Hemerocallidoideae

{{Short description|Subfamily of flowering plants}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Hemerocallis_sp_01.jpg | image_caption = ''Hemerocallis'' | taxon = Hemerocallidoideae | authority = Lindley | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text }}

'''Hemerocallidoideae''' is a subfamily of flowering plants, part of the family Asphodelaceae ''sensu lato'' in the monocot order Asparagales according to the APG system of 2016.<ref name=APG4>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Earlier classification systems treated the group as a separate family, the '''Hemerocallidaceae'''. The name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Hemerocallis''. The largest genera in the group are ''Dianella'' (with 20 species), ''Hemerocallis'' (15), and ''Caesia'' (11).

In the 21st century, the group has had two basic forms, depending on whether ''Johnsonia'' and its relatives are included or not. Each of these forms can vary by the inclusion or exclusion of ''Xeronema''. If defined narrowly, most of the group are native to tropical and temperate Eurasia and Australia. They also occur in New Zealand, many Pacific islands, western South America, and Madagascar, but not in Sub-Saharan Africa or North America.<ref name="seberg2007h">Ole Seberg. 2007. "Hemerocallidaceae" pages 370-371. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref> If defined broadly, then the group includes the genus ''Caesia'', which is indigenous to Southern Africa, as well as Australia.<ref name="seberg2007j">Ole Seberg. 2007. "Johnsoniaceae" page 376. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref>

The APG III system of 2009 used the broader definition of the group,<ref name="APGIII">{{Citation|last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> treating it as the subfamily Hemerocallidoideae of the family Xanthorrhoeaceae ''sensu lato''.<ref name="crf2009">{{cite journal|last1=Chase|first1=Mark W.|last2=Reveal|first2=James L.|last3=Fay|first3=Michael F.|title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=161|issue=2|year=2009|pages=132–136|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the APG IV system of 2016 the name Asphodelaceae is used in preference to Xanthorrhoeaceae.<ref name=APG4/>

''Hemerocallis fulva'' is a common ornamental. Other species of ''Hemerocallis'' are cultivated as well. ''Hemerocallis citrina'' has medicinal uses. ''Phormium tenax'' is a traditional source of fiber in New Zealand.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Circumscription== Some of the older systems included ''Xeronema'' in Hemerocallidaceae, but with considerable doubt about whether it really belonged there.<ref name="clifford1998">H. Trevor Clifford, Rodney J.F. Henderson, and John G. Conran. 1998. "Hemerocallidaceae" pages 245-253. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). 1998. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref> Molecular phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences have shown that ''Xeronema'' is sister to a clade consisting of Asphodelaceae ''sensu lato'', Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato'', and Asparagaceae ''sensu lato''.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287-304. {{ISSN|0065-6275}}.</ref> ''Xeronema'' is now placed in its own family, Xeronemataceae.<ref name="APGIII"/>

In 1985, Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo produced a work on monocot taxonomy that remained influential for over two decades.<ref name="dahlgren1985">Rolf M.T. Dahlgren, H. Trevor Clifford, and Peter F. Yeo. 1985. ''The Families of the Monocotyledons''. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. {{ISBN|978-3-540-13655-2}}. {{ISBN|978-0-387-13655-4}}.</ref> They defined Hemerocallidaceae as consisting only of ''Hemerocallis''. They excluded ''Phormium'' and its relatives, placing them into a separate family, Phormiaceae. This treatment was followed by Armen Takhtajan in 2009, in a classification that was based almost entirely on morphology and that recognized paraphyletic groups. It was not followed in a major work on monocot taxonomy which appeared in 1998.<ref name="kubitzki1998"/>

In the 21st century, Hemerocallidaceae has been defined in essentially two different ways in systems based on monophyletic groups.<ref name="seberg2007h"/> In the narrower of these circumscriptions, Hemerocallidaceae ''sensu stricto'', it consists of 12 genera and 40 to 50 species.<ref name="clifford1998"/> It does not include the 8 genera and about 38 species that are placed in a separate family, Johnsoniaceae.<ref name="clifford&conran1998">H. Trevor Clifford, and John G. Conran. 1998. "Johnsoniaceae" pages 336-340. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). 1998. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

The broader version of the family, Hemerocallidaceae sensu lato, includes those species that would otherwise be assigned to Johnsoniaceae. Johnsoniaceae and Hemerocallidaceae ''sensu stricto'' form a clade that has strong statistical support. One study found Johnsoniaceae to be embedded in Hemerocallidaceae ''sensu stricto'', but this result did not have strong bootstrap support.<ref name="devey2006">Dion S. Devey, Ilia Leitch, Paula J. Rudall, J. Chris Pires, Yohan Pillon, and Mark W. Chase. "Systematics of Xanthorrhoeaceae sensu lato, with an emphasis on ''Bulbine''". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):345-351. {{ISSN|0065-6275}}.</ref>

The broader version of Hemerocallidaceae is the one that was accepted by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group when they published the APG II system in 2003. When this system was superseded by APG III in 2009, Hemerocallidaceae was not recognized, instead being treated as subfamily Hemerocallidoideae of the expanded family Xanthorrhoeaceae ''sensu lato''.<ref name="crf2009"/> In the APG IV system of 2016 the name Asphodelaceae is used in preference to Xanthorrhoeaceae.<ref name=APG4/>

For a phylogeny of Hemerocallidaceae, see the phylogenetic tree at Asphodelaceae.<ref name="devey2006_2">Dion S. Devey, Ilia Leitch, Paula J. Rudall, J. Chris Pires, Yohan Pillon, and Mark W. Chase. "Systematics of Xanthorrhoeaceae sensu lato, with an emphasis on ''Bulbine''". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):345-351. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==Genera== As noted above, a broad circumscription of the group includes the two former families Hemerocallidaceae ''sensu stricto'' and Johnsoniaceae. The Kubitzki system of 1998 has 12 genera (not counting ''Xeronema'') in Hemerocallidaceae and eight genera in Johnsoniaceae.<ref name="kubitzki1998">Klaus Kubitzki (editor). 1998. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref> Some authors combine some of the more closely related genera, recognizing as few as three genera in Hemerocallidaceae ''sensu stricto'' and as few as one in Johnsoniaceae.<ref name="crf2009"/> The genera listed below are from the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, which recognizes 19 genera,<ref name="WCSP_Xanthorrhoeaceae">Search for "Xanthorrhoeaceae", {{Citation |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ |access-date=2013-02-25 }}</ref> with the placement in the subfamily based on APWeb {{as of|2010|December|lc=yes}}. * ''Agrostocrinum'' F.Muell. * ''Arnocrinum'' Endl. * ''Caesia'' R.Br. * ''Corynotheca'' F.Muell. * ''Dianella'' Lam. * ''Excremis'' Willd. * ''Geitonoplesium'' A.Cunn. * ''Hemerocallis'' L. * ''Hensmania'' W.Fitzg. * ''Herpolirion'' Hook.f. * ''Hodgsoniola'' F.Muell. * ''Johnsonia'' R.Br. * ''Pasithea'' D.Don * ''Phormium'' J.R.Forst. * ''Rhuacophila'' Blume – synonym of ''Dianella'' * ''Stypandra'' R.Br. * ''Simethis'' Kunth * ''Stawellia'' F.Muell. * ''Thelionema'' R.J.F.Hend. * ''Tricoryne'' R.Br.

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Wikispecies-inline}} * [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Hemerocallidaceae Hemerocallidoideae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website] * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hemeroca.htm Hemerocallidaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404104229/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hemeroca.htm |date=4 April 2006 }}, [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/phormiac.htm Phormiaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 9 March 2006. http://delta-intkey.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ |date=3 January 2007 }} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in the ''Flora of North America''] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=51384&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] * [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Hemerocallidaceae Hemerocallidaceae at CSDL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012203840/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Hemerocallidaceae |date=12 October 2008 }} and [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Phormiaceae Phormiaceae at CSDL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625023651/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Phormiaceae |date=25 June 2007 }} At: [http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/ Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006041142/http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/ |date=6 October 2011 }}

Category:Hemerocallidoideae Category:Asparagales subfamilies