Nanobdellati

{{Short description|Biological kingdom of archaea}} {{automatic taxobox | taxon = Nanobdellati | name = Nanoarchaea | fossil_range = Paleoarchean–Present<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jiawei |last2=Feng |first2=Xiaoyuan |last3=Li |first3=Meng |last4=Liu |first4=Yang |last5=Liu |first5=Min |last6=Hou |first6=Li-Jun |last7=Dong |first7=Hong-Po |date=2025-05-07 |title=Deep origin of eukaryotes outside Heimdallarchaeia within Asgardarchaeota |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=642 |issue=8069 |pages=990–998 |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-08955-7 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=12222021 |pmid=40335687 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2025Natur.642..990Z }}</ref> | image = 25K15pA9Def4sec Arman 4 Box1.png | image_caption = ''Parvarchaeum acidiphilum'' | authority = Rinke ''et al.'' 2024 | type_genus = ''Nanobdella'' | type_genus_authority = Kato ''et al.'' 2022<ref>{{lpsn|kingdom/nanobdellati|Nanobdellati}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Phyla<ref>Parte, A.C., Sardà Carbasse, J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Reimer, L.C. and Göker, M. (2020). List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology'', '''70''', 5607-5612; DOI: [https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.004332 10.1099/ijsem.0.004332]</ref> | subdivision = *"Aenigmatarchaeota" *"Huberarchaeota" *"Iainarchaeota" *"Micrarchaeota" *Microcaldota *Nanobdellota *"Nanohalarchaeota" *"Parvarchaeota" *"Undinarchaeota" | synonyms = "DPANN" Imachi ''et al.'' 2013 }}

'''Nanobdellati''' (syn. "'''DPANN'''") is a kingdom of archaea first proposed in 2013.<ref name="Rinke2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, Dodsworth JA, Hedlund BP, Tsiamis G, Sievert SM, Liu WT, Eisen JA, Hallam SJ, Kyrpides NC, Stepanauskas R, Rubin EM, Hugenholtz P, Woyke T | title = Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter | language = En | journal = Nature | volume = 499 | issue = 7459 | pages = 431–437 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23851394 | doi = 10.1038/nature12352 | bibcode = 2013Natur.499..431R | s2cid = 4394530 | url = https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt86x4g4qw/qt86x4g4qw.pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref> Many members show novel signs of horizontal gene transfer from other domains of life.<ref name="Rinke2013" /> They are known as '''nanoarchaea''' or '''ultra-small archaea''' due to their smaller size (nanometric) compared to other archaea.

"DPANN" is an acronym formed by the initials of the first five groups discovered: Diapherotrites, Parvarchaeota, Aenigmarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota and Nanohaloarchaeota. Later Woesearchaeota and Pacearchaeota were discovered and proposed within the "DPANN" superphylum.<ref name="pmid25702576">{{cite journal | vauthors = Castelle CJ, Wrighton KC, Thomas BC, Hug LA, Brown CT, Wilkins MJ, Frischkorn KR, Tringe SG, Singh A, Markillie LM, Taylor RC, Williams KH, Banfield JF | title = Genomic expansion of domain archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling | journal = Current Biology | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 690–701 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25702576 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2015CBio...25..690C }}</ref> In 2017, another phylum Altiarchaeota was placed into the "DPANN" superphylum.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spang A, Caceres EF, Ettema TJ | title = Genomic exploration of the diversity, ecology, and evolution of the archaeal domain of life | journal = Science | volume = 357 | issue = 6351 | article-number = eaaf3883 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28798101 | doi = 10.1126/science.aaf3883 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017Sci...357f3883S }}</ref> The monophyly of Nanobdellati is not yet considered established, due to the high mutation rate of the included phyla, which can lead to the artifact of the long branch attraction (LBA) where the lineages are grouped basally or artificially at the base of the phylogenetic tree without being related.<ref name="dombrowski"/><ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020"/> These analyses instead suggest that Nanobdellati belongs to Euryarchaeota or is polyphyletic occupying various positions within Euryarchaeota.<ref name="dombrowski"/><ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020"/><ref name="Jordan"/>

The Nanobdellati groups together different phyla with a variety of environmental distribution and metabolism, ranging from symbiotic and thermophilic forms such as Nanoarchaeota, acidophiles like Parvarchaeota and non-extremophiles like Aenigmarchaeota and Diapherotrites. Nanobdellati was also detected in nitrate-rich groundwater, on the water surface but not below, indicating that these taxa are still quite difficult to locate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ludington WB, Seher TD, Applegate O, Li X, Kliegman JI, Langelier C, Atwill ER, Harter T, DeRisi JL | title = Assessing biosynthetic potential of agricultural groundwater through metagenomic sequencing: A diverse anammox community dominates nitrate-rich groundwater | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | article-number = e0174930 | date = 2017-04-06 | pmid = 28384184 | pmc = 5383146 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0174930 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1274930L }}</ref>

Since the recognition of the kingdom rank by the ICNP, the only validly published name for this group is kingdom '''Nanobdellati'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Göker |first1=Markus |last2=Oren |first2=Aharon |title=Valid publication of names of two domains and seven kingdoms of prokaryotes |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=22 January 2024 |volume=74 |issue=1 |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.006242 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377596825 |pmid=38252124 |language=en |issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Characteristics ==

They are characterized by being small in size compared to other archaea (nanometric size) and in keeping with their small genome, they have limited but sufficient catabolic capacities to lead a free life, although many are thought to be episymbionts that depend on a symbiotic or parasitic association with other organisms. Many of their characteristics are similar or analogous to those of ultra-small bacteria (CPR group).<ref name="pmid25702576"/>

Limited metabolic capacities are a product of the small genome and are reflected in the fact that many lack central biosynthetic pathways for nucleotides, aminoacids, and lipids; hence most Nanobdellati archaea, such as ARMAN archaea, which rely on other microbes to meet their biological requirements. But those that have the potential to live freely are fermentative and aerobic heterotrophs.<ref name="pmid25702576"/>

They are mostly anaerobic and have not been cultivated. They live in extreme environments such as thermophilic, hyperacidophilic, hyperhalophilic or metal-resistant; or also in the temperate environment of marine and lake sediments. They are rarely found on the ground or in the open ocean.<ref name="pmid25702576"/>

== Classification ==

* Diapherotrites. Found by phylogenetic analysis of the genomes recovered from the groundwater filtration of a gold mine abandoned in the USA.<ref>[http://genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/bin/GOLDCards.cgi?goldstamp=Gi15106 Genomes Online Database]</ref><ref name="pmid18946497">{{cite journal | vauthors = Comolli LR, Baker BJ, Downing KH, Siegerist CE, Banfield JF | title = Three-dimensional analysis of the structure and ecology of a novel, ultra-small archaeon | journal = The ISME Journal | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–167 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 18946497 | doi = 10.1038/ismej.2008.99 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009ISMEJ...3..159C }}</ref> * Parvarchaeota and Micrarchaeota. Discovered in 2006 in acidic mine drainage from a US mine.<ref name="pmid17185602">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baker BJ, Tyson GW, Webb RI, Flanagan J, Hugenholtz P, Allen EE, Banfield JF | title = Lineages of acidophilic archaea revealed by community genomic analysis | journal = Science | volume = 314 | issue = 5807 | pages = 1933–1935 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17185602 | doi = 10.1126/science.1132690 | bibcode = 2006Sci...314.1933B | s2cid = 26033384 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22156430">{{cite journal | vauthors = Murakami S, Fujishima K, Tomita M, Kanai A | title = Metatranscriptomic analysis of microbes in an Oceanfront deep-subsurface hot spring reveals novel small RNAs and type-specific tRNA degradation | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 1015–1022 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22156430 | pmc = 3272989 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.06811-11 | bibcode = 2012ApEnM..78.1015M }}</ref><ref name="pmid20421484">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baker BJ, Comolli LR, Dick GJ, Hauser LJ, Hyatt D, Dill BD, Land ML, Verberkmoes NC, Hettich RL, Banfield JF | title = Enigmatic, ultrasmall, uncultivated Archaea | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 107 | issue = 19 | pages = 8806–8811 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20421484 | pmc = 2889320 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0914470107 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2010PNAS..107.8806B }}</ref> They are of very small size and provisionally called ARMAN (Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms). * Woesearchaeota and Pacearchaeota. They have been identified both in sediments and in surface waters of aquifers and lakes, abounding especially in saline conditions.<ref name="pmid25702576"/><ref name="pmid26711582">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ortiz-Alvarez R, Casamayor EO | title = High occurrence of Pacearchaeota and Woesearchaeota (Archaea superphylum DPANN) in the surface waters of oligotrophic high-altitude lakes | journal = Environmental Microbiology Reports | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 210–217 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26711582 | doi = 10.1111/1758-2229.12370 | bibcode = 2016EnvMR...8..210O }}</ref> * Aenigmarchaeota. Found in wastewater from mines and in sediments from hot springs.<ref name="pmid11722932">{{cite journal | vauthors = Takai K, Moser DP, DeFlaun M, Onstott TC, Fredrickson JK | title = Archaeal diversity in waters from deep South African gold mines | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 67 | issue = 12 | pages = 5750–5760 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11722932 | pmc = 93369 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.67.21.5750-5760.2001 | bibcode = 2001ApEnM..67.5750T }}</ref> * Nanohalarchaeota. Distributed in environments with high salinity.<ref name="pmid21716304">{{cite journal | vauthors = Narasingarao P, Podell S, Ugalde JA, Brochier-Armanet C, Emerson JB, Brocks JJ, Heidelberg KB, Banfield JF, Allen EE | title = De novo metagenomic assembly reveals abundant novel major lineage of Archaea in hypersaline microbial communities | journal = The ISME Journal | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 81–93 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21716304 | pmc = 3246234 | doi = 10.1038/ismej.2011.78 | bibcode = 2012ISMEJ...6...81N }}</ref> * Nanoarchaeota. They were the first discovered (in 2002) in a hydrothermal source next to the coast of Iceland. They live as symbionts of other archaea.<ref name="Waters2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters E, Hohn MJ, Ahel I, Graham DE, Adams MD, Barnstead M, Beeson KY, Bibbs L, Bolanos R, Keller M, Kretz K, Lin X, Mathur E, Ni J, Podar M, Richardson T, Sutton GG, Simon M, Soll D, Stetter KO, Short JM, Noordewier M | title = The genome of ''Nanoarchaeum equitans'': insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 22 | pages = 12984–12988 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14566062 | pmc = 240731 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1735403100 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2003PNAS..10012984W }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Podar M, Makarova KS, Graham DE, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Reysenbach AL | title = Insights into archaeal evolution and symbiosis from the genomes of a nanoarchaeon and its inferred crenarchaeal host from Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park. | journal = Biology Direct | date = December 2013 | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | article-number = 9 | doi = 10.1186/1745-6150-8-9 | pmid = 23607440 | pmc = 3655853 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013BiDir...8....9P }}</ref> {{clear}}

=== Phylogeny ===

{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=1 | Tom A. Williams et al. 2017,<ref name="Williams" /> Castelle et al. 2015<ref name="pmid25702576" /> and Dombrowski et al. 2020.<ref name="Dombrowski2000" /> ! colspan=1 | Jordan et al. 2017<ref name="Jordan" /> Cavalier-Smith2020<ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020" /> and Feng et al 2021.<ref name=Feng>Yutian Feng, Uri Neri, Sean Gosselin, Artemis S Louyakis, R Thane Papke, Uri Gophna, Johann Peter Gogarten (2021). [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/8/evab166/6320066?login=true The Evolutionary Origins of Extreme Halophilic Archaeal Lineages]. Oxford Academic.</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top| Nanobdellati may be the first divergent clade of archaea according to some phylogenetic analyses. Recent phylogenetic analyses have found the following phylogeny between phyla.<ref name="pmid25702576"/><ref name="Williams">{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams TA, Szöllősi GJ, Spang A, Foster PG, Heaps SE, Boussau B, Ettema TJ, Embley TM | display-authors = 6 | title = Integrative modeling of gene and genome evolution roots the archaeal tree of life | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 23 | pages = E4602–E4611 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28533395 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1618463114 | pmc = 5468678 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017PNAS..114E4602W }}</ref><ref name="Dombrowski2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dombrowski N, Williams TA, Sun J, Woodcroft BJ, Lee JH, Minh BQ, Rinke C, Spang A | display-authors = 6 | title = Undinarchaeota illuminate DPANN phylogeny and the impact of gene transfer on archaeal evolution | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | article-number = 3939 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32770105 | pmc = 7414124 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17408-w | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.3939D }}</ref> {{Clade|style= font-size:90%; line-height:90% |1='''Bacteria''' |label2=Archaea |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1='''Nanobdellati''' |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Altarchaeota |2={{Clade |1=Diapherotrites |2=Micrarchaeota }} }} |2={{Clade |1=Undinarchaeota |2={{Clade |1=Aenigmatarchaeota |2={{Clade |1=Nanohaloarchaeota |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Nanoarchaeota |2=Parvarchaeota }} |2={{Clade |1=Mamarchaeota |2={{Clade |1=Pacearchaeota |2=Woesearchaeota }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=Euryarchaeota |2={{clade |1=TACK |label2=Asgard |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Lokiarchaeota |2={{clade |1=Odinarchaeota |2=Thorarchaeota }} }} |2={{Clade |1=Heimdallarchaeota |label2=(+α─Proteobacteria) |2='''Eukaryota''' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} | Other phylogenetic analyzes have suggested that Nanobdellati could belong to Euryarchaeota or that it may even be polyphyletic occupying different positions within Euryarchaeota. It is also debated whether the phylum Altiarchaeota should be classified in Nanobdellati or Euryarchaeota.<ref name="Dombrowski2000"/><ref name="dombrowski">Nina Dombrowski, Jun-Hoe Lee, Tom A Williams, Pierre Offre, Anja Spang (2019). [https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/366/2/fnz008/5281434 Genomic diversity, lifestyles and evolutionary origins of DPANN archaea]. Nature.</ref> An alternative location for Nanobdellati in the phylogenetic tree is as follows.<ref name="Jordan">Jordan T. Bird, Brett J. Baker, Alexander J. Probst, Mircea Podar, Karen G. Lloyd (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975002/ Culture Independent Genomic Comparisons Reveal Environmental Adaptations for Altiarchaeales]. Frontiers.</ref><ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020">{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00709-019-01442-7 | title=Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (Eukaryotes, archaebacteria) | year=2020 | last1=Cavalier-Smith | first1=Thomas | last2=Chao | first2=Ema E-Yung | journal=Protoplasma | volume=257 | issue=3 | pages=621–753 | pmid=31900730 | pmc=7203096 | bibcode=2020Prpls.257..621C }}</ref><ref name=Feng/> The groups marked in quotes are lineages assigned to Nanobdellati, but phylogenetically separated from the rest. {{Clade|style= font-size:90%; line-height:90% |1='''Bacteria''' |label2='''Archaea''' |2={{clade |label1=Euryarchaeota |1={{Clade |1=Thermococci |2={{Clade |1=Hadesarchaea |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Methanobacteria |2={{Clade |1=Methanopyri |2=Methanococci }} }} |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Thermoplasmata |2={{Clade |1=Archaeoglobi |2={{Clade |1=Methanomicrobia |2={{Clade |1="Nanohaloarchaeota" |2=Haloarchaea }} }} }} }} |2={{Clade |1="Altarchaeota" |label2='''Nanobdellati''' |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Diapherotrites |2=Micrarchaeota }} |2={{Clade |1=Undinarchaeota |2={{Clade |1=Aenigmatarchaeota |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Nanoarchaeota |2=Parvarchaeota }} |2={{Clade |1=Mamarchaeota |2={{Clade |1=Pacearchaeota |2=Woesearchaeota }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=TACK |label2=Asgard |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Lokiarchaeota |2={{clade |1=Odinarchaeota |2=Thorarchaeota }} }} |2={{Clade |1=Heimdallarchaeota |label2=(+α─Proteobacteria) |2='''Eukaryota''' }} }} }} }} }} |}

===Taxonomy=== {{Cleanup MOS|date=August 2024|section=yes}} The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)<ref>{{cite web | author=J.P. Euzéby | url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/phylum/parvarchaeota | title=Parvarchaeota | publisher=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)| access-date=2021-06-27 }}</ref> and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).<ref>{{cite web |author = Sayers|display-authors = et al.| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=1462422&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Parvarchaeota |access-date=2021-03-20 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database}}</ref> {{cladogram|title=GTDB phylogeny of Nanobdellati<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 10-RS226 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=Genome Taxonomy Database|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=ar53_r226.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release226/226.0/auxillary_files/ar53_r226.sp_labels.tree |website=Genome Taxonomy Database|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=Genome Taxonomy Database|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>| {{clade|style=font-size:90%; line-height:90% |1={{Clade |1={{clade |1={{Clade |label1="Altarchaeota" |1={{Clade |label1="Altarchaeia" |1="Altarchaeales" }} }} |2={{Clade |label1="Iainarchaeota" |1={{Clade |label1="Iainarchaeia" |1={{Clade |1="Forterreales" |2="Iainarchaeales" }} }} |label2="Micrarchaeota" |2={{Clade |label1="Micrarchaeia" |1={{Clade |1="Norongarragalinales" |2={{Clade |1="Micrarchaeales" |2={{Clade |1="Anstonellales" |2={{Clade |1="Gugararchaeales" |2={{Clade |1="Burarchaeales" |2="Fermentimicrarchaeales" }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |label1="Undinarchaeota" |1={{Clade |label1="Undinarchaeia" |1="Undinarchaeales" }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{Clade |label1="Huberarchaeota" |1={{Clade |label1="Huberarchaeia" |1="Huberarchaeales" }} }} |2={{clade |label1="Aenigmatarchaeota" |1={{Clade |label1="Aenigmatarchaeia" |1="Aenigmatarchaeales" }} |label2="Nanohalarchaeota" |2={{Clade |label1="Nanohalobiia" |1="Nanohalobiales" }} }} }} |2={{Clade |label1=Nanobdellota |1={{Clade |label1=Nanobdellia |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |1="Tiddalikarchaeales" |2={{Clade |1="Jingweiarchaeales" |2={{Clade |1=JAPDLS01 |2="Parvarchaeales" }} }} }} |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1="Pacearchaeales" |2="Woesearchaeales" }} |2=Nanobdellales }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

Kingdom '''Nanobdellati''' Rinke et al. 2013 * Phylum Microcaldota Sakai et al. 2023 ** Class Microcaldia Sakai et al. 2023 *** Order ?Microcaldales Sakai et al. 2023 * Phylum "Undinarchaeota" Dombrowski et al. 2020 ** Class "Undinarchaeia" Dombrowski et al. 2020 *** Order "Undinarchaeales" Dombrowski et al. 2020 * Phylum "Huberarchaeota" Probst et al. 2019 ** Class "Huberarchaeia" corrig. Probst et al. 2019 *** Order "Huberarchaeales" Rinke et al. 2020 * Phylum "Aenigmatarchaeota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013 (DSEG, DUSEL2) ** Class "Aenigmatarchaeia" corrig. Rinke et al. 2020 *** Order "Aenigmatarchaeales" corrig. Rinke et al. 2020 * Phylum "Nanohalarchaeota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013 ** Class "Nanohalobiia" corrig.La Cono et al. 2020 *** Order "Nanohalobiales" La Cono et al. 2020 ** Class "Nanohalarchaeia" corrig. Narasingarao et al. 2012 *** Order ?"Nanohalarchaeales" *** Order ?"Nanohydrothermales" Xie et al. 2022 *** Order ?"Nucleotidisoterales" Xie et al. 2022 * Phylum Altarchaeota Probst et al. 2018 (SM1) ** Class "Altarchaeia" corrig. Probst et al. 2014 *** Order "Altarchaeales" corrig. Probst et al. 2014 * Phylum "Iainarchaeota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013 ["Diapherotrites" Rinke et al. 2013] (DUSEL-3) ** Class "Iainarchaeia" Rinke et al. 2020 *** Order "Forterreales" Probst & Banfield 2017 *** Order "Iainarchaeales" Rinke et al. 2020 * Phylum "Micrarchaeota" Baker & Dick 2013 ** Class "Micrarchaeia" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 *** Order "Anstonellales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 (LFWA-IIIc) *** Order "Burarchaeales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 (LFWA-IIIb) *** Order "Fermentimicrarchaeales" Kadnikov et al. 2020 *** Order "Gugararchaeales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 (LFWA-IIIa) *** Order "Micrarchaeales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 *** Order "Norongarragalinales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 (LFWA-II) * Phylum Nanobdellota Huber et al. 2023 ** Class Nanobdellia Kato et al. 2022 *** Order JAPDLS01 *** Order "Jingweiarchaeales" Rao et al. 2023 [DTBS01] *** Order Nanobdellales Kato et al. 2022 *** Order "Pacearchaeales" (DHVE-5, DUSEL-1) *** Order "Parvarchaeales" Rinke et al. 2020 (ARMAN 4 & 5) *** Order "Tiddalikarchaeales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 (LFW-252_1) *** Order "Woesearchaeales" (DHVE-6) * Phylum ?"Mamarchaeota" * Order ?"Wiannamattarchaeales"

==See also== * List of Archaea genera

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Extremophiles Category:Archaea kingdoms