Potoroo

{{Short description|Genus of marsupials}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Potoroos<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 58}}</ref> | image = BroadFacedPotoroo.jpg | image_caption = ''Potorous platyops'' | parent_authority = Gray, 1821 | taxon = Potorous | authority = Desmarest, 1804.<ref name="Desmarest1804" /> | type_species = ''Didelphis murina'' | type_species_authority = Cuvier, 1798<br />(=''Didelphis tridactyla'' Kerr, 1792) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = *''Potorous gilbertii'' *''Potorous longipes'' *''†Potorous platyops'' *''Potorous tridactylus'' | display_parents = 2 }}

'''Potoroo''' is a common name for species of '''''Potorous''''', a genus of smaller marsupials. They are allied to the Macropodiformes, the suborder of kangaroo, wallaby, and other rat-kangaroo genera and is the only genus in the tribe '''Potoroini'''. All three extant species are threatened by ecological changes since the colonisation of Australia, especially the long-footed potoroo ''Potorous longipes'' (endangered) and ''P. gilbertii'' (critically endangered). The broad-faced potoroo ''P. platyops'' disappeared after its first description in the 19th century. The main threats are predation by introduced species (especially foxes) and habitat loss.

Potoroos were formerly very common in Australia, and early settlers reported them as being significant pests to their crops.

== Status == Gilbert's potoroo was first described in the West in 1840 by naturalist John Gilbert. It was then thought to have become extinct until being rediscovered in 1994 at the Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve (near Albany) in Western Australia. Conservation efforts have grown an initial wild population of 30–40 to over 100.<ref>{{cite web | title=World's rarest marsupial fighting back | date=December 2014 | publisher=SBS News | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/12/02/worlds-rarest-marsupial-fighting-back}}</ref> All species of ''Potorous'' are well within the "critical weight range" for mammals in Australia, those weighing from {{convert|35|to|4200|g|lb oz|sigfig=2}} whose trajectory was toward decline or extinction during British settlement.<ref name="Short2004" />

== Etymology == ''Potoroo'' comes from Dharug ''badaru''.<ref>https://www.oed.com/dictionary/potoroo_n?tab=factsheet&show-all-quotations=true&tl=true</ref>

== Taxonomy == A genus of smaller macropodids, it gives its name to the family Potoroidae. The species of ''Potorous'' have been greatly impacted or become extinct since their first descriptions, which has presented difficulties in determining the diversity of the genus. The number of species described by 1888 was five, when a revision by Oldfield Thomas merged this to three species.<ref name="Sinclair1997" /><ref name="Thomas1888" />

The genus was named ''Potorous'' by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest in 1804, an epithet that was replaced by Illiger with the name ''Hypsiprymnus'' and cited by subsequent authors despite the protest of Desmarest. Oldfield Thomas saw no basis for this substitution and recognised ''Potorous'' in 1888.<ref name="Thomas1888" />

The common names for the species include rat-kangaroo, kangaroo rat, and potoroo.

==Classification== The genus is allied with the extant ''Bettongia'' and ''Aepyprymnus'', which along with the family Hypsiprymnodontidae, are informally grouped as the 'rat-kangaroos' of the suborder Macropodiformes.

A conservative arrangement with allied modern and fossil genera may be summarised as:<ref name="Claridge2007" /><ref name=ASM>{{cite web |title=Treeview of Mammalian Taxonomy Hierarchy |url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/tree.html |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=ASM Mammal Diversity Database}}</ref>

* family '''Potoroidae''' ** subfamily †Palaeopotoroinae ** subfamily Potoroinae *** genus †''Borungaboodie'' *** genus †''Milliyowi'' *** genus †''Purtia'' *** genus †''Wakiewakie'' *** genus †''Gumardee'' *** tribe Bettongini **** genus ''Aepyprymnus'' **** genus ''Bettongia'' **** genus †''Caloprymnus'' *** tribe Potoroini **** genus ''Potorous'' *** genus †''Purtia'' *** genus †''Wakiewakie'' *** genus †''Gumardee'' ** subfamily †Bulungamayinae

== Description == The long-nosed potoroo sniffs the ground with a side to side motion near the vicinity of food. Once the long-nosed potoroo has located a possible food source (with its sense of smell), it positions itself to begin excavating with its fore paws.<ref>Vernes, K., & Jarman, P. (2014). Long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) behaviour and handling times when foraging for buried truffles. Australian Mammalogy, 36(1), 128. doi:10.1071/am13037</ref>

The skull of potoroos may be either narrow and elongated, as in the extant ''P. gilbertii'', ''P. longipes'', ''P. tridactylus'', or broad and flattened, a feature of the extinct ''P. platyops''. An external occipital crest is strongly defined, particularly in the males, and there is no apparent sagittal crest in the species cranial morphology. ''Potorous'' skulls have shallow and flattened auditory bullae. The dentition is distinguished by sharp and strong canines, the broad permanent premolars are long and low with a profile that is serrated, concave, or horizontal at the cutting edge. An acutely pointed incisor extends from the long and narrow lower mandible. The dental formula of the genus is the same as other potoroid taxa: I3/1 C1/0 PM1/1 M4/4. Two premolars in juveniles are replaced by a permanent sectorial premolar.<ref name="Claridge2007" />

==In popular culture== [[File:Poto Roo in journal of voyage 1790 John White.jpg|thumb|Illustration by Sarah Stone for John White, 1790]] The first depiction of a potoroo species was published in 1790 by John White in his ''Journal of a Voyage to Botany Bay'', the caption describing the animal as a "Poto Roo". The artwork was produced by Sarah Stone.

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Thomas1888">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=O. |authorlink1=Oldfield Thomas |title=Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). |date=1888 |location=London |page=116 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37986510}}</ref> <ref name="Sinclair1997">{{cite journal |last1=Sinclair |first1=E.A. |last2=Westerman |first2=M. |title=Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Genus Potorous (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) Based on Allozyme Electrophoresis and Sequence Analysis of the Cytochrome b Gene |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |date=1 September 1997 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=147–161 |doi=10.1023/A:1027335907895 |s2cid=27723765 |language=en |issn=1573-7055}}</ref> <ref name="Claridge2007">{{cite book |last1=Claridge |first1=A.W. |last2=Seebeck |first2=J.H. |last3=Rose |first3=R. |title=Bettongs, potoroos, and the musky rat-kangaroo |date=2007 |publisher=CSIRO Pub |location=Collingwood, Victoria |isbn=9780643093416}}</ref> <ref name="Desmarest1804">{{cite book |last1=Desmarest |first1=A.G. |authorlink1=A. G. Desmarest |title=Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle appliquée aux arts : principalement à l'agriculture et à l'économie rurale et domestique |volume=24 |date=1804 |publisher=Chez Deterville |page=20 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57784623}}</ref> <ref name="Short2004">{{cite journal |last1=Short |first1=J. |title=Mammal decline in southern Western Australia – perspectives from Shortridge's collections of mammals in 1904–07 |journal=Australian Zoologist |date=December 2004 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=605–628 |doi=10.7882/AZ.2004.006|doi-access= }}</ref> }}

==External links== {{Wiktionary|potoroo}} *[https://archive.today/20121129234651/http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=66645 ''Potorous tridactylus tridactylus'' — Long-nosed Potoroo (SE mainland)] *https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Potorous.html *http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/bioinformatics/mammals/images/longlive.htm

Category:Potoroids Category:Marsupial genera Category:Marsupials of Australia Category:Endemic fauna of Australia Category:Taxa named by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest