Partula (gastropod)

{{Automatic taxobox |fossil_ range = |image = Partula_lutaensis_(10.3897-zookeys.1037.56303)_Figure_4_(cropped).jpg |image_caption = ''Partula lutaensis'' |taxon = Partula |authority = Férussac, 1821<ref>Férussac A. É. d'A. de (June 1821). ''Journ. de Physique'' '''92''': 460; 1821, H.N. g. et p. Moll., Tabl. Limaçons, 23.</ref> |synonyms = {{collapsible list |bullets=true |title=list of synonyms: | Astraea Hartman, 1881 | Bulimus (Partula) | Clytia Hartman, 1881 | Echo Hartman, 1881 | ''Harmonia'' Hartman, 1881 | ''Helena'' Hartman, 1881 | ''Marianna'' Pilsbry, 1909 | ''Matata'' Hartman, 1881 | ''Nenia'' Hartman, 1881 | ''Oenone'' Hartman, 1881 | ''Partula (Astraea)'' Hartman, 1881 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798 [Gastropoda, Turbinidae]) | ''Partula (Carolinella)'' Pilsbry, 1909 | ''Partula (Clytia)'' Hartman, 1881 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Clytia'' Lamouroux, 1812 [Cnidaria]) | ''Partula (Echo)'' Hartman, 1881 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Echo'' Selys, 1853 [Odonata]; Leptopartula is a replacement name) | ''Partula (Harmonia)'' Hartman, 1881 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Harmonia'' Mulsant, 1846 [Coleoptera]''; Marianna'' is a replacement name) | ''Partula (Helena)'' Hartman, 1881 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Helena'' Risso, 1826 [Crustacea]) | ''Partula (Leptopartula)'' Pilsbry, 1909 | ''Partula (Marianella)'' Pilsbry, 1909 | ''Partula (Marianna)'' Pilsbry, 1909 | ''Partula (Matata)'' Hartman, 1881 | ''Partula (Melanesica)'' Pilsbry, 1909 | ''Partula (Nenia)'' Hartman, 1881 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Nenia'' H. & A. Adams, 1855 [Gastropoda, Clausiliidae]) | ''Partula (Oenone)'' Hartman, 1881 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Oenone'' Lamarck, 1818 [Annelida]) | ''Partula (Partula)'' A. Férussac, 1821· accepted, alternate representation | ''Partula (Pasithea)'' Hartman, 1881 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Pasithea'' Oken, 1807 [Vermes], ''Pasithea'' Lamarck, 1812 [Cnidaria] and ''Pasithea'' Lea, 1833 [Gastropoda]) | ''Partula (Rennellia)'' Clench, 1941 (junior synonym) | ''Partula (Sterope)'' Hartman, 1881 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Sterope'' Goodsir, 1845 [Crustacea]) | ''Partula (Thakombaua)'' Pilsbry, 1909 | ''Pasithea'' Hartman, 1881 (junior synonym) | ''Rennellia'' Clench, 1941 (junior synonym) | ''Scilistylus'' Iredale, 1941 | ''Sterope'' Hartman, 1881 }} |display_parents = 3 }}

'''''Partula''''' is a genus of air-breathing tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Partulidae.<ref name=animaldiversity>Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S. & Dewey, T. A. (2006). The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed at http://animaldiversity.org.</ref><ref name=ITIS>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=76758 ITIS Standard Report Page: Partulidae]</ref>

Many species of ''Partula'' are known under the general common names "Polynesian tree snail" and "Moorean viviparous tree snail".<ref>Searching for "''Partula''". In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 14 September 2010.</ref> Partulids are distributed across {{Convert|5000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} of Pacific Ocean islands, from the Society Islands to New Guinea.<ref name=Icons/>

Once used as decorative items in Polynesian ceremonial wear and jewelry, these small snails (averaging about one-half to three-quarters of an inch in length) gained the attention of science when Dr. Henry Crampton (along with Yoshio Kondo) spent 50 years studying and cataloging partulids, detailing their remarkable array of morphological elements, ecological niches, and behavioral aspects that illustrate adaptive radiation.<ref>Jung, Younghun, Taehwan Lee, Burch J. B. & Diarmaid Ó Foighil. (2005) "Historical phylogeny of Tahitian ''Partula''". ''Proc. Joint Conference - American Malacological Society and Western Society of Malacologists''.</ref><ref name=Icons>[http://www.islandbiodiversity.com/crampton.htm Gerlach, J. (2016) Icons of Evolution - Pacific island tree snails, family Partulidae. Phelsuma Press, Cambridge]</ref>

==Decline==

The partulids of the island of Tahiti act as an example of the possible deleterious effects of attempted biological control. After an infestation of the introduced giant African land snails (''Achatina'' spp.), the carnivorous Florida rosy wolfsnail (''Euglandina rosea'') was introduced into Tahiti in an attempt to combat the African species.

Instead, the rosy wolfsnail hunted the nearly 76 species of ''Partula'' that were endemic to Tahiti and the nearby islands, causing all but 12 species to go extinct within a decade. Scientists were able to save 12 of these species prior to their becoming extinct.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Today, the Zoological Society of London runs the Partula Programme Consortium which maintains a captive-breeding programme in the United Kingdom, France, and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partula snail conservation {{!}} ZSL |url=https://www.zsl.org/what-we-do/projects/partula-snail-conservation |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

As of the 2024 update released on June 27, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species contains 73 ''Partula'' species. Of these, 32 are listed as extinct, 10 are extinct in the wild, 17 are critically endangered, 8 are endangered, 2 are vulnerable, and only 4 species are least concern.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/search/stats?taxonomies=108569&searchType=species |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

Individuals are being reintroduced to Tahiti from captive breeding programmes since 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuta |first=Sarah |date=2 May 2023 |title=Scientists Reintroduce 5,000 Snails to French Polynesian Islands |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/scientists-reintroduce-5000-snails-to-french-polynesian-islands-180982094/ |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2023/04/extinct-snails-return-to-tahiti-in-largest-wildlife-reintroduction-ever/ |title='Extinct' snails return to Tahiti in largest wildlife reintroduction ever |author=Elizabeth Claire Alberts |work=Mongabay |date=28 April 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> In April 2023, over 5,000 individual snails from zoos in the United States and the United Kingdom were released on Tahiti and Mo'orea.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Species== Species within the genus ''Partula'' include:<ref name="Icons"/>

=== Full list === *The species pages are currently outdated because of the IUCN 2024-1 update. *The list may be currently missing some species. If you notice a missing species please add it. {| class="wikitable" !Species !S !P !C !Notes |- |''Partula affinis'' |CR |1 |{{Yes}} |A single population persists on Tahiti Iti but reasonable numbers exist in captivity. |- |''Partula arguta'' |PE |0 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |The last captive individual died in 1994. |- |''Partula assimilis'' |CR |1 |{{No}} |Threatened by habitat loss, though currently relatively free of predators. |- |''Partula atilis'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |- |''Partula auraniana'' |EN |5 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |Extirpated from its type locality in Aore Island but persists in the Torres Islands. |- |''Partula aurantia'' |EX |0 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |The last captive individual died in the 1980s. |- |''Partula auriculata'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1991. Old shells were found in 1994. |- |''Partula bilineata'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1993. |- |''Partula clara'' |CR |20 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |Has become much rarer but several populations persist. |- |''Partula clarkei'' |EX |0 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |Last captive individual died in 1996. |- |''Partula compressa'' |PE |1 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |One population photographed in 2004. |- |''Partula cootei'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Outcompeted by ''Partula hyalina''. Old shells found in 2005. |- |''Partula cramptoni'' |CR |1 |{{No}} |Extirpated from Rennell Island, though survives in Bellona Island. |- |''Partula crassilabris'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |- |''Partula cuneata'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located in the 1992 survey. |- |''Partula cytherea'' |PE |1 |{{No}} |Isolated population on Mt. Marau confirmed in 2005. |- |''Partula dentifera'' |EX |0 |{{Maybe|Misidentified}} |Only dead shells could be found in the 1991 survey. |- |''Partula desolata'' |N/A |0 |{{No}} |Fossil species. |- |''Partula diminuta'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1980. |- |''Partula dolichostoma'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1980. |- |''Partula dolorosa'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1992. |- |''Partula emersoni'' |CR |2 |{{No}} |Currently only known from a dead subadult in one location and a live one in another. |- |''Partula eremita'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1980. |- |''Partula faba'' |EX |0 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |The last captive individual died in 2016. |- |''Partula flexuosa'' |LC |? |{{No}} |Tolerant of current levels of disturbance and predators. |- |''Partula garrettii'' |EW |0 |{{Yes}} |- |''Partula gibba'' |EN |4 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |Persists in Guam, Sarigan, Pagan and Saipan. Extinct on Aguiguan. |- |''Partula grisea'' |LC |? |{{No}} |All populations appear to be tolerant of threats. |- |''Partula guamensis'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |2005, 2006 and 2008 surveys found only 4 old, eroded shells. |- |''Partula hebe'' |EW |0 |{{Yes}} |- |''Partula hyalina'' |VU |1-5 |{{Yes}} |Wild populations ''may'' be recovering. |- |''Partula incrassa'' |CR |1 |{{No}} |All individuals are hybrids with ''Partula clara''. |- |''Partula jackieburchi'' |PE |1 |{{No}} |May survive on Mt. Aorai. |- |''Partula labrusca'' |EX |0 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |The last captive individual died in 2002. |- |''Partula laevigata'' |PE |1 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |One population may survive in central Tahiti. |- |''Partula lanceolata'' |EN |3 |{{No}} |Endemic to Mago, Cicia and Naiau. |- |''Partula langfordi'' |EX |0 |{{Maybe|Misidentified}} |Not located in 1992. |- |''Partula leefei'' |CR |1 |{{No}} |Survival confirmed from a single individual. |- |''Partula leptochila'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1980. |- |''Partula levistriata'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1980. |- |''Partula lirata'' |EN |11 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |Many populations are unstable and inviable in the long-term. |- |''Partula lugubris'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located in the 1990s. |- |''Partula lutaensis'' |N/A |? |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |Endemic to Rota. Little is known about this species. |- |''Partula lutea'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Only species found in Bora Bora. Could not be located in 2006 or 2017. |- |''Partula magistri'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Only known from a single specimen. |- |''Partula makatea'' |N/A |0 |{{No}} |Fossil species. |- |''Partula meyeri'' |PE |1 |{{No}} |Only known from a single location. Not seen since its discovery in 2005. |- |''Partula micans'' |LC |? |{{No}} |No major threats to this species are known. |- |''Partula mirabilis'' |EW |0 |{{Yes}} |- |''Partula mooreana'' |EW |0 |{{Yes}} |- |''Partula navigatoria'' |EW |0 |{{Yes}} |- |''Partula nodosa'' |EW |0 |{{Yes}} |- |''Partula obesa'' |CR |2 |{{No}} |Endemic to Alofi and Futuna. Population declined severely in both islands. |- |''Partula otaheitana'' |EN |5-10 |{{Maybe|Misidentified}} |Survives in populations above 950m altitude and in one population on Tahiti Iti. |- |''Partula pacifica'' |VU |6-10 |{{No}} |Endemic to nine islands. Eliminated from Espiritu Santo and Aore, the island of "Yatalo" remains unidentified and the other six islands have not been surveyed. |- |''Partula pearcekellyi'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Single valley endemic. A single shell was found in 1992. |- |''Partula planilabrum'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located in 1994. |- |''Partula producta'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1980. |- |''Partula protracta'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1980. |- |''Partula pyramis'' |EN |4-5 |{{No}} |Type population is almost certainly extinct. Remaining populations have not been surveyed. |- |''Partula radiolata'' |EN |1 |{{No}} |Only one population remains. Viable but vulnerable. |- |''Partula radiosa'' |EN |1-2 |{{No}} |Little is known about this species. May already be extinct. |- |''Partula recluziana'' |N/A |? |{{No}} |Little is known about this species. |- |''Partula remota'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1980. |- |''Partula rosea'' |EW |0 |{{Yes}} |- |''Partula rufa'' |PE |1 |{{No}} |Not located after 1936. |- |''Partula sagitta'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1990. |- |''Partula salifana'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Dead shells were found in 1989. |- |''Partula similaris'' |LC |? |{{No}} |Tolerant of habitat loss and free of predators. |- |''Partula suturalis'' |EW |0 |{{Yes}} |2/2 subspecies survive. |- |''Partula taeniata'' |CR |2 |{{Yes}} |3/4 subspecies survive. |- |''Partula tohiveana'' |CR |1 |{{Yes}} |Wild-born individuals have become more and more common in recent years, suggesting a population is established. First invertebrate species to be downgraded from EW to CR on the IUCN Red List.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Gerlach, J. |author2=Pearce-Kelly, P. |year=2025 |title=''Partula tohiveana'' |article-number=e.T16283A268742577 |doi= |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> |- |''Partula tristis'' |EX |0 |{{Maybe|Misidentified}} |Could not be located after 1990. |- |''Partula turgida'' |EX |0 |{{Maybe|Formerly}} |Last captive individual died in 1992. |- |''Partula umbilicata'' |EX |0 |{{No}} |Could not be located after 1980. |- |''Partula vanikorensis'' |CR |1 |{{No}} |Endemic to Vanikoro. |- |''Partula varia'' |EW |0 |{{Yes}} |}

=== Collected for ex situ conservation === The ''Partula'' that were collected for ''ex situ'' breeding include the following:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tentacle 3 |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/cowielab/tentacle/tentacle_3.pdf |website=University of Hawaii}}</ref>

'''Tahiti''' - ''P. affinis'', ''P. clara'', ''P. compressa'' (''P. otaheitana''), ''P. hyalina'', ''P. nodosa''

'''Moorea -''' ''P. aurantia'', ''P. mirabilis'', ''P. mooreana'', ''P. suturalis'', ''P. taeniata'', ''P. tohiveana''

'''Huahine -''' ''P. arguta'', ''P. rosea'', ''P. varia''

'''Raiatea -''' ''P. clarkei'' (''P. turgida''), ''P. dolorosa'', ''P. faba'', ''P. garrettii (P. tristis)'', ''P. hebe'', ''Partula labrusca'', ''P. navigatoria (P. dentifera)''

'''Marianas -''' ''P. gibba'', ''P. lutaensis'' (''P. langfordi'') thumb|''Partula'' snail with its shell removed. ''P. garrettii'' and ''P. navigatoria'' were misidentified as the species in parentheses next to them.

=== Surviving species === The list of surviving species are as follows:<ref name=":0" />

'''Tahiti''' - ''P. affinis'', ''P. clara'', ''P. hyalina'', ''P. incrassa'', ''P. nodosa'', ''P. otaheitana''

'''Moorea''' - ''P. mirabilis'''', P. mooreana, P. suturalis, P. taeniata, P. tohiveana''

'''Huahine''' - ''P. rosea'', ''P. varia''

'''Raiatea''' - ''P. garrettii (P. tristis)'', ''P. hebe'', ''P. meyeri'', ''P. navigatoria (P. dentifera)''

'''Marianas''' - ''P. gibba'', ''P. lutaensis'', ''P. radiolata''

'''Micronesia''' - ''P. emersoni''

'''Fiji''' - ''P. leefei'', ''P. lirata''

'''Solomon Islands''' - ''P. cramptoni'', ''P. micans''

'''Papua New Guinea''' - ''P. auraniana'', ''P. similaris''

'''Cook Islands''' - ''P. assimilis''

== Cladogram == Phylogenetic analyses revealed that many of the ''Partula'' species are not monophyletic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=34 |url=https://d-nb.info/1096775697/34 |website=d-nb.info}}</ref> The resulting cladogram is shown below.

{{clade|{{clade |1 = {{clade |label1 = ''Partula'' |1 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = ''P. aurantia'' |2 = ''P. suturalis dendronica'' |3 = ''P. suturalis strigosa'' |4 = ''P. suturalis vexillum'' }} |2 = ''P. suturalis strigosa'' |3 = {{clade |1 = ''P. suturalis vexillum'' }} }} |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. clara'' |2 = ''P. mirabilis'' |3 = ''P. suturalis vexillum'' |4 = ''P. hyalina'' }} |3 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = ''P. varia'' |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. rosea'' }} }} |2 = ''P. hebe'' |3 = {{clade |1 = ''P. hebe bella'' }} }} }} |2 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = ''P. clara'' |2 = ''P. exigua'' |3 = ''P. mooreana'' |4 = ''P. taeniata elongata'' |5 = ''P. taeniata nucleola'' |6 = ''P. taeniata simulans'' |7 = ''P. taeniata'' }} |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. clara'' |2 = ''P. taeniata nucleola'' }} |3 = ''P. mooreana'' |4 = ''P. tohivea'' }} |3 = {{clade |1 = (undescribed species) |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. otaheitana otaheitana'' |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. otaheitana lignaria'' |2 = ''P. otaheitana sinistralis'' |3 = ''P. otaheitana sinistrorsa'' }} |3 = {{clade |1 = ''P. otaheitana crassa'' |2 = ''P. producta'' }} }} }} |4 = ''P. hyalina'' (Austral Islands, etc.) |5 = ''P. hyalina'' (Tahiti) |6 = ''P. mooreana'' |7 = ''P. mirabilis propinqua'' |8 = ''P. tohiveana'' }} |2 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = ''P. dentifera'' |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. dentifera'' |2 = ''P. tristis'' |3 = {{clade |1 = ''P. meyeri'' }} }} }} |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. faba'' |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. turgida'' }} }} }} |3 = {{clade |1 = ''P. assimilis'' |2 = ''P. luteola'' }} |4 = ''P. gibba'' |5 = ''P. radiolata'' |6 = ''P. carteriensis'' |7 = ''P. similaris'' }} |2 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = ''P. otaheitana'' |2 = ''P. otaheitana affinis'' |3 = {{clade |1 = ''P. affinis'' |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. otaheitana'' |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. otaheitana rubescens'' }} }} }} }} |2 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = (undescribed species) |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. otaheitana crassa'' }} }} |2 = {{clade |1 = ''P. nodosa composita'' |2 = ''P. nodosa intermedia'' }} }} }} |2 = ''P. subgonochila'' }} |3 = ''P. auraniana'' |4 = ''P. turneri'' |5 = ''P. lirata'' }} |label2 = ''Samoana'' |2 = {{clade |1 = {{clade |1 = ''Samoana decussatula'' |2 = {{clade |1 = ''Samoana attenuata'' |2 = ''Samoana burchi'' }} }} |2 = ''Samoana conica'' |3 = ''Samoana thurstoni'' |4 = {{clade |1 = ''Samoana fragilis'' |label2 = ''Palaopartula'' |2 = {{clade |1 = ''Palaopartula thetis'' |2 = ''Palaopartula calypso'' }} }} }} }} |label2 = ''Eua'' |2 = {{clade |1 = ''Eua globosa'' |2 = {{clade |1 = ''Eua zebrina'' }} }} }}|label1=''Partulidae''}}

==Ecology== ''Partula'' species on Tahiti were usually found on the undersides of the leaves of ''Caladium'' and plantain, although in some valleys, they were frequently found on ''Dracaena'' and turmeric.<ref name="Mayor"/> ==Gallery==

{{Cleanup|reason=Some images of linked species exist on the species page. For others there are only 'No image available' tags.|date=October 2025}}

===Tahitian species=== <gallery> No image available 500 x 500.svg|''Partula affinis'' No image available 500 x 500.svg|''Partula clara'' No image available 500 x 500.svg|''Partula hyalina'' Partula clara incrassa.jpg|''Partula incrassa'' No image available 500 x 500.svg|''Partula nodosa'' No image available 500 x 500.svg|''Partula otaheitana'' </gallery> ===Moorean species=== <gallery> No image available 500 x 500.svg|''Partula mirabilis'' Partula mooreana marwell2.JPG|''Partula mooreana'' Partula suturalis.jpeg|''Partula suturalis'' Partula taeniata high quality.jpg|''Partula taeniata'' Partula tohiveana.JPG|''Partula tohiveana'' </gallery> ===Huahine species=== <gallery> No image available 500 x 500.svg|''Partula rosea'' Partula varia2.JPG|''Partula varia'' </gallery> ===Raiatean species=== <gallery> No image available 500 x 500.svg|''Partula garrettii'' No image available 500 x 500.svg|''Partula hebe'' No image available 500 x 500.svg|''Partula navigatoria'' </gallery> ===Mariana Islands species=== <gallery> Partula gibba.png|''Partula gibba'' Partula lutaensis (10.3897-zookeys.1037.56303) Figure 4 (cropped).jpg|''Partula lutaensis'' Partula radiolata USFWS (21191295133) (cropped).jpg|''Partula radiolata'' Partula langfordi.png|''Partula langfordi'' (extinct) </gallery>{{See also|List of land snails of the Mariana Islands}}

==References== This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.<ref name="Mayor">Mayer A. G. (January 1902). "Some species of ''Partula'' from Tahiti. A study in variation". ''Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy'' [https://archive.org/details/memoirsofmuseumo2602harv '''XXVI'''(2)], Cambridge, U.S.A.</ref> {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== * Crampton H. E. (1916). ''Studies on the variation, distribution and evolution of the genus Partula. The species inhabiting Tahiti.'' Carnegie Institution of Washington, 228: 1-311. * Crampton H. E. (1925). [https://archive.org/details/studiesonvariati00cramuoft ''Studies on the variation, distribution and evolution of the genus Partula. The species of the Mariana Islands, Guam and Saipan.''] Carnegie Institution of Washington, 228a: 1-116. * Crampton H. E. (1932). [https://archive.org/details/studiesonvariati03cramuoft ''Studies on the variation, distribution and evolution of the genus Partula. The species inhabiting Moorea.''] Carnegie Institution of Washington, 410: 1-335. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = T. | last2 = Burch | first2 = J. B. | last3 = Jung | first3 = Y. | last4 = Coote | first4 = T. | last5 = Pearce-Kelly | first5 = P. | last6 = ó Foighil | first6 = D. | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.006 | title = Tahitian tree snail mitochondrial clades survived recent mass extirpation | journal = Current Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 13 | pages = R502–R503 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17610827 | pmc = | bibcode = 2007CBio...17.R502L | doi-access = free }}

== External links == {{Commons category|Partula}} {{Wikispecies|Partula}} * Partula evolution, diversity and conservation [http://islandbiodiversity.com/partulapages.htm Partula Pages]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Partula}} Category:Partula (gastropod) Category:Gastropod genera Category:Molluscs of Oceania Category:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean Category:Taxa named by André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac