{{Short description|Clade of amphibians}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = Late Jurassic–recent, {{Fossil range|155.7|0|ref=<ref name=fossilworks/>}} | image = Pipa pipa01.jpg | image_caption = ''Pipa pipa'', the common Suriname toad (Pipidae) | image2 = Rhinophrynus dorsalis 41521805.jpg | image2_caption = The Mexican burrowing toad ''Rhinophrynus dorsalis'' (Rhinophrynidae) | taxon = Pipoidea | authority = Laurent ''in'' Fuhn, 1960 | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision_ref = <ref name="Ford and Cannatella"/> | subdivision = See text }}
'''Pipoidea''' are a clade of frogs, that contains the most recent common ancestor of living Pipidae and Rhinophrynidae as well as all its descendants.<ref name="Ford and Cannatella" /> It is broadly equivalent to '''Xenoanura'''.
== Description == The synapomorphies that define Pipoidea are the absence of mentomeckelian bones, absence of lateral alae of the parasphenoid, fusion of the frontoparietals into an azygous element, greatly enlarged otic capsules, and a tadpole with paired spiracles and which lacks beaks and denticles.<ref name="Ford and Cannatella" /><ref name="tree-of-life" /> Later genetic work has supported Pipoidea as a monophyletic group.<ref name="FrostEtAl2006" />
== Taxonomy == In 1993 Pipoidea was defined by Ford and Cannatella as a node-based taxon.<ref name="Ford and Cannatella" /> It has variously been defined as a suborder (original definition),<ref name="Frost" /> superfamily,<ref name="fossilworks">{{cite web |title=Superfamily Pipoidea Fitzinger 1843 |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=68504 |access-date=17 December 2021 |work=Paleobiology Database |publisher=Fossilworks}}</ref> or an unranked clade.<ref name="Ford and Cannatella" /> There is no single, authoritative higher-level classification of frogs, and Vitt and Caldwell (2014) use name '''Xenoanura''' for a similar clade, skipping Pipoidea altogether,<ref name="VittCaldwell" /> as did Frost ''et al.'' (2006).<ref name="FrostEtAl2006" />
The oldest record of the group is ''Rhadinosteus'' from the Late Jurassic of North America, which is more closely related to Rhinophrynidae than to Pipidae.<ref name="Henrici 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Henrici |first1=Amy C. |title=A new pipoid anuran from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=15 June 1998 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=321–332 |doi=10.1080/02724634.1998.10011060 |language=en |issn=0272-4634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blackburn |first1=David C. |last2=Roberts |first2=Lauren |last3=Vallejo-Pareja |first3=María C. |last4=Stanley |first4=Edward L. |date=2019-12-05 |title=First Record of the Anuran Family Rhinophrynidae from the Oligocene of Eastern North America |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=53 |issue=4 |page=316 |doi=10.1670/19-044 |issn=0022-1511 |s2cid=209655002 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The oldest records of Pipimorpha (which contains all pipoids more closely related to Pipidae than to Rhinophrynidae) are ''Aygroua anoualensis''<ref name="Jones et al. 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Marc E. H. |last2=Evans |first2=Susan E. |last3=Sigogneau-Russell |first3=Denise |title=Early Cretaceous frogs from Morocco |journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum |date=2003 |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=65–97}}</ref><ref name="Lemierre et al. 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Lemierre |first1=Alfred |last2=Bailon |first2=Salvador |last3=Folie |first3=Annelise |last4=Laurin |first4=Michel |title=A new pipid from the Cretaceous of Africa (In Becetèn, Niger) and early evolution of the Pipidae |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=January 2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2266428 |language=en |issn=1477-2019}}</ref> from the Tithonian or Berriasian,<ref name="Lasseron et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Lasseron |first1=Maxime |last2=Allain |first2=Ronan |last3=Gheerbrant |first3=Emmanuel |last4=Haddoumi |first4=Hamid |last5=Jalil |first5=Nour-Eddine |last6=Métais |first6=Grégoire |last7=Rage |first7=Jean-Claude |last8=Vullo |first8=Romain |last9=Zouhri |first9=Samir |title=New data on the microvertebrate fauna from the Upper Jurassic or lowest Cretaceous of Ksar Metlili (Anoual Syncline, eastern Morocco) |journal=Geological Magazine |date=March 2020 |volume=157 |issue=3 |pages=367–392 |doi=10.1017/S0016756819000761 |language=en |issn=0016-7568}}</ref> ''Neusibatrachus'' and ''Gracilibatrachus'' from the Early Cretaceous of Spain,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gómez |first1=Raúl O. |last2=Lires |first2=Andres I. |date=October 2019 |title=High ecomorphological diversity among Early Cretaceous frogs from a large subtropical wetland of Iberia |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |language=en |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=711–723 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2019.07.005 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/148671}}</ref> with other records of the group known from Afro-Arabia and South America like modern Pipidae.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Rolando |first1=Alexis M. Aranciaga |last2=Agnolin |first2=Federico L. |last3=Corsolini |first3=Julián |date=October 2019 |title=A new pipoid frog (Anura, Pipimorpha) from the Paleogene of Patagonia. Paleobiogeographical implications |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |language=en |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=725–734 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2019.04.003 |doi-access=}}</ref> The extinct pipimorph family Palaeobatrachidae, particularly the genus ''Palaeobatrachus'' were widespread and abundant in Europe during the Cenozoic, until their extinction during the Middle Pleistocene around 500,000 years ago due to being unable to cope with the increasing aridity and freezing temperatures of the ice ages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wuttke |first1=Michael |last2=Přikryl |first2=Tomáš |last3=Ratnikov |first3=Viacheslav Yu. |last4=Dvořák |first4=Zdeněk |last5=Roček |first5=Zbyněk |date=September 2012 |title=Generic diversity and distributional dynamics of the Palaeobatrachidae (Amphibia: Anura) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12549-012-0071-y |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |language=en |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=367–395 |doi=10.1007/s12549-012-0071-y |issn=1867-1594 |s2cid=130080167|url-access=subscription |hdl=11104/0208764 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Taxonomy after A. M. Aranciaga Rolando et al. 2019<ref name=":02" />
* Rhinophrynidae Late Jurassic-Present * Pipimorpha Ford and Cannatella, 1993 ** †''Neusibatrachus'' Seiffert 1972 La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation, Spain, Early Cretaceous (Barremian) ** †''Gracilibatrachus'' Baez 2013 Las Hoyas, Spain, Early Cretaceous (Barremian) ** †''Nevobatrachus'' <small>Mahony, 2019</small> (=''Cordicephalus'' Nevo, 1968) Hatira Formation, Israel, Lower Cretaceous ** †''Thoraciliacus'' Nevo 1968 Hatira Formation, Israel, Lower Cretaceous ** †''Avitabatrachus'' Báez, Trueb & Calvo, 2000 Candeleros Formation, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) ** †''Vulcanobatrachus'' Trueb et al. 2005 South Africa, Late Cretaceous ** †''Cratopipa'' Carvalho et al., 2019 Crato Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Báez |first1=Ana M. |last2=Muzzopappa |first2=Paula |last3=Moura |first3=Geraldo J. Barbosa de |date=May 2021 |title=The earliest records of pipimorph frogs from South America (Aptian, Crato Formation, Brazil): A critical evaluation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667120304158 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=121 |article-number=104728 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104728 |s2cid=230581615|url-access=subscription |hdl=11336/165455 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ** †Palaeobatrachidae Europe, Late Cretaceous-Middle Pleistocene *** †''Palaeobatrachus'' Tschudi, 1838 (13+ species) Europe, Middle Eocene-Middle Pleistocene *** †''Albionbatrachus'' Meszoely, Špinar et Ford, 1984 (2 species) Europe, Eocene-Miocene ** Clade Panpipidae Aranciaga Rolando et al. 2019 *** †Clade Shelaniinae Aranciaga Rolando et al. 2019 **** †''Patagopipa'' Aranciaga Rolando et al. 2019 Huitrera Formation, Argentina, Eocene **** †''Kuruleufenia'' Gómez 2016 Allen Formation, Argentina, Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) **** †''Saltenia'' Reig 1959 Las Curtiembres Formation, Argentina, Late Cretaceous (Campanian) **** †''Shelania'' Casamiquela 1960 Laguna del Hunco Formation, Argentina, Eocene *** Pipidae Gray 1825 Africa, South America, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) - Present
==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="tree-of-life">{{cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Anura/16963#DiscussionofPhylogeneticRelationships|title=Anura: Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships (Pipimorpha)|last=Cannatella|first=David|date=11 January 2008|publisher=Tree of Life Project|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Ford and Cannatella">{{cite journal|last=Ford|first=Linda S.|author2=Cannatella, David C.|author2-link=:fr:David Charles Cannatella|name-list-style=amp |year=1993|title=The major clades of frogs|journal=Herpetological Monographs |volume=7 |pages=94–117 |jstor=1466954 |doi=10.2307/1466954}}</ref>
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura |title=Anura |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2020 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=FrostEtAl2006>{{Cite journal | last1 = Frost | first1 = D. R. | last2 = Grant | first2 = T. | last3 = Faivovich | first3 = J. N. | last4 = Bain | first4 = R. H. | last5 = Haas | first5 = A. | last6 = Haddad | first6 = C. L. F. B. | last7 = De Sá | first7 = R. O. | last8 = Channing | first8 = A. | last9 = Wilkinson | first9 = M. | last10 = Donnellan | first10 = S. C. | last11 = Raxworthy | first11 = C. J. | last12 = Campbell | first12 = J. A. | last13 = Blotto | first13 = B. L. | last14 = Moler | first14 = P. | last15 = Drewes | first15 = R. C. | last16 = Nussbaum | first16 = R. A. | last17 = Lynch | first17 = J. D. | last18 = Green | first18 = D. M. | last19 = Wheeler | first19 = W. C. |name-list-style=amp | title = The amphibian tree of life | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 297 | pages = 1–291| year = 2006 | doi = 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2 | hdl = 2246/5781| s2cid = 86140137 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name=VittCaldwell>{{cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles |edition=4th |first1=Laurie J. |last1=Vitt |first2=Janalee P. |last2=Caldwell |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Academic Press |year=2014 |pages=92–95}}</ref> }}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q16935324}}
Category:Pipoidea Category:Taxa named by Raymond Laurent