{{short description|Aboriginal Australian people of northern Western Australia}} {{use dmy dates|date=August 2017}} {{use Australian English|date=November 2020}} The '''Ngarinyin''' or '''Ngarinjin''' are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Their language, Ngarinyin, is also known as Ungarinyin. When referring to their traditional lands, they refer to themselves as '''Wilinggin''' people.
==Language== thumb|Sign in the Ngarinjin language {{main|Ngarinyin language}} Ngarinyin, or Ungarinyin, is one of three languages belonging to the Worrorran language family. As of 2003 there were 82 speakers of Ngarinyin spread out from Derby to the King River.{{sfn|Graves|2003|p=380}} At the time of the 2016 Australian census, there were 38 people recorded to speak the language at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA|title=Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)|publisher=ABS|website=ABS.stat|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044803/http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to Rumsey, Ngarinyin may be applied to either the language or the people who speak it, whereas Ungarinyin may only refer to the language. McGregor reported that "Ngarinyin has been chosen as the preferred language name" by the community.<ref name=AIATSIS>{{AIATSIS|K18|Ngarinyin}}</ref>
==Social organisation== The Ngarinjin were composed of roughly 40 groups. Each of these local divisions, with its own distinctive clan and moiety classification.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
The Wunambal, Worrorra, and Ngarinyin peoples form a cultural bloc known Wanjina Wunggurr.<ref name=klc/> The shared culture is based on the dreamtime mythology and law whose creators are the Wanjina and Wunggurr spirits, ancestors of these peoples. The Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corporation represents the Wunambal Gaambera people; Uunguu refers to their "home", or country.<ref name=wgac>{{cite web | title=Wunambal Gaambera People | website=Wunambal Gaambera Country | url=https://www.wunambalgaambera.org.au/wunambal-gaambera-people.htm |others=Includes map.| date=14 February 2020 }}</ref>
==Country== Ngarinjin lands were estimated by Norman Tindale to encompass some {{convert|10,500|mi2|km2|order=flip}} from Walcott Inlet at Mount Page. To the southeast their boundaries ran along the northern face of the Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges. Their land included the Isdell Valley to Isdell Range, running east as far as the Phillips Range, the headwaters of the Chapman River, Blackfellow Creek, and Wood River. Their confines to the north lay along the Barnett and Harris Ranges, and to where the Gibb River joins with the upper Drysdale across to the Maitland Range. They were present also at the King River headwaters, as far as around about Mount Reid. Their western frontier was set at Mounts Bradshaw and Han. Their territory to the southeast reached Mount French on the highlands.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=251}}
Before the coming of white settlement, it appears that the Ngarinjin were pressing south into territory held by the Punaba.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=251}}
===Native title===
As part of the same native title claim lodged in 1998 by Wanjina Wunggurr RNTBC known as the Dambimangari claim, which included claims for the three peoples in the cultural bloc, referred to as Dambimangari, Uunguu and Wilinggin (see above), the Wilinggin claim was the first to be determined, by litigation on 27 August 2004. The claim covers an area of more than {{convert|60,150 |km2|abbr=on}} along the Gibb River Road.<ref name=klc>{{cite web | title = Copy of Native Title Map | publisher = Kimberley Land Council | url = https://www.klc.org.au/native-title-map-1 | date = 8 August 2013 | access-date = 7 November 2020 | archive-date = 30 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210330221508/https://www.klc.org.au/native-title-map-1 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =WCD2004/001 - Wanjina - Wunggurr Wilinggin Native Title Determination No 1| publisher = National Native Title Tribunal | url = http://www.nntt.gov.au/SearchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/Determination_details.aspx?NNTT_Fileno=WCD2004/001 | access-date = 9 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Wanjina/Wunggurr-Wilinggin (WC1999/011)| publisher = National Native Title Tribunal | url = http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/details.aspx?NTDA_Fileno=WC1999/011 | access-date = 9 November 2020}}</ref>
Another claim, over {{convert|6903 |km2|abbr=on}} in the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley, filed on 30 December 2002, was not accepted, with the determination handed down on 31 January 2003. The Kimberley Land Council Aboriginal Corporation represented the people in this claim.<ref>{{cite web| title =Wanjina/Wunggurr-Wilinggin #2 (WC2002/004)| publisher = National Native Title Tribunal | url = http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/details.aspx?NTDA_Fileno=WC2002/004 | access-date = 9 November 2020}}</ref>
The Wanjina Wunggurr RNTBC acts on behalf of the Ngarinyin/Wilinggin, Worrora/Dambimangari, and Wunambal Gaambera/Uunguu native title holders with regard to their rights and interests.<ref name=klc/>
===National park=== In January 2017, the creation of the Wilinggin National Park was announced, which will include parts of the parts of the existing Mitchell River and Prince Regent National Parks and connect a number of conservation areas stretching over {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}}. The new park would be jointly managed by the WA government and Wilinggin traditional owners. The area adjoins the northern portion of the former King Leopold Ranges Conservation Park<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Barnett/2017/01/New-national-park-for-the-north-Kimberley.aspx|title=New national park for the north Kimberley|first=Albert|last=Jacob|publisher=Government of Western Australia|date=30 January 2017|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111130207/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Barnett/2017/01/New-national-park-for-the-north-Kimberley.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> which is now known as Wunaamin Conservation Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://parks.dpaw.wa.gov.au/park/wunaamin|title=Wunaamin Conservation Park|website=Government of Western Australia. Department of Parks and Wildlife| access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> The new park was planned to form part of the Kimberley National Park, which would be Australia's biggest national park, but this idea had {{as of|lc=yes|2020}} been shelved after a change of government in 2017.<ref>{{cite web | title=Plan for Our Parks | website=Department of Parks and Wildlife|publisher=Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions| url=https://www.dbca.wa.gov.au/parks-and-wildlife-service/plan-for-our-parks | access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Plan for Our Parks regions in focus | website=Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions | url=https://www.dbca.wa.gov.au/parks-and-wildlife-service/plan-for-our-parks/regions | access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
===Indigenous rangers=== In June 2023, the newly-established Darran.gu Wulagura women's Indigenous ranger team worked in collaboration with the Australian Wildlife Conservancy to survey the golden bandicoot population on Wilinggin country for the first time ever. The survey, which was carried out in the survey in the Charnley River-Artesian Range Wildlife Sanctuary, involved trapping, examining, and identifying individuals of the vulnerable species over six nights. The objective was to ensure that translocation of some of the animals to the Northern Territory would not negatively affect the existing population.<ref>{{cite web | last=Williams | first=Eddie | title=WA's new Indigenous women's ranger team help threatened golden bandicoot survive | website=ABC News (Australia) | date=4 July 2023 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-04/wa-golden-bandicoot-indigenous-women-ranger-team-help-survival/102540886 | access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>
==Ethnography== The German ethnographer Helmut Petri, during the Frobenius expedition of 1938-1939, lived among the Ngarinjin and took copious notes on the lore language and mythology of the Ngarinjin, and gathered many objects of their traditional craftsmanship. A large part of his material, conserved in Frankfurt am Main, was obliterated during one of the many Allied bombing runs on that city, which razed to the ground the Museum der Weltkulturen, where Petri worked.{{efn|'Wertvolle Bestände, darunter ein großer Teil seiner Feldnotizen und Original texte von Mythen des Ungarinyin-Stammes, waren bei der Zerstörung des Instituts im Zweiten Weltkrieg vernichtet.'{{sfn|Michel|1988|p=vi}}}}
==Alternative names== {{colbegin|colwidth=25em}} * ''Andedja'' * ''Andidja'' * ''Angarinjin'' * ''Arawari'' (a Worrorran word meaning "southeastwards") * ''Arkarinjindja'' * ''Gular'' (a name applied to some groups, with ''kular'' meaning "west") * ''Ingarinjindja'' (a Ngarinyin adult male) * ''Marangana'' (of people who speak as the Ngarinyin do) * ''Narrinyind'' * ''Ngaring-ngyan'' * ''Ngarinjin'' * ''Ngerringun Kandjalngari'' (northern group){{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=251}} * ''Njingarinjanja'' (a Ngarinyin adult female) * ''Oladjau'' (Miriwung term for their language) * (''Ungarinjin, Unrjarinjin, Ungarinyin, Ungarinjen''{{#tag:ref|But, note above – should only be used with reference to the language, not the people.|group=Note}}) * ''Walmidi'' (Forrest River name) * ''Wangarinjinu'' * ''Warnarinjin'' {{colend}}
==Footnotes== {{reflist|group=Note}}
==References== {{notelist}}
===Citations=== {{Reflist|20em}}
==Sources== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite web | title = AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia | date = 14 May 2024 | publisher = AIATSIS | url = https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia | ref = {{harvid|AIATSIS}} }} *{{Cite book | chapter = Wororan languages | last = Graves | first = B. | title = International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE-Esperanto. | editor-last = Frawley | editor-first = William | volume = 1 | pages = 379–380 | publisher = Oxford University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&pg=RA3-PA380 | date = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-195-13977-8 }} *{{Cite journal | title = Helmut Petri 1907–1986 | last = Michel | first = Thomas | journal = Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde | publisher = Frobenius Institute | year = 1988 | volume = 34 | pages = v–xiii | jstor = 23076465 }} *{{Cite web | title = Tindale Tribal Boundaries | publisher = Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia | url = https://www.daa.wa.gov.au/globalassets/pdf-files/maps/state/tindale_daa.pdf | date = September 2016 | ref = {{harvid|TTB|2016}} | access-date = 1 December 2017 | archive-date = 8 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160308145114/https://www.daa.wa.gov.au/globalassets/pdf-files/maps/state/tindale_daa.pdf | url-status = dead }} *{{Cite book | chapter = Ngarinjin (WA) | last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | author-link = Norman Tindale | year = 1974 | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = Australian National University | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/ngarinjin.htm | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 | access-date = 14 August 2017 | archive-date = 9 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200309195047/http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/ngarinjin.htm | url-status = dead }} {{Refend}}
==Further reading== *{{cite book|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/press/system/files/2019-04/uap-worrorra-ebook.pdf|title=Worrorra: a language of the north-west Kimberley coast.|publisher=University of Adelaide|first=Mark|last=Clendon|isbn=978-1-922064-59-2|date=2014}} 50px Text may be copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)] licence. {{Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia}}
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Category:Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia Category:Kimberley (Western Australia)