, Argentina, it has been proposed as a potential biomonitor of air pollution in that city.<ref name="Chaparro et al. 2013"/>
===Traditional medicine=== ''Punctelia borreri'' has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as an alleged remedy for a variety of ailments, including chronic dermatitis, blurred vision, bleeding from the uterus or from external injuries, and for sores and swelling. To use, a decoction was drunk, or the dried and powdered lichen applied directly to the affected area.<ref name="Crawford 2019"/>
===Dyeing=== ''Punctelia rudecta'' can be used to create a dye by a color-extraction with ammonia as a solvent. A pink color is obtained using this method.<ref name="Diadick Casselman 2011"/>
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Adler 1998">{{cite journal |last=Adler |first=Mónica T. |year=1998 |title=Two new species in Parmeliaceae (Lichenized ascomycotina) and new records for Argentina |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=399–404 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0035/002/0399.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="Alors et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Alors |first1=David |last2=Lumbsch |first2=H. Thorsten |last3=Divakar |first3=Pradeep K |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D. |last5=Crespo |first5=Ana |year=2016 |title=An integrative approach for understanding diversity in the ''Punctelia rudecta'' species complex (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0146537|pmid=26863231 |pmc=4749632 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1146537A |doi-access=free }} {{OA}}</ref>
<ref name="Brodo et al. 2001">{{cite book |first1=Irwin M. |last1=Brodo |first2=Sylvia Duran |last2=Sharnoff |first3=Stephen |last3=Sharnoff |title=Lichens of North America |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=605–606 |isbn=978-0300082494}}</ref>
<ref name="Canêz & Marcelli 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Canêz |first1=Luciana S. |last2=Marcelli |first2=Marcelo P. |year=2007 |title=Two new species of ''Punctelia'' from southern Brazil |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=99 |pages=211–216 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0099/0211.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="Canêz & Marcelli 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Canêz |first1=Luciana da Silva |last2=Marcelli |first2=Marcelo P. |year=2010 |title=''Punctelia osorioi'', a new species of Parmeliaceae from South Brazil |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=111 |pages=45–49 |doi=10.5248/111.45 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233626112|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Canêz & Marcelli 2010b">{{cite journal |last1=Canêz |first1=Luciana |last2=Marcelli |first2=Marcelo |title=The ''Punctelia microsticta''-group (Parmeliaceae) |journal=The Bryologist |volume=113 |issue=4 |year=2010 |pages=728–738 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-113.4.728}}</ref>
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<ref name="Christensen & Søchting 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Christensen |first1=S.N. |last2=Søchting |first2=U. |year=2007 |title=Notes on the genus ''Punctelia'' in Denmark |journal=Graphis Scripta |volume=19 |pages=13–16}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum">{{cite web |author=Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+ |title=''Punctelia'' |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/75G4 |work=Catalog of Life Version 2021-04-05 |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>
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}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5236470}}
* Category:Lecanorales genera Category:Lichen genera Category:Taxa named by Hildur Krog Category:Taxa described in 1982