{{Short description|Species of cichlid fish}} {{Speciesbox | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN"/> | taxon = Herichthys bartoni | authority = (T. H. Bean, 1892) | synonyms = * ''Acara bartoni'' {{small|T.H. Bean, 1892}} * ''Cichlasoma bartoni'' {{small|(T.H. Bean, 1892)}} * ''Nosferatu bartoni'' {{small|De la Maza-Benignos et. al, 2015}}<ref name="Maza-Benignos2015"/> | synonyms_ref = <ref name="FishBase"/> }} '''Barton's cichlid''' ('''''Herichthys bartoni''''') is a species of cichlid endemic to freshwater springs in the upper Panuco River basin of San Luis Potosí, Mexico.<ref name="FishBase"/>
==Taxonomy== ===Etymology and naming history=== Barton's cichlid was originally discovered in 1890 by Mexican biologist Alfredo Dugès while he was traveling in Rioverde, San Luis Potosí.<ref name="Nuttall2014"/> Four specimens were then collected and sent to ichthyologist Tarleton Hoffman Bean, who would go on to describe the species as ''Acara bartoni'' in 1802.<ref name="Meija2015"/> The specific name, ''bartoni'', is a patronym honoring Bean's brother, Barton Appler Bean, who was the assistant curator of ichthyology at the U.S. National Museum.<ref name="ETYFish"/>
In May 2014, Mauricio De la Maza-Benignos released a phylogeographic analysis of the genus ''Herichthys'', which argued that the ''H. bartoni'' group (consisting of itself, ''H. labridens'', ''H. molango'', ''H. pame'', ''H. pantostictus'', ''H. pratinus'', and ''H. steindachneri''),<ref name="LeonRomero2012"/> along with the then-newly described ''H. pame'', should be moved from ''Hericthys'' to a new genus, ''Nosferatu'', on the basis of their shared monophyly and tooth morphology.<ref name="Maza-Benignos2015"/> This assertion was refuted by a morphometric and phylogenetic review of the ''H. bartoni'' group conducted by Mejía et al. in March 2015, which showed that the diagnostic characteristics of ''Nosferatu'' were plesiomorphic with some ''Herichthys'' species outside of the ''H. bartoni'' group, and therefore would make ''Nosferatu'' a paraphyletic group congeneric with ''Herichthys''.<ref name="Meija2015"/> This was later upheld by Oldřich Říčan's 2016 revision of the molecular phylogeny of the tribe Heroini.<ref name="Rican2016"/> ''Nosferatu'' is now considered to be an invalid synonym of ''Hericthys'' by Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes<ref name="CoF"/> and FishBase,<ref name="FishBase2"/> and Barton's cichlid is once again considered a member of ''Herichthys''.<ref name="FishBase"/>
In its native Mexico, it is commonly known as the "mojarra caracolera" (transl. "snail mojarra")<ref name="NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010"/> or the Media Luna cichlid.<ref name="FishBase"/>
===Evolutionary history=== ''Herichthys bartoni'' forms a species complex with the subpopulation of ''Herichthys labridens'' found in the ''laguna''{{efn|In Latin America, the term "laguna" is typically used to refer to small freshwater lakes rather than the coastal bodies of water the term "lagoon" refers to in English. La Media Luna is ~{{cvt|230|km|mi}} inland, and does not border the ocean.}} of La Media Luna, with the two having a genetic distance of only 0.2%.<ref name="LeonRomero2012"/> Their last common ancestor is believed to have diverged from the rest of ''Herichthys'' approximately ~3 million years ago (Mya), during the Pliocene{{efn|Maza-Benignos et. al state this divergence happened during the Miocene. However, this would be impossible with the figures they give: their 95% HPD interval of 1.5–4.7 Mya does not overlap with the commonly-accepted 23.03–5.333 Mya span of the Miocene at any point. Take their estimates with a grain of salt.}} era, and their speciation is believed to have only happened within the past ~1 million years.<ref name="Maza-Benignos2015"/> Mitochondrial DNA analysis further suggests that the two species hybridized relatively recently.<ref name="Rican2016"/>
==Description== ''Herichthys bartoni'' can readily be distinguished from other members of the genus ''Herichthys'' by its black-and-white to light grey coloration in adulthood.<ref name="Meija2015"/> However, this species is polymorphic,<ref name="Rican2016"/> and yellow and blue color morphs occur in nature as well. This species is sexually dimorphic: males have darker body coloration than females, which darkens to a deep black during breeding season, causing them to resemble a tuxedo.<ref name="Nuttall2014"/>
==Distribution and habitat== The distribution of ''Herichthys bartoni'' is restricted to the upper Panuco River basin, particularly the upper Rio Verde, La Media Luna, and its surrounding river systems.<ref name="FishBase"/>
==Ecology and behavior== Barton's cichlid is sympatric with its close relative ''Herichthys labridens'', and is known to occur alongside several other species of fish, including the banded astynax (''Psalidodon fasciatus''), the blackstripe minnow (''Tampichthys rasconis''), the Rio Verde catfish (''Ictalurus mexicanus''), the striped goodeid (''Ataeniobius toweri''),<ref name="Miller1956"/> and the invasive tilapia (''Oreochromis sp.'').<ref name="IUCN"/>
==Conservation status== Due to its decreasing population size, narrow geographic distribution, and the ongoing deterioration of its natural habitat, the IUCN Red List considers Barton's cichlid to be an endangered species.<ref name="IUCN"/> It is protected by federal Mexican law as a "species at risk" under Regulatory Annex III of NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010.<ref name="NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010"/> On June 7, 2003, La Media Luna was declared a protected natural area of San Luis Potosí, administered by the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT);<ref name="SEMARNAT"/> the IUCN estimates that somewhere between 71 and 80% of its total population lives within this protected area.<ref name="IUCN"/>
In June 1956, surveying conducted by Louisiana State University indicated that it was one of the most abundant species of fish in La Media Luna at the time, comprising roughly 40% of the fish collected in the area.<ref name="Miller1956"/> By 2006, however, its abundance in the area had plummeted to just 3.6%, and in 2017, it was determined to be one of the least abundant species in the laguna's nearby streams, creeks, and rivers.<ref name="IUCN"/>
==References== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="CoF">{{Cof genus|Herichthys|access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="ETYFish">{{cite web|title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily CICHLINAE (d-w)|last1=Scharpf|first1=Christopher|last2=Lazara|first2=Kenneth J.|name-list-style=amp|date=22 September 2018|website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database|publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara|url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae7/|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="FishBase">{{FishBase|genus=Herichthys|species=bartoni|month=April|year=2024}}</ref>
<ref name="FishBase2">{{cite web|last1=Froese|first1=Rainer|last2=Pauly|first2=Daniel|title=Scientific Names where Genus Equals ''Herichthys''|edition=2024|website=FishBase|url=https://www.fishbase.se/Nomenclature/ValidNameList.php?syng=Herichthys&syns=&vtitle=Scientific+Names+where+Genus+Equals+%3Ci%3EHerichthys%3C%2Fi%3E&crit2=CONTAINS&crit1=EQUAL|access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCN">{{cite IUCN|last1=Soto Galera |first1=E.|last2=Mejía Guerrero |first2=O. |last3=Pérez‐Miranda |first3=F. |year=2019 |title=''Herichthys bartoni'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T192893A2179696 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T192893A2179696.en |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="LeonRomero2012">{{cite journal|last1=León-Romero|first1=Yatzil|last2=Mejía|first2=Omar|last3=Soto-Galera|first3=Eduardo|name-list-style=&|title=DNA barcoding reveals taxonomic conflicts in the ''Herichthys bartoni'' species group (Pisces: Cichlidae)|date=November 2012|journal=Molecular Ecology Resources|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1021–1026|doi=10.1111/1755-0998.12018|pmid=23006448|s2cid=26372288|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Maza-Benignos2015">{{cite journal|last1=De la Maza-Benignos|first1=Mauricio|last2=Ornelas-García|first2=Claudia Patricia|last3=Lozano-Vilano|first3=María de Lourdes|last4=García-Ramírez|first4=María Elena|last5=Doadrio|first5=Ignacio|name-list-style=&|title=Phylogeographic analysis of genus ''Herichthys'' (Perciformes: Cichlidae), with descriptions of ''Nosferatu'' new genus and ''H. tepehua'' n. sp.|date=April 2015|orig-date=6 May 2014|journal=Hydrobiologia|volume=748|issue=1|pages=201–231|doi=10.1007/s10750-014-1891-8|bibcode=2015HyBio.748..201D |hdl=10261/126238|s2cid=16769534|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Meija2015">{{cite journal|last1=Mejía|first1=Omar|last2=Pérez-Miranda|first2=Fabián|last3=León-Romero|first3=Yatzil|last4=Soto-Galera|first4=Eduardo|last5=de Luna|first5=Efraín|name-list-style=&|title=Morphometric variation of the ''Herichthys bartoni'' (Bean, 1892) species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae): How many species comprise ''H. labridens'' (Pellegrin, 1903)?|date=March 2015|journal=Neotropical Ichthyology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=61–76|doi=10.1590/1982-0224-20140067|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275722303|access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Miller1956">{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=Robert Rush|title=A new genus and species of cyprinodontid fish from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, with remarks on the subfamily Cyprinodontinae|date=21 December 1956|journal=Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology|number=581|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/57019/OP581.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422165307/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/57019/OP581.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|archive-date=22 April 2024|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
<ref name="NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010">{{cite web|author=SEMARNAT|title=NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010|website=Executive Branch of the State of San Luis Potosí|language=es|url=https://www.dof.gob.mx/normasOficiales/4254/semarnat/semarnat.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119025225/https://www.dof.gob.mx/normasOficiales/4254/semarnat/semarnat.htm|archive-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Nuttall2014">{{cite magazine|last=Nuttall |first=Lee |date=2014 |title=''Herichthys bartoni'' - The Mexican Tuxedo|url=https://issuu.com/nuttycichlids/docs/publication_issue_4|magazine=The Central Scene: North & Central American Cichlid Keeping|issue=4|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301085609/https://issuu.com/nuttycichlids/docs/publication_issue_4|archive-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Rican2016">{{cite journal|last1=Říčan|first1=Oldřich|last2=Piálek|first2=Lubomír|last3=Dragová|first3=Klára|last4=Novák|first4=Jindřich|name-list-style=&|title=Diversity and evolution of the Middle American cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with revised classification|year=2016|journal=Vertebrate Zoology|volume=66|issue=1|pages=1–102|doi=10.3897/vz.66.e31534|doi-access=free|url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/publikationen/vertebratezoology/vz66-1/01_vertebrate_zoology_66-1_rican_1-102.pdf|access-date=21 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405044728/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/publikationen/vertebratezoology/vz66-1/01_vertebrate_zoology_66-1_rican_1-102.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="SEMARNAT">{{cite web|author=SEMARNAT|title=Área Natural Protegida Parque Estatal "Manantial de la Media Luna"|website=Executive Branch of the State of San Luis Potosí|language=es|url=https://slp.gob.mx/segam/Paginas/ANPS/ESTATALES/Media%20Luna.aspx|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211063533/https://slp.gob.mx/segam/Paginas/ANPS/ESTATALES/Media%20Luna.aspx|archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>
}}
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Category:Herichthys Category:Cichlid fish of Central America Category:Endemic fish of Mexico Category:Freshwater fish of Mexico Category:Pánuco River Category:Natural history of San Luis Potosí Category:Natural history of Tamaulipas Category:Natural history of Veracruz Category:Endangered biota of Mexico Category:Endangered fauna of North America Category:Endangered fish Category:Fish described in 1892 Category:Taxa named by Tarleton Hoffman Bean Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot