P fimbriae

{{jargon|date=January 2024}} '''P fimbriae''' (also known as '''pyelonephritis-associated pili''', '''P pili''', or '''Pap''') are chaperone-usher type (specifically of the π family)<ref name="Nuccio SP et al2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nuccio SP, etal | title=Evolution of the chaperone/usher assembly pathway: fimbrial classification goes Greek | journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | year=2007 | volume=71 | issue=4 | pages=551–575 | doi=10.1128/MMBR.00014-07| pmc=2168650 | pmid=18063717}}</ref> fimbrial appendages found on the surface of many ''Escherichia coli'' bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rice JC, Peng T, Spence JS, Wang HQ, Goldblum RM, Corthésy B, Nowicki BJ | title = Pyelonephritic Escherichia coli expressing P fimbriae decrease immune response of the mouse kidney | language = en-US | journal = Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 16 | issue = 12 | pages = 3583–91 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16236807 | doi = 10.1681/ASN.2005030243 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The P fimbria is considered to be one of the most important virulence factor in uropathogenic ''E. coli'' and plays an important role in upper urinary tract infections.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lane MC, Mobley HL | title = Role of P-fimbrial-mediated adherence in pyelonephritis and persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in the mammalian kidney | journal = Kidney International | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–25 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17396114 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ki.5002230 | doi-access = free }}</ref> P fimbriae mediate adherence to host cells, a key event in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections.

== Structure and expression == P fimbriae are large, linear structures projecting from the surface of the bacterial cell. With lengths of 1-2um, the pili can be larger than the diameter of the bacteria itself.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wullt B, Bergsten G, Samuelsson M, Svanborg C | title = The role of P fimbriae for Escherichia coli establishment and mucosal inflammation in the human urinary tract | journal = International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 522–38 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12135844 | doi = 10.1016/S0924-8579(02)00103-6 }}</ref> The main body of the fimbriae is composed of approx. 1000 copies of the major fimbrial subunit protein PapA, forming a helical rod.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hospenthal MK, Redzej A, Dodson K, Ukleja M, Frenz B, Rodrigues C, Hultgren SJ, DiMaio F, Egelman EH, Waksman G | display-authors = 6 | title = Structure of a Chaperone-Usher Pilus Reveals the Molecular Basis of Rod Uncoiling | journal = Cell | volume = 164 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 269–278 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26724865 | pmc = 4715182 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.049 }}</ref> The short fimbrial tip is made of the subunits PapK, PapE, PapF and the tip adhesin PapG, which mediates the binding. thumb|400x400px|Structure of the P fimbriae The fimbria is assembled by a chaperone-usher system, and proteins required for the assembly are expressed by the Pap operon, which is located on pathogenicity islands. The genes of the Pap operon encode five structural proteins (PapA, PapK, PapE, PapF and PapG), four proteins involved in the transport and assembly (PapD, PapH, PapC, PapJ) and two proteins (PapB, PapI) regulating the operon expression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Waksman G, Hultgren SJ | title = Structural biology of the chaperone-usher pathway of pilus biogenesis | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 7 | issue = 11 | pages = 765–74 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19820722 | pmc = 3790644 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2220 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lillington J, Geibel S, Waksman G | title = Biogenesis and adhesion of type 1 and P pili | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects | volume = 1840 | issue = 9 | pages = 2783–93 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 24797039 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.04.021 }}</ref>

== Role during infection == Adherence to host uroepithelial cells is a crucial step during the infection that allows uropathogenic ''E.coli'' to colonize the urinary tract and prevents bacterial removal during micturition. The binding of the P fimbriae to epithelial cells is mediated by the tip adhesin PapG. Four different alleles of PapG have been described, which bind to different glycolipid structures on host cells. In humans, especially variant papGII and papGIII have shown to be clinically relevant.

Variant PapGII binds preferentially to globoside (GbO4), found abundantly on human kidney epithelial cells. PapGII triggers a strong inflammatory response which leads to tissue damage.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ambite I, Butler DS, Stork C, Grönberg-Hernández J, Köves B, Zdziarski J, Pinkner J, Hultgren SJ, Dobrindt U, Wullt B, Svanborg C | display-authors = 6 | title = Fimbriae reprogram host gene expression - Divergent effects of P and type 1 fimbriae | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | article-number = e1007671 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31181116 | pmc = 6557620 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007671 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Most ''E. coli'' strains causing pyelonephritis, urinary-source bacteremia and urosepsis produce P pili with PapGII.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Biggel M, Xavier BB, Johnson JR, Nielsen KL, Frimodt-Møller N, Matheeussen V, Goossens H, Moons P, Van Puyvelde S | display-authors = 6 | title = Horizontally acquired papGII-containing pathogenicity islands underlie the emergence of invasive uropathogenic Escherichia coli lineages | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 5968 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33235212 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-19714-9 | pmc = 7686366 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.5968B | s2cid = 227167609 | url = }}</ref> PapGIII binds to the Forssmann antigen (GbO5) as well as isoreceptors present in the urinary tract of humans. ''E. coli'' strains carrying the papGIII gene are associated with lower urinary tract infections (cystitis) and asymptomatic bacteriuria. PapGI adhesins bind preferentially to globotriaosylceramide (GbO3), while the isoreceptors of PapGIV are unknown. ''E. coli'' carrying genes for PapGI and PapGIV are rarely found in ''E. coli'' causing infections in humans.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Frequency (in %) of variants papGII and papGIII in relation to clinical origin of ''E.coli'' isolates.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson JR | title = papG alleles among Escherichia coli strains causing urosepsis: associations with other bacterial characteristics and host compromise | journal = Infection and Immunity | volume = 66 | issue = 9 | pages = 4568–71 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9712823 | pmc = 108561 | doi = 10.1128/IAI.66.9.4568-4571.1998 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johanson IM, Plos K, Marklund BI, Svanborg C | title = Pap, papG and prsG DNA sequences in Escherichia coli from the fecal flora and the urinary tract | journal = Microbial Pathogenesis | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 121–9 | date = August 1993 | pmid = 7902954 | doi = 10.1006/mpat.1993.1062 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson JR, Kuskowski MA, Gajewski A, Soto S, Horcajada JP, Jimenez de Anta MT, Vila J | title = Extended virulence genotypes and phylogenetic background of Escherichia coli isolates from patients with cystitis, pyelonephritis, or prostatitis | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 191 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–50 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15593002 | doi = 10.1086/426450 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mabbett AN, Ulett GC, Watts RE, Tree JJ, Totsika M, Ong CL, Wood JM, Monaghan W, Looke DF, Nimmo GR, Svanborg C, Schembri MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Virulence properties of asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli | journal = International Journal of Medical Microbiology | volume = 299 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–63 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 18706859 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.06.003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marrs CF, Zhang L, Foxman B | title = Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infections: are there distinct uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) pathotypes? | journal = FEMS Microbiology Letters | volume = 252 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–90 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16165319 | doi = 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.028 | url = https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72866/1/j.femsle.2005.08.028.pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ! !fecal !asymptomatic bacteriuria !cystitis !pyelonephritis !urosepsis |- |papGII |15 |20 |20 |60 |70 |- |papGIII |10 |15 |20 |20 |10 |}

== References ==  {{reflist}}

Category:Bacteriology