{{short description|Aboriginal Australian people of New South Wales}} {{use dmy dates|date=October 2017}} {{use Australian English|date=September 2020}} The '''Ngiyampaa''' people, also spelt '''Ngyiyambaa''', '''Nyammba''' and '''Ngemba''',{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=198}}{{efn|This version of the ethnonym represents a northern pronunciation, in which speakers tended to run ''iya'' together, producing a vocalisation close to English 'e'. {{harv|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman|Meredith|2003|p=12}}}} are an Aboriginal Australian people of the state of New South Wales. The generic name refers to an aggregation of three groups, the Ngiyampaa, the Ngiyampaa Wangaaypuwan, and the Ngiyampaa Wayilwan, respectively clans of a larger Ngiyampaa nation.{{sfn|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman |Meredith|2003|p=4}}{{sfn|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman|Meredith|2003|p=7}}{{sfn|Donaldson |1984|p=29}}
==Language== {{main|Ngiyambaa language}} Their language consisted of varieties of Ngiyampaa,{{efn|The name of the language means 'talk-world' {{harv|Donaldson|1984|p=23}}}}{{sfn|Donaldson|1985|p=126}} which was composed of two dialects, Ngiyambaa Wangaaypuwan and Wayilwan Ngiyambaa.{{sfn|Dixon|2002|p=xxxv}} {{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=26}}{{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=38}} The Wangaaypuwan (with ''wangaay'') people are so called because they use ''wangaay'' to say "no", as opposed to the Ngiyampaa in the Macquarie Marshes and towards Walgett, who were historically defined separately by colonial ethnographers as Wayilwan, so-called because their word for "no" was ''wayil''.{{sfn|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman|Meredith|2003|p=17}}{{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=26}} The distinction between Ngiyampaa, Wangaaypuwan, and Wayilwan traditionally drawn, and sanctioned by the classification of Norman Tindale, may rest upon a flawed assumption of marked "tribal" differences based on Ngiyampaa linguistic discriminations between internal groups or clans whose word for "no" varied.{{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=29}}
==Country== According to Tindale's estimation, Ngiyampaa tribal lands (''ngurrampaa'', "country"){{efn|''ngurra'' means 'camp' while the suffix ''paa'' indicates a world or place. {{harv|Donaldson|1984|p=23}}}} extended over some {{convert|6,600|mi2|km2}} in the territory, much of it peneplain, lying south of the south bank of the Barwon and Darling rivers, from Brewarrina to Dunlop. Their area included Yanda Creek down to the source of Mulga Creek, and took in the Bogan River.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=198}}{{sfn|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman|Meredith|2003|p=14}} The Wayilwan clan{{sfn|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman|Meredith|2003|p=7}}{{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=29}} were on their southeastern flank, the Wangaaypuwan clan{{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=28}} southwest while the Gamilaraay were to the northeast and the Paakantyi to their west and northwest.
Mount Grenfell, some {{convert|50|mi|order=flip}} northwest of Cobar, is an important site for the Ngiyampaa people, who were barred from accessing it until the 1970s.{{sfn|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman|Meredith|2003|p=13}}
==Group classifications== A geographical distinction regarding the homeland camping world (''ngurrampaa'') is attested between three groups, all inhabiting areas devoid of permanent watercourses. * (a) ''pilaarrkiyalu'' ('woodlanders'. Lit.'belar people') to the east. * (b) ''nhiilyikiyalu'' (nilyah tree people) a westerly group who formerly camped northwest of the ''ngurrampaa'', around Marfield station.
These two groups are collectively referred to as drylanders. * (c)''karulkiyalu'' or 'stone people', those associated with the stony terrain north of the Ngiyampaa's camping world.{{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=24}}
A further distinction was drawn between the above three groups and two groups of river people whose descendants now dwell to the east and west of the ''ngurrampaa''. These are the * (d) ''kaliyarrkiyalu'' (people of the Lachlan River (''kaliyarr'') * (e) ''paawankay'' (people of the Darling River).{{sfn|Donaldson|1984|pp=24–25}}
==History of contact== In 1914 a regional newspaper stated that there had been a massacre in 1859 of around 300 Ngiyampaa at Hospital Creek, close to Brewarrina.{{sfn|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman|Meredith|2003|p=23}}
==Some words== * ''ngurram-paa'' ('camp-world', therefore homeland){{sfn|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman|Meredith|2003|p=16}} * ''ngurrangkiyalu'' (housewife){{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=24}} * ''purrpa'' (school for making men){{sfn|Donaldson|1984|pp=22–23}} * ''waaway'' (Rainbow Serpent){{sfn|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman|Meredith|2003|p=15}} * ''wirringan'' (doctors or 'clever' people){{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=25}}
==Notes== {{notelist}}
===Citations=== {{Reflist|20em}}
==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{Cite book| title = Yapapunakirri Let's Track Back: The Aboriginal World Around Mount Grenfell | last1 = Beckett | first1 = Jeremy | last2 = Donaldson | first2 = Tamsin | last3 = Steadman | first3 = Bradley | last4 = Meredith | first4 = Steve | publisher = Office of the Registrar, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW). | url = https://www.academia.edu/33372424 | date = April 2003 | isbn = 0-9581920-1-4 }}. *{{cite book| title = Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development | last = Dixon | first = R. M. W. | year = 2002 | author-link = Robert M. W. Dixon | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR34 | isbn = 978-0-521-47378-1 }} *{{Cite journal | title = What's in a name? An etymological view of land, language and social identification from central western New South Wales | last = Donaldson | first = Tamsin | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 1984 | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–44 | url = http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p71671/pdf/article032.pdf }} *{{Cite journal | title = From Speaking Ngiyampa to Speaking English | last = Donaldson | first = Tamsin | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 1985 | volume = 9 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 126–147 | jstor = 24045833 }} *{{Cite book| chapter = Ngemba (NSW) | last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | year = 1974 | author-link = Norman Tindale | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = Australian National University | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/ngemba.htm }} {{refend}}
{{Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales}}
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Category:Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales Category:South Coast (New South Wales)