Bandwing

{{short description|Subfamily of grasshoppers}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Bandwings | image = Austroicetes vulgaris.jpg | image_caption = ''Austroicetes vulgaris'' | taxon = Oedipodinae | authority = Walker, 1871 | subdivision_ranks = Tribes | subdivision = See text | synonyms = Locustidae Kirby, 1825 Locustinae Kirby, 1825 Oedipodidae Walker, 1871 }}

'''Bandwings''', or '''band-winged grasshoppers''', are the subfamily '''Oedipodinae'''<ref>[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1103071 Orthoptera Species File (retrieved 28 January 2018)]</ref> of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated to full family status as the Oedipodidae.<ref>Walker F (1871) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum Supplement: '''102'''</ref> Many species primarily inhabit xeric weedy fields, and some are considered to be important locusts: * ''Locusta migratoria'': the migratory locust * ''Chortoicetes terminifera'': the Australian plague locust * ''Locustana pardalina'' the brown locust

These grasshoppers often have colorful hindwings that may be yellow or red and edged with black. Others have black hindwings with pale edges, and a few species (including the most economically important ones) have clear hindwings. The arolium is extremely small or absent. Many species engage in '''crepitation''', producing crackling sounds with their wings while in flight.<ref name="Songs">{{cite web |title=Grasshoppers |url=https://songsofinsects.com/grasshoppers |publisher=The Song of Insects |access-date=Mar 24, 2026 }}</ref>

== Defense == When bandwings feel safe, they appear drab. When they feel threatened, they leap out to reveal bold and bright colors. Some predators might even mistake the blue-winged grasshopper for a butterfly. But when the predator looks for the grasshopper, it is hiding in the grass. Bandwings continue this process if the predator tries to attack them.

==Tribes and genera== The ''Orthoptera Species File'' lists the following:<ref>*[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=36767 Orthoptera Species File (retrieved 1 December 2018)]</ref>

=== Tribe Acrotylini === Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia [[File:Caelifera CBMen 11.jpg|thumb|right|''Acrotylus patruelis'']] # ''Acrotylus'' Fieber, 1853 # ''Pusana'' Uvarov, 1940

=== Tribe Anconiini === Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic) # ''Anconia'' Scudder, 1876

=== Tribe Arphiini === Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America [[File:Arphia xanthoptera P1130859a.jpg|thumb|right|''Arphia xanthoptera'']] # ''Arphia'' Stål, 1873 # ''Lactista'' Saussure, 1884 (synonym ''Rehnita''<ref>''Hippopedon'' at [http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/Basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=50741 Orthoptera Species File Online]</ref>) # ''Leuronotina'' Hebard, 1932 # ''Tomonotus'' Saussure, 1861

=== Tribe Bryodemini === Auth. Bei-Bienko 1930; distribution: mostly central Asia [[File:B tuberculata-W.jpg|thumb|right|''Bryodemella tuberculata'']] # ''Andrea'' Mishchenko, 1989 # ''Angaracris'' Bei-Bienko, 1930 # ''Bryodema'' Fieber, 1853 # ''Bryodemacris'' Benediktov, 1998 # ''Bryodemella'' Yin, 1982 (Eastern Europe and temperate Asia) # ''Compsorhipis'' Saussure, 1889 # ''Uvaroviola'' Bei-Bienko, 1930

=== Tribe Chortophagini === Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America [[File:Chortophaga viridifasciata P1390820a.jpg|thumb|right|''Chortophaga viridifasciata'']] # ''Chimarocephala'' Scudder, 1875 # ''Chortophaga'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Encoptolophus'' Scudder, 1875 # ''Nebulatettix'' Gómez, Lightfoot & Miller, 2012 # ''Shotwellia'' Gurney, 1940

=== Tribe Epacromiini === Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia through to New Caledonia [[File:Aiolopus thalassinus feeding on grass 2.jpg|thumb|right|''Aiolopus thalassinus'']] # ''Aiolopus'' Fieber, 1853 # ''Demirsoyus'' Sirin & Çiplak, 2004 # ''Epacromius'' Uvarov, 1942 # ''Heteropternis'' Stål, 1873 # ''Hilethera'' Uvarov, 1923 # ''Jasomenia'' Bolívar, 1914 # ''Paracinema'' Fischer, 1853 # ''Parahilethera'' Zheng & Ren, 2007 # ''Platypygius'' Uvarov, 1942

=== Tribe Hippiscini === Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: Americas [[File:Hippiscus ocelote P1240847a.jpg|thumb|right|''Hippiscus ocelote'']] * ''Agymnastus'' Scudder, 1897 * ''Camnula'' Stål, 1873 * ''Cratypedes'' Scudder, 1876 * ''Hadrotettix'' Scudder, 1876 * ''Heliastus'' Saussure, 1884 * ''Hippiscus'' Saussure, 1861 (monotypic) * ''Leprus'' Saussure, 1861 * ''Pardalophora'' Saussure, 1884 * ''Sticthippus'' Scudder, 1892 * ''Xanthippus'' Saussure, 1884

=== Tribe Locustini === Auth. Kirby, 1825; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia [[File:Locusta m. migratorioides female.jpg|thumb|''Locusta migratoria migratorioides'' female (solitary)]] ;subtribe Locustina Kirby, 1825 # ''Locusta'' Linnaeus, 1758 (monotypic) # ''Oedaleus'' Fieber, 1853 # ''Psophus'' Fieber, 1853 - monotypic ''Psophus stridulus'' ;subtribe undetermined # ''Brunnerella'' Saussure, 1888 # ''Chifanicus'' Benediktov, 2001 # ''Gastrimargus'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Grammoscapha'' Uvarov, 1942 # ''Locustana'' Uvarov, 1921 # ''Pternoscirta'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Ptetica'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873 # ''Pyrgodera'' Fischer von Waldheim, 1846 # ''Scintharista'' Saussure, 1884

=== Tribe Macherocerini === Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic) # ''Machaerocera'' Saussure, 1859

=== Tribe Oedipodini === Auth. Walker, 1871; distribution: N. Africa, Europe, Asia [[File:Oedipoda caerulescens 1.jpg|thumb|right|''Oedipoda caerulescens'']] # ''Celes'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Mioscirtus'' Saussure, 1888 # ''Ochyracris'' Zheng, 1991 # ''Oedipoda'' Latreille, 1829 # ''Oedipodacris'' Willemse, 1932

=== Tribe Parapleurini === Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893<ref>Parapleurini at [http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/Basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=43372 Orthoptera Species File Online]</ref> (synonym Parapleuri); distribution: N. America, Europe, Asia [[File:Stethophyma magister 01.jpg|thumb|right|''Stethophyma magister'']] # ''Ceracris'' Walker, 1870 # ''Ceracrisoides'' Liu, 1985 # ''Formosacris'' Willemse, 1951 # ''Mecostethus'' Fieber, 1852 # ''Parapleurodes'' Ramme, 1941 # ''Stethophyma'' Fischer, 1853 # ''Yiacris'' Zheng & Chen, 1993

=== Tribe Psinidiini === Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America [[File:Long-horn Band-winged Grasshopper - Psinidia fenestralis, Sapelo Island, Georgia.jpg|thumb|right|''Psinidia fenestralis'']] * ''Derotmema'' Scudder, 1876 * ''Hippopedon'' Saussure, 1861 (synonym ''Platylactista''<ref>''Lactista'' at [http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/Basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=50699 Orthoptera Species File Online]</ref>) * ''Mestobregma'' Scudder, 1876 * ''Metator'' McNeill, 1901 * ''Psinidia'' Stål, 1873 * ''Trachyrhachys'' Scudder, 1876 * ''Trepidulus'' McNeill, 1901

=== Tribe Sphingonotini === Auth. Johnston, 1956; distribution: worldwide, esp. Africa, Europe, Asia thumb|right|''Sphingonotus caerulans'' # ''Conipoda'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Cophotylus'' Krauss, 1902 # ''Eusphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950 # ''Eusphingonotus'' Bey-Bienko, 1950 # ''Heliopteryx'' Uvarov, 1914 # ''Helioscirtus'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Hyalorrhipis'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Microtes'' Scudder, 1900 # ''Phaeonotus'' Popov, 1951 # ''Pseudoceles'' Bolívar, 1899 # ''Quadriverticis'' Zheng, 1999 # ''Sphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950 # ''Sphingonotus'' Fieber, 1852 - type species: ''Sphingonotus caerulans''<ref>''Sphingonotus'' at [http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/Basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=42103 Orthoptera species File Online]</ref> # ''Tetramerotropis'' Saussure, 1888 # ''Thalpomena'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Vosseleriana'' Uvarov, 1924

=== Tribe Trilophidiini === Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Asia (monotypic tribe) [[File:Trilophidia conturbata2.jpg|thumb|right|''Trilophidia conturbata'']] # ''Trilophidia'' Stål, 1873

=== Tribe Trimerotropini === Auth. Blatchley, 1920; distribution: Americas # ''Circotettix'' Scudder, 1876 # ''Conozoa'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Dissosteira'' Scudder, 1876 # ''Spharagemon'' Scudder, 1875 # ''Trimerotropis'' Stål, 1873

=== Tribe Tropidolophini === Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic tribe) [[File:Tropidolophus formosus P1490430a.jpg|thumb|''Tropidolophus formosus'']] # ''Tropidolophus'' Thomas, 1873 - monotypic ''Tropidolophus formosus''

=== Genera ''incertae sedis'' === [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 40 An Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera.jpg|thumb|right|''Chortoicetes terminifera'']] {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * ''Angaracrisoides'' Gong & Zheng, 2003 * ''Asphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950 * ''Atympanum'' Yin, 1982 * ''Aulocaroides'' Werner, 1913 * ''Aurilobulus'' Yin, 1979 * ''Austroicetes'' Uvarov, 1925 * ''Brancsikellus'' Berg, 1899 * ''Chloebora'' Saussure, 1884 * ''Chondronotulus'' Uvarov, 1956 * ''Chortoicetes'' Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 * ''Crinita'' Dirsh, 1949 * ''Cyanicaudata'' Yin, 1979 * ''Diraneura'' Scudder, 1897 * ''Dittopternis'' Saussure, 1884 * ''Elmisia'' Dirsh, 1949 * ''Eokingdonella'' Yin, 1984 * ''Eremoscopus'' Bei-Bienko, 1951 * ''Eurysternacris'' Chopard, 1947 * ''Fitzgeraldia'' Uvarov, 1952 * ''Flatovertex'' Zheng, 1981 * ''Granada'' Koçak & Kemal, 2008 * ''Homoeopternis'' Uvarov, 1953 * ''Humbe'' Bolívar, 1882 * ''Jinabia'' Uvarov, 1952 * ''Kinshaties'' Zheng, 1977 * ''Leptopternis'' Saussure, 1884 * ''Mecistopteryx'' Saussure, 1888 * ''Morphacris'' Walker, 1870 * ''Nepalacris'' Balderson & Yin, 1987 * ''Oreacris'' Bolívar, 1911 * ''Promesosternus'' Yin, 1982 * ''Pseudaiolopus'' Hollis, 1967 * ''Pycnocrania'' Uvarov, 1941 * ''Pycnodella'' Descamps, 1965 * ''Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873 * ''Pycnostictus'' Saussure, 1884 * ''Qualetta'' Sjöstedt, 1921 * ''Rashidia'' Uvarov, 1933 * ''Tibetacris'' Chen, 1964 * ''Tmetonota'' Saussure, 1884 * ''Zimbabwea'' Miller, 1949 * ''†Mioedipoda'' Stidham & Stidham, 2000 * ''†Nymphacrida'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994 * ''†Oedemastopoda'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994 {{div col end}}

The genus ''Cibolacris'' was originally placed in Oedipodinae, and later moved to Gomphocerinae. The genus ''Stethophyma'' is traditionally included in Oedipodinae, but North American authors in particular sometimes place it in the Gomphocerinae or Acridinae. Some authors place all members of Oedipodinae within the subfamily Acridinae, and there has been much confusion and debate about the limits and relationships of the two subfamilies.<ref>''Cibolacris'' at [http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=44467 Orthoptera Species File Online]</ref> <ref>Oedipodinae at [http://osf2x.orthoptera.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=36767 Orthoptera Species File Online]</ref><ref>Daniel Otte, 1982, 'The North American Grasshoppers, Volume 1: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae and Acridinae', Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|9780674626607}}</ref><ref>DCF Rentz, RC Lewis, YN Su & MS Upton, 2003, 'A Guide to Australian Grasshoppers and Locusts', Natural History Publications (Borneo). {{ISBN|983-812-074-X}} , {{ISBN|978-983-812-074-6}}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}}

==External links== *{{Wikispecies inline|Oedipodinae}} *{{Commons category inline|Oedipodinae}}

Category:Oedipodinae Category:Orthoptera subfamilies