{{Short description|Standard for vehicle-to-grid communications}} {{Infobox technology standard | title = ISO 15118 | long_name = Road vehicles — Vehicle to grid communication interface | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | abbreviation = | status = Published | year_started = {{Start date|2010|df=y}} | first_published = {{Start date|2014|df=y}} | version = Edition 2 | version_date = 2019 | preview = | preview_date = | organization = International Standards Organisation | committee = [https://www.iso.org/committee/5383568.html ISO/TC22/SC31 Data Communication] | series = | editors = | authors = | base_standards = | related_standards = | predecessor = | successor = | domain = | license = | copyright = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''ISO 15118''' ''Road vehicles -- Vehicle to grid communication interface'' is an international standard defining a vehicle to grid (V2G) communication interface for bi-directional charging/discharging of electric vehicles (EVs).<ref name=ISO15118-1;2019/> The standard provides multiple use cases like secure communication, smart charging and the '''Plug & Charge''' feature used by some electric vehicle networks.<ref name="SecTec">{{cite web |title=Electric Vehicle Charging Open Payment Framework with ISO 15118 |url=https://www.securetechalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/EV-Charging-Open-Pmt-Framework-WP-FINAL2-Feb-2021.pdf |publisher=Secure Technology Alliance |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210602131321/https://www.securetechalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/EV-Charging-Open-Pmt-Framework-WP-FINAL2-Feb-2021.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2021 |date=February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
== Overview == ISO 15118 is one of the International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) group of standards for electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks, and is the responsibility of Joint Working Group 1 (JWG1 V2G) of IEC Technical Committee 69 (TC69)<ref>[http://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:20:5560942192253::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:1255,25 IEC Technical Committee 69]</ref> together with subcommittee 31 (SC31)<ref>[https://www.iso.org/committee/5383568.html ISO technical committee 22 subcommittee 31]</ref> of the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) Technical Committee 22 (TC22)<ref>[https://www.iso.org/committee/46706.html ISO technical committee 22]</ref> on road vehicles.
ISO and IEC began working together on the standard in 2010,<ref name="Multin1">{{cite web |last1=Mültin<!--co-author of ISO 15118--> |first1=Marc |title=What is ISO 15118? {{!}} Switch |url=https://www.switch-ev.com/knowledgebase/what-is-iso-15118 |website=www.switch-ev.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211023123114/https://www.switch-ev.com/knowledgebase/what-is-iso-15118 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |date=6 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a Plug & Charge section was released in 2014. No automakers had a productive implementation of the standard by 2018.<ref name="Berman">{{cite web |last1=Berman |first1=Bradley |date=11 August 2020 |title=ISO EV Plug and Charge standard faces security concerns |url=https://www.sae.org/news/2020/08/iso-ev-plug-and-charge-standard-faces-security-concerns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813233411/https://www.sae.org/news/2020/08/iso-ev-plug-and-charge-standard-faces-security-concerns |archive-date=13 August 2020 |website=www.sae.org |publisher=SAE International |language=en}}</ref>{{update after|2022|10|3}}<!-- it's now 2022, are any automakers using this standard? what "standard" is the Ford Lightning truck using for its V2G design, if any? -->
== Plug & Charge == thumb|Plug and Charge logo (2022) The Plug & Charge feature envisioned by ISO 15118 enables an electric vehicle to automatically identify and authorize itself to a compatible charging station. This makes it convenient for the driver, to receive energy for recharging the vehicle's battery. The only action required by the driver is to plug the charging cable into the EV and/or charging station, because the car and the station identify each other by exchanging public key certificates to facilitate payment.<ref name="miss">{{cite web |title=Plug&Charge: The missing link to a breakthrough |url=https://www.electrive.com/2020/12/15/plugcharge-the-missing-link-to-a-breakthrough/ |website=electrive.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211026174044/https://www.electrive.com/2020/12/15/plugcharge-the-missing-link-to-a-breakthrough/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |date=15 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> An open test system accessible through the internet was launched in November 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubject launces Plug&Charge testing system |url=https://www.electrive.com/2021/11/17/hubject-launces-plugcharge-testing-system/ |website=electrive.com |date=17 November 2021}}</ref> The proposed standard can be used for both wired (AC and DC charging) and wireless charging for electric vehicles.<ref name="Multin2">{{cite web |last1=Mültin |first1=Marc |title=The basics of Plug & Charge {{!}} Switch |url=https://www.switch-ev.com/knowledgebase/basics-of-plug-and-charge |website=www.switch-ev.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210903151905/https://www.switch-ev.com/knowledgebase/basics-of-plug-and-charge |date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Some 2021 model year EVs support the Plug & Charge standard, including the Porsche Taycan, Mercedes-Benz EQS,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercedes EQS: So funktioniert Plug and Charge |url=https://insideevs.de/news/523584/mercedes-eqs-plug-and-charge/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=InsideEVs Deutschland |language=de}}</ref> Lucid Air, and Ford Mustang Mach-E.<ref name=TechRepublic20210513>{{cite news |title=How the plug-and-charge feature in the Ford Mustang Mach-E works |work=TechRepublic |date=13 May 2021 |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-the-plug-and-charge-feature-in-the-ford-mustang-mach-e-works/ |access-date=22 October 2021 }}</ref> Model year 2024 EVs include BMW i4, BMW i5, BMW i7, BMW iX,<ref>{{Cite web |title= Plug and Charge Eligibility |url=https://www.bmwusa.com/modals/plug-and-charge.html/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=BMW USA|language=en}}</ref> Hyundai Ioniq 5 and Hyundai Ioniq 6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plug & Charge with Charge myHyundai makes EV charging more convenient and secure |url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/articles/press-releases/plug-and-charge-with-charge-myhyundai.html/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Hyundai News |language=en}}</ref>
Other manufacturers such as Volkswagen updated their ID family vehicles (such as the ID.4 and the ID.5) to support Plug & Charge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convenient, networked and sustainable: new solutions for charging electric Volkswagen models |url=https://www.volkswagen-newsroom.com:443/en/press-releases/convenient-networked-and-sustainable-new-solutions-for-charging-electric-volkswagen-models-7695 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Volkswagen Newsroom |language=en}}</ref> Some cars need hardware updates.<ref name=Schaal/>
All Tesla vehicles since 2012 (before the release of ISO 15118-2 in 2014) have a proprietary version of Plug & Charge.<ref name="Berman"/><ref name=Schaal/> Other proprietary solutions exist, such as those developed by Paua.<ref name="Current">{{cite web |last1=Grundy |first1=Alice |date=2021-08-17 |title=Paua heralds plug & charge as the 'future of EV charging' as it delivers successful trial |url=https://www.current-news.co.uk/news/paua-heralds-plug-charge-as-the-future-of-ev-charging-as-it-delivers-successful-trial-1 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Current News }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paua {{!}} Making EV charging easier for business |url=https://www.paua.com/article/paua-plug-charge |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.paua.com |language=en}}</ref> <!--compatibility unclear-->
Besides Tesla, alternatives to Plug & Charge exist including "Autocharge", which is based on DIN Spec 70121 (Combined Charging System - CCS)<ref name="DINSPEC">{{cite web |title=DIN SPEC 70121. Electromobility - Digital communication between a d.c. EV charging station and an electric vehicle for control of d.c. charging in the Combined Charging System (CCS)|url=https://www.en-standard.eu/din-spec-70121-electromobility-digital-communication-between-a-d-c-ev-charging-station-and-an-electric-vehicle-for-control-of-d-c-charging-in-the-combined-charging-system-text-in-english/ |publisher=European Standards |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The battle between ISO 15118 and DIN SPEC 70121 |url=https://www.switch-ev.com/news-and-events/the-battle-between-iso-15118-and-din-spec-70121 |last=Mültin |first=Marc |date=18 November 2017 |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=Switch-ev.com |publisher=Switch EV Ltd.}}</ref> using the car's fixed MAC address. For the end-user, the functionality is similar but tied to the specific operator and their charging rates. Autocharge has been used for many years i.e. at the charging stations of Fastned and lately of Voltrelli. In the market, Autocharge is considered a less secure mechanism than Plug & Charge because of the missing certificate chain. Cars from the Volkswagen Group even have had a software update to 'break' this functionality. While Autocharge worked flawlessly at the launch of the ID.3 model, Volkswagen switched to variable MAC addresses and therefore these cars can no longer be used with Autocharge. Some say this is for commercial reasons because the Volkswagen Group heavily invested in Plug & Charge. If Autocharge would become a big success then the need for the development of Plug & Charge would be minimized.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Klingenberg |first1=Mathias |title=Teknologien kan gi en Tesla-opplevelse ved ladestasjonen. Men en av verdens største bilprodusenter vil ikke være med |url=https://www.tu.no/artikler/denne-teknologien-kan-gi-tesla-opplevelsen-ved-ladestasjonen-men-en-stor-bilprodusent-glimrer-med-sitt-fravaer/520185 |website=Tu.no |publisher=Teknisk Ukeblad |language=no |date=20 June 2022 }}</ref>
== Secure communications and public key infrastructure== ISO 15118 communication between an electric vehicle (EV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) can be made secure with a connection using Transport Layer Security (TLS). This is mandatory for Plug & Charge applications. The standard describes how "V2G-PKI" (Vehicle-to-grid - Public Key Infrastructure) needs to be set up to support this. The company Hubject provided the first working V2G-PKI in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-17 |title=Hubject & Daimler ermöglichen Laden ohne Karte oder App |url=https://www.electrive.net/2018/04/17/hubject-daimler-ermoeglichen-laden-ohne-karte-oder-app/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=electrive.net |language=de-DE}}</ref> and the related ecosystem for the European Union and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-09 |title=Plug&Charge: Electrify America kooperiert mit Hubject |url=https://www.electrive.net/2019/01/09/plugcharge-electrify-america-kooperiert-mit-hubject/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=electrive.net |language=de-DE}}</ref> Several other companies were working on V2G-PKI solutions among which CharIn and Gireve. Nevertheless, charge station operators and automakers can also handle the certificates if they are based on the ISO 15118 standard.<ref name="Berman" /><ref name="TechRepublic20210513" /><ref name="Schaal">{{cite web |last1=Schaal |first1=Sebastian |author2=Carrie Hampel |date=15 December 2020 |title=Plug&Charge: The missing link to a breakthrough |url=https://www.electrive.com/2020/12/15/plugcharge-the-missing-link-to-a-breakthrough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012123725/https://www.electrive.com/2020/12/15/plugcharge-the-missing-link-to-a-breakthrough/ |archive-date=12 October 2021 |website=electrive.com}}</ref>
{{As of|2019}} and 2020, several Public Key Infrastructure issues remained unsolved for using the standard as proposed.<ref name="cp2019">{{cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Practical Considerations for Implementation and Scaling ISO 15118 into a Secure EV Charging Ecosystem |url=https://www.chargepoint.com/files/15118whitepaper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122084411/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e4f9d80c0af800afd6a8048/t/6009b312cc29ce2d51b1a1d5/1611248404435/Brochure_ISO15118_A4_v12+(1).pdf |archive-date=22 January 2021 |publisher=ChargePoint, DigiCert, Eonti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ChargeUpEurope perspective |url=https://www.chargeupeurope.eu/s/Brochure_ISO15118_A4_v12-1.pdf |publisher=ChargeUp Europe |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e4f9d80c0af800afd6a8048/t/6009b312cc29ce2d51b1a1d5/1611248404435/Brochure_ISO15118_A4_v12%2B%281%29.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Berman" /><ref name="Schaal" />{{clarify|what are the unsolved issues?|date=October 2022}}
== Standard documents == ISO 15118 consists of the following parts, detailed in separate standard documents: * ISO 15118-1: General information and use-case definition<ref name=ISO15118-1;2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/69113.html |title=ISO 15118-1:2019 Road vehicles — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 1: General information and use-case definition |website=ISO |date=April 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190826041637/https://www.iso.org/standard/69113.html |archive-date=26 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> * ISO 15118-2: Network and application protocol requirements<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/05/53/55366.html |title=ISO 15118-2:2014 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 2: Network and application protocol requirements |website=ISO}}</ref> * ISO 15118-3: Physical and data link layer requirements<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/05/96/59675.html |title=ISO 15118-3:2015 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 3: Physical and data link layer requirements |website=ISO}}</ref> * ISO 15118-4: Network and application protocol conformance test<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/61724.html |title=ISO 15118-4:2018 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 4: Network and application protocol conformance test |website=ISO}}</ref> * ISO 15118-5: Physical and data link layer conformance test<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/17/61725.html |title=ISO 15118-5:2018 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 5: Physical layer and data link layer conformance test |website=ISO}}</ref> * ISO 15118-6: General information and use-case definition for wireless communication (not developed, merged with 2nd edition of ISO 15118-1) * ISO 15118-7: Network and application protocol requirements for wireless communication (not developed, merged with ISO 15118–20) * ISO 15118-8: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for wireless communication<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/08/05/80525.html |title=ISO 15118-8:2020 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 8: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for wireless communication |website=ISO}}</ref> * ISO 15118-9: Physical and data link layer conformance test for wireless communication<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/47/74779.html |title=ISO 15118-9:2022 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 9: Physical and data link layer conformance test for wireless communication |website=ISO |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref> *ISO 15118-10: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for single-pair Ethernet<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/contents/data/standard/08/56/85604.html |title=ISO 15118-10:2025 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 10: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for single-pair Ethernet |website=ISO |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref> *ISO 15118-11: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for single-pair conformance test plan (under development)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/contents/data/standard/08/87/88746.html |title=ISO/AWI 15118-11 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 11: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for single-pair conformance test plan |website=ISO}}</ref> *ISO 15118-12: Requirements of message exchange for value-added service-based battery information between EVCC and SECC (under development)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/contents/data/standard/09/30/93068.html |title=ISO/AWI PAS 15118-12 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 12: Requirements of message exchange for value-added service-based battery information between EVCC and SECC |website=ISO}}</ref> *ISO 15118-20: 2nd generation network layer and application layer requirements (being amended)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/78/77845.html |title=ISO 15118-20:2022 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 20: 2nd generation network layer and application layer requirements |website=ISO |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref> *ISO 15118-21: Common 2nd generation network layer and application layer requirements conformance test plan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/08/41/84170.html |title=ISO 15118-21:2025 — Vehicle to grid communication interface — Part 21: Common 2nd generation network layer and application layer requirements conformance test plan |website=ISO |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref>
== Heavy duty vehicles == ISO 15118 is also used as communication protocol for charging of heavy duty vehicles such as: * Harbor Automated Guided Vehicles <ref>https://www.globalpsa.com/assets/uploads/nr160620.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> * Buses and lorries <ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric transport in the Netherlands - 2016 highlights |url=https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2017/04/Highlights-2016-Electric-transport-in-the-Netherlands-RVO.nl_.pdf |publisher=Netherlands Enterprise Agency |date=2016 |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref>
When using the ISO 15118 in a commercial operation the use of WLAN (ISO 15118-8) must be considered carefully since there is no way to guarantee operation uptime when using wireless communication based on WLAN.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} For these situations the same protocol as for passenger car charging can be used (ISO 15118-2).
== References == {{Reflist}}
== See also == * Combined Charging System (CCS) * IEC 61850 - Communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at electrical substations * IEC 61851 - Standard for electric vehicle conductive charging systems * IEC 63110 - Protocol for the management of electric vehicles charging and discharging infrastructure * OCPP - An application protocol for communication between Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations and a central management system, also known as a charging station network
{{ISO standards}} {{Electric vehicles}}
#15118