While many Slavic languages officially use Latin-derived names for the months of the year in the Gregorian calendar, there is also a set of older names for the twelve months that differs from the Latin month names, as they are of Slavic origin. In some languages, such as the Serbian language these traditional names have since been archaized and are thus seldom used.

The original names of the months of the year in the Slavic languages closely follow natural occurrences such as weather patterns and conditions common for that period, as well as agricultural activities.

Many months have several alternative names in different regions; conversely, a single "Slavic name" may correspond to different "Roman names" (for different months, usually following each other) in different languages.

Comparison table

The Slavic names of the months have been preserved by a number of Slavic people in a variety of languages. The conventional month names in some of these languages are mixed, including names which show the influence of the Germanic calendar (particularly Slovene, Sorbian, and Polabian)[1] or names which are borrowed from the Gregorian calendar (particularly Polish and Kashubian), but they have been included here nonetheless.

In Latvian and Lithuanian, the Baltic names of the months are preserved, which partially coincide with the Slavic ones, which suggests that some of these names may date back to the time of Balto-Slavic linguistic unity. Latvian and Lithuanian names are also shown in this table for comparison.

Words are colored according to etymology.

Comparison of the traditional names for the twelve months in different Slavic languages[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
LanguageJanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
Belarusian
студзень
studzen'

люты
ljuty		сакавік
sakavik		красавік
krasavik		май*
maj*		чэрвень
čèrven'		ліпень
lipen'		жнівень
žniven'		верасень
verasen'		кастрычнік
kastryčnik		лістапад
listapad		снежань
snežan'
травень
traven'
Ukrainianсічень
sičeń		лютий
ljutyj		березень
berezen'		квітень
kviten'		червень
červen'		липень
lypen'		серпень
serpen'		вересень
veresen'		жовтень
žovten'		листопад
lystopad		грудень
hruden'
лютень
ljuten'
Rusynлютый
ljutyj		цвітень
cviten'		жолтень
žolten'
Russian[a]
archaic		сечень
sečen'		лютень
ljuten'		березозол
berezozol		цветень
(цвѣтень​)
cveten'		липец
(липецъ​)
lipec		листопад
(листопадъ)
listopad		грудень
gruden'		студень
studen'
Old East Slavicстоудѣнь
studěn'		снежѣнь
snežěn'		соухїй
suhij		берѣзолъ
berězolŭ		травѣнь
travěn'		чѣрвѣнь
čěrvěn'		липѣнь
lipen'		сѣрпѣнь
sěrpěn'		версѣнь
versěn'		осень
osen'		листопадъ
listopadŭ		гроудѣнь
gruděn'
Old Church Slavonicпросиньць
prosinĭcĭ		сѣчьнъ
sěčĭnŭ		соухъ
suhŭ		брѣзьнъ
brězĭnŭ		трѣвьнъ
trěvĭnŭ		изокъ
izokŭ		чръвлѥнꙑи
črŭvljenyi		заревъ
zarevŭ		роуинъ
ruinŭ		листопадъ
listopadŭ		гроудьнъ
grudĭnŭ		стоуденъ
studenŭ
Bulgarian
archaic		сечен
sečen		люти
ljuti		сухи
suhi		брезен
brezen		тревен
treven		изок
izok		червен
červen		зарев
zarev		руен
ruen		листопад
listopad		груден
gruden		просинец
prosinec
Macedonian
archaic		коложег
koložeg		сечко
sečko		цутар
cutar		тревен
treven		косар
kosar		жетвар
žetvar		златец
zlatec		житар
žitar		гроздобер
grozdober		студен
studen		снежник
snežnik
Serbian
archaic		дерикожа
derikoža		лажитрава
lažitrava		цветањ
cvetanj		трешњар
trešnjar		жетвар
žetvar		гумник
gumnik		коледар*
koledar*
Croatiansiječanjveljačaožujaktravanjsvibanjlipanjsrpanjkolovozrujanstudeniprosinac
Slovene
archaic		prosinecsvečansušecmali travenveliki travenrožnikmali srpanveliki srpankimavecvinotoklistopadgruden
Slovak
archaic		veľký sečeňmalý sečeňbrezen
(brezeň)		duben
(dubeň)		květen
(kveteň)		lipen
(lipeň)		klasen
(klaseň)		srpen
(srpeň)		malý rujenveľký rujenmrazen
(mrazeň)
ľadeňsečeň
Czechledenúnorbřezenčervenčerveneczáříříjenprosinec
Polishstyczeńlutymarzec*kwiecieńmaj*czerwieclipiecsierpieńwrzesieńpaździernikgrudzień
brzezień (archaic)trawień (archaic)
łżykwiat (archaic)
Kashubianstëcznikgromicznikstrëmiannikłżëkwiatmôj*czerwińclëpińczélnikséwnikrujanlëstopadnikgòdnik
lutikwiecéńmiodownikserzpiéńwrzeseńpazdzérznikgrëdzéń
Upper Sorbian
archaic		wulki róžkmały róžknalětnikjutrownikróžowniksmažnikpražnikžnjencpožnjencwinowcnazymnikhodownik
Lower Sorbian
archaic		wezymskiswěckownypózymskijatšownikrozhelonysmažkižnjojskijacmjeńskiwinskimłośnyzymski
Polabian
extinct		ledemånrüzaczürmånchåidemånlaisemånpąťustemånzeminikhaimånjisinmånvaińamånzaimamåntrübnemån
Lithuanian
non-Slavic		sausisvasariskovasbalandisgegužėbirželislieparugpjūtisrugsėjisspalislapkritisgruodis
Latvian
archaic, non-Slavic		ziemassvečusērsnusululapuzieduliepurudzuviršu
(silu)		veļusalnasvilku

* word of non-Slavic or non-Baltic origin

Croatian months

The Croatian months used with the Gregorian calendar by Croats differ from the original Latin month names. While subject to variation over the earlier centuries, their names and order were standardised in the 1830s through the efforts of the Illyrian movement and its chief linguist Vjekoslav Babukić.[12]

No.Latin nameEnglish nameCroatian nameEtymology
1IanuariusJanuarysijȇčanjfrom cutting or hewing wood[13] but there are also dialectal terms svečan, svičen, sičan with the meaning 'festive', so there is the possibility of the meaning 'festive month' (as there are several holidays celebrated in January)[14]
2FebruariusFebruaryvèljačamonth in which days become longer, oveljiti se 'to get bigger';[15] or 'to wallow, to roll' valjati, to indicate unstable weather[16]
3MartiusMarchòžujaklying month (laž>ož; laž 'a lie'), because the weather changes often[17][18]
4AprilisApriltrȃvanjfrom growing grass, trava[19]
5MaiusMaysvȋbanjfrom budding cornel tree, svib[20]
6IuniusJunelȋpanjfrom linden tree, lipa[21]
7IuliusJulysȓpanjfrom reaping with a sickle, srp[22]
8AugustusAugustkȍlovōzfrom driving a wagon (for harvest) — kolo 'wheel' + voz 'drive'[23]
9SeptemberSeptemberrȗjanfrom an archaic verb for deer roaring[clarification needed][24] or from a poetic word for 'blushing, rosy'[25]
10OctoberOctoberlȉstopādfrom falling leaves — list 'leaf' + padati 'fall'[26]
11NovemberNovemberstùdenīfrom cold, studen[27]
12DecemberDecemberpròsinac'the beginning of the Sun's shining, to dawn' sinuti;[28] or from sinji, greyish blue color[29]

Czech months

The names of Czech months are, as in Belarusian, Croatian, Kashubian, Polish, and Ukrainian, not based on the Latin names used in most European languages. The suffix -en is added to most of the months' names.

No.Latin nameEnglish nameCzech nameEtymology
1.IanuariusJanuaryledenFrom led, 'ice'.
2.FebruariusFebruaryúnorProbably from the word root -nor-, infinitive form nořit (se), 'to plunge, to welter', as the ice welters under the lake surface.
3.MartiusMarchbřezenEither from bříza, 'birch', or from březí, 'gravid, with young', as the forest animals, mainly hares and rabbits, are pregnant at that time.[30]
4.AprilisAprildubenDerived from dub, 'oak'.
5.MaiusMaykvětenFrom květ, 'blossom'. Originally máj, 'May'. The word květen first appeared in Jungmann's translation of Atala from 1805 as a poetism and translation for French lune de fleurs ('month of flowers'), but quickly gained acceptance. Jungmann was probably also influenced by the Polish word kwiecień ('April').
6.IuniusJunečervenEither from červený, 'red', or from červ, 'worm', both related to fruit.
7.IuliusJulyčervenecThe same as červen with a diminutive suffix –ec, lit. 'small červen'.
8.AugustusAugustsrpenFrom srp, 'sickle' - used for harvesting.
9.SeptemberSeptemberzáříFrom Old Czech zářij, from za říje. (See říjen.) Folk etymology derives it from zářit, 'to blaze, glow, radiate, shine'.
10.OctoberOctoberříjenFrom říje, 'rutting', the time when the – mainly deer – males want to couple.
11.NovemberNovemberlistopadLiterally 'leaf-fall'.
12.DecemberDecemberprosinecEither from prosit, 'to pray, beg, to ask, to plead', possibly relating to holidays at this time, or from prosinalý, 'pallid', from siný, 'deep blue', because the sky is usually pallid at this time.

Macedonian months

Main article: Macedonian months

The Macedonian language has two sets of names of the months of the Gregorian calendar. The most commonly used set of names is derived from the Latin month names and these are used by the vast majority of the Macedonian population. However, there is also a set of older names for the twelve months of Slavic origin that differ from the Latin month names, although their usage is archaized and largely restricted to folk literature and religious calendars issued by the Macedonian Orthodox Church.

The origin of the Macedonian month names is closely related to the agricultural activities that occur in the corresponding period, or to the weather conditions common for that period. Some months have alternative names in different regions. The usage of modern Latin month names among Macedonians started towards the end of the 19th century, as a result of mass education.

No.Latin nameEnglish nameMacedonian CyrillicMacedonian LatinOld Macedonian nameTransliterationEtymology
1.IanuariusJanuaryЈануариJanuariКоложегKoložegMonth of burning tree trunks
2.FebruariusFebruaryФевруариFevruariСечкоSečkoMonth of ice
3.MartiusMarchМартMartЦутарCutarMonth of blossoming
4.AprilisAprilАприлAprilТревенTrevenMonth of grass
5.MaiusMayМајMajКосарKosarTime of flowering grasses and shrubs
6.IuniusJuneЈуниJuniЖетварŽetvarTime of maturity of the first yield of fruits
7.IuliusJulyЈулиJuliЗлатецZlatecGolden month
8.AugustusAugustАвгустAvgustЖитарŽitarMonth of wheat
9.SeptemberSeptemberСептемвриSeptemvriГроздоберGrozdoberMonth of harvesting grapes
10.OctoberOctoberОктомвриOktomvriЛистопадListopadMonth of leaves falling
11.NovemberNovemberНоемвриNoemvriСтуденStudenMonth of cold
12.DecemberDecemberДекемвриDekemvriСнежникSnežnikMonth of snow

Polish months

The names of Polish months are, as in Belarusian, Croatian, Czech, Kashubian, and Ukrainian, not based on the Latin names used in most European languages, with the exception of March and May, which were borrowed from the Gregorian calendar.

No.Latin nameEnglish namePolish nameEtymology
1.IanuariusJanuarystyczeńInherited from Old Polish sieczeń, from Proto-Slavic sěčьnь ('winter month of cutting wood'), derived from Proto-Slavic sěča ('cutting wood'), from Proto-Slavic sěťi ('to cut'), with -ty- possibly by influence from the word tyka ('pole, rod, branch, beam').[31]
2.FebruariusFebruarylutyInherited from Old Polish luty, from Proto-Slavic ľutъ ('harsh, cruel, severe').[32]
3.MartiusMarchmarzecBorrowed from Middle High German marz, from Old High German merzo, from Latin Mārtius ('of or belonging to Mars, the god of war'). Displaced Old Polish brzezień.[33]
4.AprilisAprilkwiecieńInherited from Proto-Slavic květьnь, derived from Proto-Slavic květъ ('flower'). Diplaced Old Polish łżykwiat.[34]
5.MaiusMaymajBorrowed from Latin Maius ('of or belonging to Maia, the goddess of growth'). Diplaced Old Polish trawień.[35]
6.IuniusJuneczerwiecInherited from Old Polish czyrwiec. By surface analysis, from czerw ('maggot; red dye made from bugs') + -iec. Diplaced Old Polish czyrwień possibly under influence of marzec and later lipiec.[36]
7.IuliusJulylipiecInherited from Proto-Slavic lipьcь. By surface analysis, from lipa ('linden, lime-tree, basswood') + -iec. Diplaced Old Polish lipień.[37]
8.AugustusAugustsierpieńInherited from Proto-Slavic sŕ̥pьnь. By surface analysis, from sierp ('sickle') + -eń.[38]
9.SeptemberSeptemberwrzesieńDerived from wrzos ('heather') + -eń.[39]
10.OctoberOctoberpaździernikDerived from paździerz ('boon, hurds, shives, shoves') + -nik.[40]
11.NovemberNovemberlistopadInherited from Proto-Slavic listopadъ. By surface analysis, from liść ('leaf') + -o- + padać ('to fall').[41]
12.DecemberDecembergrudzieńInherited from Proto-Slavic grudьnъ. By surface analysis, from gruda ('clod, heap, lump') + -eń.[42]

Russian months

The names of Russian months are used with the Gregorian calendar by the vast majority of the Russian population. The most of names for the twelve months of Slavic origin that is differ from the Latin month names and standardized set of archaic that issued by Old Church Slavonic.

No.Latin nameEnglish nameRussian CyrillicRussian LatinRussian name[a] (archaic)TransliterationEtymology
1.IanuariusJanuaryЯнварьJanvar'СеченьSečen'Month of cutting wood
2.FebruariusFebruaryФевральFevral'ЛютеньLjuten'Month of harshing
3.MartiusMarchМартMartБерeзозолBerezozolMonth of birch
4.AprilisAprilАпрельAprel'Цветень (Цвѣтень)Cveten'Month of blossoming
5.MaiusMayМайMajТравеньTraven'Month of grass
6.IuniusJuneИюньIjun'ЧервеньČerven'Month of gules
7.IuliusJulyИюльIjul'Липец (Липецъ)LipecMonth of linden tree
8.AugustusAugustАвгустAvgustСерпеньSerpen'Month of sickle
9.SeptemberSeptemberСентябрьSentjabr'ВересеньVeresen'Month of heather
10.OctoberOctoberОктябрьOktjabr'Листопад (Листопадъ)ListopadMonth of leaves falling
11.NovemberNovemberНоябрьNojabr'ГруденьGruden'Month of heap
12.DecemberDecemberДекабрьDekabr'СтуденьStuden'Month of cold

Slovene months

Main article: Slovene months

Many of the names in the standardized set of archaic Slovene month names first occur in the Škofja Loka manuscript, written in 1466 by Martin of Loka.[43]

No.Latin nameEnglish nameSlovene nameSlovene name (archaic)Etymology
1.IanuariusJanuaryjanuarprosinec'(sun) shining through';[44][45]
2.FebruariusFebruaryfebruarsvečanperhaps 'dry' or 'cut' (influenced by svečnica 'Candlemas');[44][45]
3.MartiusMarchmarecsušec'(earth) dry (enough for cultivation)';[44][45]
4.AprilisAprilaprilmali traven'small grass';[44][45]
5.MaiusMaymajveliki traven'large grass';[44][45]
6.IuniusJunejunijrožnik'flowers' (a translation of German Rosenmonat);[44][45]
7.IuliusJulyjulijmali srpan'small sickle' (i.e., reaping);[44][45]
8.AugustusAugustavgustveliki srpan'large sickle' (i.e., reaping);[44][45]
9.SeptemberSeptemberseptemberkimavec'nodding (fruit)';[45]
10.OctoberOctoberoktobervinotok'wine flowing' (a translation of German Weinmonat);[44][45]
11.NovemberNovembernovemberlistopad'falling leaves';[44][45]
12.DecemberDecemberdecembergruden'biting (cold)'[44] or 'clumped (earth)';[45]

Ukrainian months

The names of the months in Standard Ukrainian are all derived from Slavic roots with no Latin borrowings. The suffix -ень (-en) is added to most of the months' names. In some regions of Ukraine, Latin month names are used vernacularly, along with the Slavic ones, reflecting the traditional regional calendrical practices of previous centuries.[46]

№MonthsTransliterationEtymology
English nameUkrainian name
1.JanuaryсіченьsichenDerives from Ukrainian: січище, січа – 'place, cleared from trees and plants', which is itself derived from orv: сѣча (of the same meaning).[47] It is a reference to slash-and-burn agricultural practice.[48][49]
2.Februaryлютий (arch. лютень)liutyi (liuten)Derives from Ukrainian: лютий – 'fierce, savage'. It was called so due to an extremely cold temperatures.[50] Both names were used simultaneously up to the first half of the 20th century, but the simplified adjective form prevailed eventually.[51][52][53][54]
3.MarchберезеньberezenDerives from Ukrainian: береза – 'birch'. Birches usually begin to bloom in the end of March, which is also a time of birch sap collection.[55]
4.AprilквітеньkvitenDerives from Ukrainian: квіт, цвіт – 'bloom'. It was called so due to the intensive blooming of most known species of flowers, growing in Ukraine. It also has connections with the birch bloom.[56]
5.MayтравеньtravenFrom Ukrainian: трава – 'grass'. The name comes from various grasses that abundantly cover the earth with green growth in this months.
6.JuneчервеньchervenFrom Ukrainian: червець – 'cochineal', a bug active in the first half of summer. The month used to share this name with the bug previously.
7.JulyлипеньlypenFrom Ukrainian: липа – 'linden'. This name is associated with the exuberant flowering of linden trees and the period of collecting linden honey.
8.AugustсерпеньserpenFrom Ukrainian: серп – 'sickle'. This month marks the start of grain harvest in Ukraine. Sickle is the most known tool used in this process.
9.SeptemberвересеньveresenFrom Ukrainian: верес – 'heather'.[57] Heather is a honey plant, which usually begins to bloom in the start of this month.
10.OctoberжовтеньzhovtenFrom Ukrainian: жовте – 'yellow'. This name comes from the autumn yellowing of leaves.
11.NovemberлистопадlystopadLiterally 'leaf-fall'. It is a combination of the Ukrainian words листя and пад – 'leaves' and 'fall', respectively.
12.DecemberгруденьhrudenFrom Ukrainian: грудка – 'lump'. A reference to snow conditions during the month.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pre-1918 spelling.

References

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  22. ^ "srpanj" (in Croatian). Hrvatski jezični portal. Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
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  32. ^ "luty" (in Polish). Wielki słownik języka polskiego. Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  33. ^ "marzec" (in Polish). Wielki słownik języka polskiego. Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  34. ^ "kwiecień" (in Polish). Wielki słownik języka polskiego. Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  35. ^ "maj" (in Polish). Wielki słownik języka polskiego. Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  36. ^ "czerwiec" (in Polish). Wielki słownik języka polskiego. Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  37. ^ "lipiec" (in Polish). Wielki słownik języka polskiego. Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  38. ^ "sierpień" (in Polish). Wielki słownik języka polskiego. Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
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