{{Short description|Commercial airport serving Metro Manila, Philippines}} {{redirect|Manila Airport||Manila Airport (disambiguation)}} {{For-multi|the current military use of this facility|Villamor Air Base|the previous military use of this facility|Nichols Field}} {{Use Philippine English|date=September 2022}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}} {{Infobox airport | name = Ninoy Aquino International Airport | nativename = {{small|{{lang|fil|Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino}}}} | image = New NAIA logo.svg | image-width = 200px | image2 = NAIA Complex from air (Pasay; 01-09-2023).jpg | image2-width = 290 | caption2 = Aerial view of NAIA from northeast in 2023. | IATA = MNL | ICAO = RPLL | WMO = 98429 | type = Public / Military | owner = Manila International Airport Authority | operator = New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation | timezone = PHT | utc = UTC+08:00 | city-served = Greater Manila Area | location = Parañaque and Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines | built = <!-- military airports only. Date is already in Nichols Field and Villamor Air Base --> | opened = {{start date and age|1948||}} | hub = {{ubl|class=nowrap | PAL Express | Philippine Airlines}} | operating_base = {{ubl|class=nowrap | Cebu Pacific | Philippines AirAsia}} | focus_city = | website = {{URL|www.newnaia.com.ph}} | coordinates = {{coord|14|30|30|N|121|01|11|E|region:PH-00|display=inline,title}} | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=11|frame-latitude=14.5123|frame-longitude=121.0165}} | image_map_caption = | pushpin_map = Metro Manila#Luzon mainland#Philippines#Southeast Asia#Asia | pushpin_label = '''MNL'''/RPLL | pushpin_map_caption = | elevation-f = 75 | elevation-m = 23 | metric-elev = yes | r1-number = 06/24{{efn|Runway 06 is {{convert|3514|m|ft|sp=us}} long with a Clearway of {{convert|150|m|ft|sp=us}} and has a displaced threshold of {{convert|105|m|ft|sp=us}}. Runway 24 is {{convert|3514|m|ft|sp=us}} long with a Stopway of {{convert|105|m|ft|sp=us}} and clearway of {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}}.}} | r1-length-f = 11,529 | r1-length-m = 3,514 <ref name="https">https://vatphil.com/viewchart.php?id=351</ref> | r1-surface = Asphalt/Concrete | r2-number = 13/31{{efn|Runway 13 is {{convert|2249|m|ft|sp=us}} long with clearway of {{convert|150|m|ft|sp=us}} and runway end safety area included in strip length of {{convert|90|m|ft|sp=us}}.}} | r2-length-f = 7,379 | r2-length-m = 2,249 <ref name="https"/> | r2-surface = Asphalt/Concrete | metric-rwy = yes | stat1-header = Passengers | stat1-data = 50,356,465<br />{{increase}} 11.16% | stat2-header = Aircraft movements | stat2-data = 293,433 <br /> {{increase}} 8.31% | stat3-header = Cargo (in tonnes) | stat3-data = 616,478.52 <br /> {{increase}} 26.88% | stat-year = 2024 | footnotes = Source: Manila International Airport Authority<ref name="Manila International Airport Authority-2025b" /><ref name="Manila International Airport Authority-2025a" /> }}
'''Ninoy Aquino International Airport''' ('''NAIA''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|a:|.|ˈ|i:|.|ə}} {{respell|NAH|EE|ə}}; {{langx|fil|Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino}}; {{airport codes|MNL|RPLL|p=n}}), also known as '''Manila Airport''' or '''Manila International Airport''' ('''MIA'''), is the main international airport serving Metro Manila in the Philippines. Located between the cities of Pasay and Parañaque, about {{convert|7|km|mi|sp=us}} south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati, it is the main gateway for travelers to the Philippines. It serves as a hub for Philippine Airlines and its regional subsidiary PAL Express. It is also the main operating base for Cebu Pacific, and Philippines AirAsia.
Opened in 1948, the airport was officially renamed for former Philippine senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.,<ref name="Republic Act No. 6639-1987" /> who was assassinated at the airport on August 21, 1983. NAIA is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA), an agency of the Department of Transportation (DOTr).<ref>{{cite web|title=Creating the Manila International Airport Authority, Transferring Existing Assets of the Manila International Airport to the Authority, and Vesting the Authority with Power to Administer and Operate the Manila International Airport|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1982/03/04/executive-order-no-778-s-1982/|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=March 4, 1982|publisher=Republic of the Philippines|access-date=October 24, 2013|archive-date=October 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016001025/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1982/03/04/executive-order-no-778-s-1982/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is currently operated by the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC), a private consortium of companies led by San Miguel Corporation.
In 2024, NAIA served more than 50 million passengers, 47% more than the previous year and an all-time record high, making it the busiest airport in the Philippines, the 17th busiest in Asia, and the 38th busiest in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA passengers breach 50 million mark, highest on record |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/01/03/2411412/naia-passengers-breach-50-million-mark-highest-record |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=January 3, 2025 |access-date=April 14, 2025}}</ref> The airport is operating beyond its designed capacity of 35 million passengers, clogging air traffic and delaying flights.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mateo |first=Jan Victor R. |title=Uncertain future: What's next for NAIA? |url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/starweek-magazine/2018/11/04/1865536/uncertain-future-whats-next-naia |access-date=May 4, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> As a result, it has consistently been cited as one of the world's worst airports.<ref name="Santos-2017" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Luna |first=Franco |date=May 27, 2022 |title=NAIA tagged as worst business class airport in the world in int'l study |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/05/27/2184085/naia-tagged-worst-business-class-airport-world-intl-study |access-date=February 2, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Purnell |first=Kristofer |date=November 26, 2022 |title=NAIA ranked 3rd 'most stressful airport' in Asia, Oceania — study |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel-and-tourism/2022/11/26/2226443/naia-ranked-3rd-most-stressful-airport-asia-oceania-study |access-date=February 2, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosales |first=Elijah Felice |date=November 5, 2024 |title=NAIA remains worst airport, study shows |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/11/05/2397696/naia-remains-worst-airport-study-shows |access-date=November 5, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> In response, the airport’s operations and maintenance were privatized on September 14, 2024, with responsibility transferred to NNIC, which will also oversee the airport’s rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dela Cruz |first=Raymond Carl |date=January 13, 2023 |title=DOTr 'fast-tracking' NAIA privatization |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1192711 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref>
Both NAIA and Clark International Airport in Pampanga serve the Greater Manila Area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2008 |title=Arroyo wants DMIA become top airport amid plan to close NAIA |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/78496/arroyo-wants-dmia-become-top-airport-amid-plan-to-close-naia/story/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, two nearby projects, meant to reduce congestion at NAIA, are underway: one being the New Manila International Airport in Bulakan, Bulacan, and the other being to upgrade Sangley Point Airport in Cavite City into an international airport.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 16, 2022 |title=Consortium Backed By Billionaire Lucio Tan's MacroAsia Wins $11 Billion Philippine Airport Project |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanburgos/2022/09/16/consortium-backed-by-billionaire-lucio-tans-macroasia-wins-11-billion-philippine-airport-project/ |access-date=October 13, 2022 |work=Forbes}}</ref>
==History== <!-- thumb|left|Old Nielson Field Terminal Tower. CAN LOSE FOCUS ON NAIA OR THINK IT'S PART OF NAIA --> [[File:Landing Fields - Philippines - Nichols Field - NARA - 68160590.jpg|thumb|left|Nichols Field runway, currently Runway 13/31, with Pasay and Manila in the background, taken prior to 1941]]
===Early history=== Manila's original airport, Grace Park Airfield (also known as Manila North) in Grace Park, Caloocan (then a municipality of Rizal), opened in 1935. It was the city's first commercial airport and was used by the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (later Philippine Airlines) for its first domestic routes.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 30, 2013 |title=Grace Park Airfield (Manila North) |url=http://www.pacificwrecks.com/airfields/philippines/grace_park/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201025157/http://www.pacificwrecks.com/airfields/philippines/grace_park/index.html |archive-date=February 1, 2008 |access-date=August 25, 2014 |publisher=Pacific Wrecks}}</ref>
In July 1937, Nielson Airport, located in the {{convert|45|ha|ft2|adj=on}} land in Makati, also then in Rizal, was inaugurated and served as the gateway to Manila; its runways now form Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/component/content/article/35-history/48-nielson|title=Nielson Airport|publisher=Filipinas Heritage Library|access-date=August 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821200457/http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/component/content/article/35-history/48-nielson|archive-date=August 21, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following World War II and Philippine independence, Grace Park Airfield ceased operations, while Nielson Airport continued to operate until it was decommissioned in 1948.
Airport operations were moved to the current site, Nichols Field, due to the flatter terrain, expanse of greenfield land, and the existing USAF base runway (Runway 13/31), which could be used for the airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/19134/3/19134_Maguigad_2010.pdf|title=The airport as a cultural and functional showcase: Case of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport|access-date=September 13, 2014}}</ref> The original one-story bungalow terminal was built adjacent to the runway and served as Terminal 4.
=== Early operations === In 1954, the airport's longer international runway (Runway 06/24) and associated taxiways were built, and in 1956, construction was started on a control tower and an international terminal building. The new terminal was designed by Federico Ilustre and was built on the current site of Terminal 2. It was inaugurated on September 22, 1961.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/modern-living/139620/manila%C2%92s-international-airport-gateway-world|title=Manila's International Airport: Gateway to the world|work=The Philippine Star|date=November 10, 2001|access-date=September 10, 2014}}</ref> On January 22, 1972, a fire caused substantial damage to the terminal, resulting in six casualties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19720124&id=HT0gAAAAIBAJ&pg=6240,3139115|title=Sarasota Herald-Tribune – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}</ref>
A slightly smaller terminal was built the following year. This second terminal would serve as the country's international terminal until 1981 when it was converted to a domestic terminal, upon the completion and opening of Terminal 1, a new, higher-capacity terminal.<ref name="TERMINAL 1 Archived October 14" /> Another fire damaged the old international terminal in May 1985.
The development of the Manila International Airport, which includes Terminal 1, was approved by Executive Order No. 381 immediately after the former airport was destroyed by a fire a month earlier.<ref>{{cite PH act|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/03/03/executive-order-no-381-s-1972/|chamber=EO|number=381, s. 1972|date=March 3, 1972|title=Creating the Manila International Airport Rehabilitation and Improvement Committee|access-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref> The project's feasibility study and master plan were conducted by the Airways Engineering Corporation in 1973, supported by a US$29.6 million loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).<ref>{{cite web |date=December 11, 1973 |title=LN0164-PHI: Manila International Airport Development |url=http://www.adb.org/projects/ln0164/main |access-date=August 25, 2014 |publisher=Asian Development Bank}}</ref> In 1974, the designs were approved by the Philippine government and the ADB. Construction began in the second quarter of 1978 on a site close to the original Manila Airport, within the jurisdiction of Parañaque, then a municipality of Metro Manila.
==== Assassination of Ninoy Aquino ==== {{main|Assassination of Ninoy Aquino}}
On August 21, 1983, oppositionist politician Ninoy Aquino attempted to return to the Philippines from exile in the United States, hoping to convince president Ferdinand Marcos to let go of political power after having held his position for nearly two decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of the Philippine Political Protest |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Mark R. |title=The anti-Marcos struggle : personalistic rule and democratic transition in the Philippines |date=1996 |publisher=New Day |isbn=971-10-0992-7 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |oclc=44741565}}</ref> Aquino was assassinated mere moments after exiting his plane at Terminal 1's Gate 8. Aviation Security Command (AVSECOM) personnel escorted Aquino out of the plane to the tarmac, where an agency van awaited. A single gunshot was fired, identified as the one that killed him, with several more shots shots following, killing the alleged assassin, Rolando Galman. Seconds later, gunfire erupted, causing chaos in the plane, the tarmac, and the terminal.
The incident triggered constant protests for the next three years, and along with the crash of the Philippine economy earlier in 1983, is credited as one of the key events which led to the People Power Revolution in 1986 which removed Marcos from power.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Claudio |first=Lisandro E. |date=2010 |title=Memories of the anti-Marcos movement: The Left and the mnemonic dynamics of the post-authoritarian Philippines |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23750950 |journal=South East Asia Research |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=33–66 |doi=10.5367/000000010790959884 |jstor=23750950 |issn=0967-828X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/08/24/14/ninoy%25E2%2580%2599s-funeral-was-day-filipinos-stopped-being-afraid-dictators|title=Ninoy's funeral was the day Filipinos stopped being afraid of dictators|first=Raissa|last=Robles|date=August 25, 2014|access-date=May 31, 2021|website=ABS-CBN News}}</ref>
Four years after the incident, during the presidency of Ninoy's widow Corazon Aquino in 1987, ''Republic Act No. 6639'' was enacted without executive approval,<ref name="Republic Act No. 6639-1987">{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=6639|title=An Act Renaming the Manila International Airport as the Ninoy Aquino International Airport |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/11/27/republic-act-no-6639/ |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123093449/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/11/27/republic-act-no-6639/ |archive-date=January 23, 2018 |date=November 27, 1987}}</ref> renaming the airport in Ninoy's honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/11438/today-in-history-ninoy-aquino-assassinated-at-airport|title=TODAY IN HISTORY: Ninoy Aquino assassinated at airport|work=InterAksyon.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050751/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/11438/today-in-history-ninoy-aquino-assassinated-at-airport|archive-date=August 8, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Presently, a body mark of Aquino's assassination is on display at the departures area of Terminal 1, while the spot at Gate 8 (currently Gate 11) where he was killed has a memorial plaque.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chua |first1=Paolo |title=A Historical Marker for Ninoy Aquino in NAIA Exists, But We'll Probably Never See It |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/lifestyle/ninoy-aquino-naia-historical-marker-plaque-a00297-20200630 |website=Esquire |access-date=July 5, 2023 |date=June 30, 2020}}</ref>
===Expansion and growth=== thumb|left|Logo used alternatively Plans for a new terminal were conceived in 1989 when the Department of Transportation and Communications (now Department of Transportation) commissioned the French company Aéroports de Paris to conduct a feasibility study to expand capacity, which recommended to build two new terminals.<ref name="Airport"> [http://203.160.187.194/miaa/AIRPORT/T1.asp Airport : Terminal 1]{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [http://203.160.187.194/ Manila International Airport Authority] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414025641/http://203.160.187.194/|date=April 14, 2006}} Accessed September 7, 2006</ref>
In 1991, the French government provided a 30-million-franc soft loan to the Philippine government to fund the detailed architectural and engineering design. ADP finished the design in 1992. The Japanese government followed suit in 1994, providing an {{JPY|18.12-billion|link=yes}} soft loan to the Philippine government to finance 75% of the construction costs and the entirety of the supervision costs. The construction of the terminal officially began on December 11, 1995, and the Philippine government took over the completed terminal on December 28, 1998. The terminal became fully operational in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 2, Philippines |url=http://www.jacinc.jp/jac-home/en/fp/fp-05.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627100937/http://www.jacinc.jp/jac-home/en/fp/fp-05.pdf |archive-date=June 27, 2015 |access-date=October 5, 2014}}</ref>
The construction of Terminal 3 was proposed by Asia's Emerging Dragon Corporation (AEDP).<ref name="Farolan-2011">{{cite news |last=Farolan |first=Ramon |date=August 17, 2011 |title=Impossible Dream |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110417-331708/Impossible-Dream |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140913023110/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110417-331708/Impossible-Dream |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |access-date=September 13, 2014 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> AEDP eventually lost the bid to PairCargo and its partner Fraport AG of Germany.<ref name="Farolan-2011" /> Originally scheduled to open in 2002, a contract dispute between the government of the Philippines and the project's main contractor, Philippine International Air Terminals Co. Inc. (Piatco), delayed its completion.<ref name="GMA News-2008" /> While the original agreement allowed PairCargo and Fraport AG to operate the airport for several years after its construction, followed by a government handover, the government offered to buy out Fraport AG for US$400 million, to which Fraport agreed. However, before the terminal could be completed, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo called the contract "onerous" and formed a committee to evaluate the buyout agreement. The contracts were declared null and void by the Supreme Court in May 2003,<ref>{{cite web |date=May 6, 2003 |title=PIATCO NAIA3 Deal Null and Void – Supreme Court |url=http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/hl/hl017922.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140820075821/http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/hl/hl017922.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2014 |access-date=August 20, 2014 |publisher=Philippine Headline News Online}}</ref> the Philippine government took over the terminal in December 2004.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 18, 2008 |title=Palace forms task force for NAIA 3 opening |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/101896/news/nation/palace-forms-task-force-for-naia-3-opening |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140823085935/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/101896/news/nation/palace-forms-task-force-for-naia-3-opening |archive-date=August 23, 2014 |access-date=August 20, 2014 |work=GMA News |publisher=GMA News and Public Affairs}}</ref> Piatco sued the Philippine government before the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), while Fraport separately sued the government at the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).<ref>{{cite web |date=January 21, 2012 |title=PH Government wins NAIA 3 case against PIATCO |url=http://www.portcalls.com/ph-government-wins-naia-3-case-against-piatco/# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140825083459/http://www.portcalls.com/ph-government-wins-naia-3-case-against-piatco/%23 |archive-date=August 25, 2014 |access-date=August 25, 2014 |publisher=Port Calls Asia}}</ref> The ICSID decided in August 2007 in favor of the government, while in January 2012, the ICC case became final and executory in favor of the government.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 27, 2012 |title=It's final: Phl gov't wins NAIA-3 case in Singapore |url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?publicationSubCategoryId=63&articleId=771675 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131071642/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?publicationSubCategoryId=63&articleId=771675 |archive-date=January 31, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2012 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> Terminal 3 partially opened in 2008<ref name="GMA News-2008" /> and became fully operational in 2014, serving Cebu Pacific and most international airlines.<ref name="Calleja-2014">{{cite news |last1=Calleja |first1=Niña |date=August 2, 2014 |title=Naia Terminal 3 finally starts full operations |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/108765/naia-terminal-3-finally-starts-full-operations |access-date=April 18, 2017 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref>
Passenger traffic at NAIA grew rapidly in the early 2010s, significantly outpacing the airport’s designed capacity and contributing to chronic congestion and operational issues. In 2012, NAIA handled approximately 31.88 million passengers, exceeding its optimal capacity of about 30 million passengers per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marasigan |first=Lorenz S. |date=2014-09-21 |title=PPP Center working on Naia privatization {{!}} Lorenz S. Marasigan |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2014/09/21/ppp-center-working-on-naia-privatization/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=BusinessMirror |language=en-US}}</ref> By 2015, passenger throughput had risen further to around 36.6 million, surpassing the airport’s maximum capacity of 35 million passengers annually.
In October 2015, reports of an extortion scam concerning bullets planted by airport security officials in airline passengers' luggage, dubbed by the local media the ''tanim-bala'' [literally plant-bullet] scam) spread, causing a political controversy. Malacañang Palace and the Philippine Senate investigated the incidents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Philippine legislators angered by Manila 'bullet scam' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34671118 |publisher=BBC News |date=October 29, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Casayuran |first1=Mario |last2=Fernandez |first2=Ariel |last3=Torregoza |first3=Hannah |title=Uproar over NAIA bullet mess widens|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/uproar-over-naia-bullet-mess-widens/|access-date=November 3, 2015|work=Manila Bulletin|date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> In April 2016, a similar incident occurred.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/laglag-bala-rears-its-ugly-head-anew-at-naia/|title='Laglag-bala' rears its ugly head anew|last=Fernandez|first=Ariel|date=April 19, 2016|work=Manila Bulletin|access-date=April 28, 2016|via=www.mb.com.ph}}</ref>
==== Terminal reassignments ==== [[File:Cebu Pacific and Air Asia planes outside NAIA Terminal 3 (Pasay; 11-24-2021).jpg|thumb|Airbus A320 family aircraft of Cebu Pacific and Philippines AirAsia at the remote gates of Terminal 3 in November 2021, two years before the rationalization of flights which relocated AirAsia's domestic flights to Terminal 2.]]In February 2018, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) proposed the rationalization of flights to decongest the terminals of NAIA. The original plan called for Terminals 1 and 3 exclusively handling international flights, while Terminals 2 and 4 would facilitate domestic flights.<ref name="Pateña-2018">{{Cite news |last=Pateña |first=Aerol John |date=February 27, 2018 |title=DOTr pushes flight rationalization in NAIA |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1026628 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211074941/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1026628 |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=October 18, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref> Despite initial plans for implementation in August 2018, the MIAA announced its deferment a month prior due to "unforeseen operational constraints". The plan continued to be under review with no official implementation date set;<ref name="ABS-CBN News-2018">{{Cite news |date=July 30, 2018 |title='Rationalization' of NAIA terminals deferred |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/07/30/18/rationalization-of-naia-terminals-deferred |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730075736/http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/07/30/18/rationalization-of-naia-terminals-deferred |archive-date=July 30, 2018 |access-date=October 18, 2022 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> however, some Philippine Airlines (PAL) flights to North America were relocated to Terminal 1 from Terminal 2 in July to accommodate the latter's rehabilitation.<ref name="ABS-CBN News-2018" /> By October, four international airlines transferred operations to Terminal 3, freeing up space for United States flight operations at Terminal 1. Subsequently, more airlines from Terminal 1 were scheduled to relocate to Terminal 3.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabuenas |first1=Jon Viktor |date=October 24, 2018 |title=4 int'l airlines to transfer operations to NAIA 3 starting October 2018 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/672270/4-int-l-airlines-to-transfer-operations-to-naia-3-starting-october-2018/story/ |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=GMA News}}</ref>
On December 1, 2022, MIAA officially began to implement the Schedule and Terminal Assignment Rationalization (STAR) program.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Santos |first1=Rudy |date=November 27, 2022 |title=MIAA bares terminal reassignments |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/11/27/2226668/miaa-bares-terminal-reassignments |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> From April to June 2023, eight foreign airlines moved to Terminal 3.<ref name="Yu-2023" /><ref>{{cite news |date=June 8, 2023 |title=Long queues in NAIA 3 due to airline transfers and bad weather, BI explains |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/transportation/2023/6/8/long-queues-naia-3-airline-transfers-bad-weather.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705130551/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/transportation/2023/6/8/long-queues-naia-3-airline-transfers-bad-weather.html |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=CNN Philippines}}</ref> These changes were designed to offer international passengers at Terminals 1 and 3 a wider selection of food and retail outlets, and additional time for duty-free shopping.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Domingo |first=Katrina |date=March 21, 2023 |title=NAIA 2 exclusively for domestic flights starting July |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/03/21/23/naia-2-exclusively-for-domestic-flights-starting-july |access-date=March 22, 2023 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> After PAL completed moving all its international flights to T1 on June 16, 2023,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abadilla |first1=Emmie |date=May 19, 2023 |title=PAL int'l flights to use NAIA Terminal 1 |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/5/19/pal-updated-travel-advisory-on-naia-terminal-assignments |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=Manila Bulletin}}</ref> Philippines AirAsia and Royal Air Philippines began operating from Terminal 2 on July 1, thereby reverting the terminal to its original domestic design. While T2 is being expanded, Cebu Pacific's domestic and international operations remained at Terminal 3.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 2, 2023 |title=Domestic flights back at NAIA Terminal 2 |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/7/2/Domestic-flights-back-at-NAIA-Terminal-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705121326/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/7/2/Domestic-flights-back-at-NAIA-Terminal-2.html |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=CNN Philippines}}</ref>
On February 24, 2026, another terminal reassignment was announced under the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation's plans. The reassignment will take place on March 29, 2026, and the selected airlines will move to their respective terminals: Air China, China Eastern Airlines, Japan Airlines, Royal Brunei Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, and Vietnam Airlines will move from Terminal 1 to Terminal 3, while international flights of the AirAsia Group will move from Terminal 3 to Terminal 1.<ref>{{cite news |last=Romyel Difuntorium |first=Marc |date={{date|2026-02-24}} |title=NNIC announces airline terminal reassignments effective March 29 |url=https://aviationupdatesph.com/2026/02/nnic-announces-airline-terminal-reassignments-effective-march-29/ |work= |location= |publisher=Aviation Updates Philippines |access-date={{date|2026-02-24}}}}</ref>
==== Turboprop reassignments ==== Ahead of NAIA's privatization, in July 2024, the Philippine government reportedly planned to reassign turboprop flights in Manila to secondary airports. At the time, the government had no official policy for the transfer, but Transportation Undersecretary Timothy John Batan encouraged airlines to move its turboprop flights to Clark International Airport.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Island flights may soon take off from Clark airport |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=July 29, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/07/29/2373650/island-flights-may-soon-take-clark-airport |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Clark ready to host more island flights |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=January 22, 2025 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/01/22/2415896/clark-ready-host-more-island-flights |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref>
On December 3, 2024, the Manila Slot Coordination Committee (MSCC), a public-private regulatory committee which regulates NAIA's slots, issued a resolution to direct airlines to completely transfer its turboprop flights out of Manila to secondary airports by October 2025. The rationalization aims to maximize the use of airport slots in Manila, which would exclusively be dedicated to jet aircraft. It would be implemented in three phases: with the MSCC requiring scheduled domestic carriers to transfer 30% of its turboprop flights by March 2025, followed by all such flights by October, and finally, airlines with a turboprop fleet fewer than five planes would follow suit by March 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Island flights transferred out of NAIA by March |first=Iris |last=Gonzales |work=The Philippine Star |date=January 20, 2025 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/01/20/2415396/island-flights-transferred-out-naia-march |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref>
The transfer also aims to maximize Clark International Airport's capacity, as it had been underserved since the opening of its expanded terminal in 2022, designed to handle eight million passengers annually. Cebgo, the turboprop subsidiary of Cebu Pacific, then announced the transfer of its Masbate and Siargao flights to Clark.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salcedo |first1=Dirk Andrei |title=Cebu Pacific transfers Masbate, Siargao flights to Clark |url=https://aviationupdatesph.com/2025/01/cebu-pacific-transfers-masbate-siargao-flights-to-clark/ |website=Aviation Updates Philippines |date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref>
==== Attempts at privatization ==== In September 2014, the government began exploring the airport's privatization under a public–private partnership. The move was intended to improve and expand the airport. Bidding for the airport’s privatization was initially planned to commence in 2015, with the objective of completing the process and transferring operations to a private concessionaire by 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corpuz |first=Lynda C. |date=2015-01-05 |title=DOTC eyes privatization of NAIA operations, maintenance |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/industries/79868-dotc-privatize-naia-operations-maintenance/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=RAPPLER |language=en-US}}</ref> Several major Philippine conglomerates were reported to have expressed interest in bidding for the airport’s operations and maintenance contract, including Aboitiz, Ayala Corporation, and Megawide were reportedly interested in bidding for the airport's operations and maintenance, with the latter being the operator of the Mactan–Cebu International Airport, whose public–private partnership process was intended to serve as the model for the airport’s planned privatization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amojelar |first=Darwin G. |date=2016-10-27 |title=Aboitiz interested in Naia privatization |url=https://manilastandard.net/?p=219938 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Manila Standard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Camus |first=Miguel R. |date=2015-04-20 |title=SM Group not keen on Naia deal without land dev’t component |url=https://business.inquirer.net/190470/sm-group-not-keen-on-naia-deal-without-land-devt-component |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |language=en}}</ref>
On February 12, 2018, a consortium of seven conglomerates consisting of Aboitiz InfraCapital, AC Infrastructure Holdings (Ayala), Alliance Global, Asia's Emerging Dragon, Filinvest Development Corporation, JG Summit Holdings, and Metro Pacific Investments Corporation (which later pulled out in March 2020) submitted a {{Philippine peso|350 billion|link=yes}}, or {{US$|6.75 billion|link=yes}}, 35-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate, expand, operate, and maintain the airport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/business/196330-naia-rehabilitation-proposal-department-of-transportation-review/|title=DOTr to review P350-billion NAIA rehabilitation proposal|work=Rappler|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/business/191922-super-consortium-conglomerates-proposal-naia-upgrade/|title=Conglomerates form 'Super Consortium' to propose NAIA upgrade|work=Rappler|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en|url-access=limited}}</ref> The consortium's proposal was divided into two phases: the improvement and expansion of terminals in the current NAIA land area and the development of an additional runway, taxiways, passenger terminals, and associated support infrastructure. Changi Airport Consultants Pte. Ltd., was to provide technical support.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/642684/lsquo-super-consortium-rsquo-taps-singapore-airport-operator-for-naia-rehab-bid/story/|title='Super consortium' taps Singapore airport operator for NAIA rehab bid|work=GMA News|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Singapore's Changi Airport Group eyed a 30% stake in this venture.<ref>{{Cite news|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|url=http://business.inquirer.net/246443/changi-airport-eyes-30-stake-p350-b-naia-project|title=Changi Airport eyes up to 30% stake in P350-B Naia project|last=Camus|first=Miguel R.|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
On March 1, 2018, Megawide and its India-based consortium partner GMR Infrastructure submitted a ₱150 billion, or US$3 billion, proposal to decongest and redevelop the airport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/news/gmr-megawide-submits-3bn-plan-ninoy-aquino-airport/|title=GMR-Megawide submits $3bn plan for Ninoy Aquino airport – Airport Technology|date=March 5, 2018|work=Airport Technology|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="ABS-CBN News">{{Cite news|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/03/05/18/gmr-megawide-takes-on-goliath-in-bid-to-rebuild-naia|title=GMR-Megawide takes on 'Goliath' in bid to rebuild NAIA|work=ABS-CBN News|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> GMR-Megawide did not propose a new runway, claiming that it would not significantly boost capacity.<ref name="ABS-CBN News" />
On July 7, 2020, the NAIA consortium's proposal was rejected by the government,<ref>{{Cite news |title=NAIA rehab plan hits another bump as gov't rejects fresh proposal from private contractors |first=Melissa Luz |last=Lopez |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2020/7/7/NAIA-rehab-proposal-rejected-anew.html |date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227072420/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2020/7/7/NAIA-rehab-proposal-rejected-anew.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> allowing GMR-Megawide to take over the project.<ref>{{Cite news|work=CNN Philippines|url=https://cnnphilippines.com/business/2020/7/17/Megawide-GMR-takes-over-NAIA-rehab-project.html|title=Megawide GMR replaces NAIA Consortium in airport rehab project|last=Lopez|first=Melissa Luz|access-date=July 17, 2020|language=en|date=July 17, 2020|archive-date=July 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717143509/https://cnnphilippines.com/business/2020/7/17/Megawide-GMR-takes-over-NAIA-rehab-project.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 15, however, MIAA revoked the original proponent status (OPS) of GMR-Megawide, who then filed a motion for reconsideration.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Business Mirror|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/12/22/megawide-partner-seek-return-of-ops-on-naia/|title=Megawide, partner seek return of OPS on Naia|last=Marasigan|first=Lorenz|access-date=January 9, 2021|language=en|date=December 22, 2020}}</ref> The MIAA denied the motion for reconsideration.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cabuenas|first=Jon Viktor D.|title=Megawide officially loses NAIA rehab bid|work=GMA News Online|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/773308/megawide-officially-loses-naia-rehab-bid/story/|date=January 26, 2021|access-date=June 3, 2021}}</ref> In August 2022, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) announced plans to rebid the public–private partnership project within the year.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DOTR to rebid NAIA rehab this year |first=Emmie V. |last=Abadilla |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/08/15/dotr-to-rebid-naia-rehab-this-year/ |work=Manila Bulletin |date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=August 21, 2022}}</ref>
=== Privatization and rehabilitation === Following a major airspace closure on January 1, 2023, plans to privatize the airport were pitched again. Finance Secretary Benjamin Diokno supported such plans, but maintained that it should be "thoroughly studied".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Thorough study needed for NAIA privatization |work=The Philippine Star |date=January 3, 2023 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2023/01/03/2234855/thorough-study-needed-naia-privatization |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> On April 27, the Manila International Airport Consortium (MIAC), composed of six organizations (Alliance Global, AC Infrastructure Holdings under Ayala Corporation, Infracorp Development, Filinvest Development Corporation, and JG Summit Infrastructure Holdings) submitted a {{Philippine peso|100 billion}} 25-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate the airport.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Royandoyan |first=Ramon |title=Tycoons form new super consortium to pitch P100-B NAIA rehab |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2023/04/27/2262083/tycoons-form-new-super-consortium-pitch-p100-b-naia-rehab|date=April 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715005207/https://www.philstar.com/business/2023/04/27/2262083/tycoons-form-new-super-consortium-pitch-p100-b-naia-rehab |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |access-date=July 15, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=April 27, 2023 |title=New Consortium Formed to Transform NAIA |url=https://www.allianceglobalinc.com/company-disclosures/april-27-2023-press-releasenew-consortium-formed-transform-naia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715005435/https://www.allianceglobalinc.com/sites/default/files/2023-05/April%2027%2C%202023%20-%20Press%20Release_New%20Consortium%20Formed%20to%20Transform%20NAIA.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |access-date=July 15, 2023 |website=Alliance Global Group, Inc. |url-status=live}}</ref> This proposal was subsequently rejected by the administration of President Bongbong Marcos on July 19, which opted to go through solicited bidding instead.<ref name="Philstar.com-2023">{{Cite news |title=Marcos Jr. admin dismisses tycoons' NAIA rehab proposal |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2023/07/19/2282250/marcos-jr-admin-dismisses-tycoons-naia-rehab-proposal |date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719144405/https://www.philstar.com/business/2023/07/19/2282250/marcos-jr-admin-dismisses-tycoons-naia-rehab-proposal |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |access-date=July 19, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Passport control at Manila's Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 3 in 2023.jpg|thumb|As part of its rehabilitation, Terminal 3 added a dedicated immigration hall for Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) in 2025]] The solicited concession agreement is set for fifteen years,<ref name="Philstar.com-2023" /> with a ten-year extension if needed in case the opening of New Manila International Airport (NMIA) in Bulacan and Sangley Point Airport in Cavite would be delayed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DOTr mulls option for longer concession period for privatized NAIA |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |date=July 4, 2023 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/875834/foreign-partner-in-naia-consortium-stands-firm-on-25-year-concession-period/story/ |access-date=September 15, 2023}}</ref> The bidding opened on August 23, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA ops, maintenance now open for private bidders |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |date=August 23, 2023 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/879796/naia-ops-maintenance-now-open-for-private-bidders/story/ |access-date=September 15, 2023}}</ref> Four consortia submitted bids on the December 27 deadline: MIAC, Asian Airports Consortium (consisting of Lucio Co's Cosco Capital, Inc.; Asian Infrastructure and Management Corp., Philippine Skylanders International, Inc., and PT Angkasa Pura II),<ref name="Cordero-2024" /> GMR Airports Consortium, and SMC SAP & Co. Consortium, a consortium led by San Miguel Corporation (SMC) and Incheon International Airport Corporation—the operator of Incheon International Airport in South Korea, with RMM Asian Logistics Inc. and RLW Aviation Development Inc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=4 groups bid to bag NAIA operations |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/892412/4-groups-bid-to-bag-naia-operations/story/ |date=December 27, 2023 |access-date=December 27, 2023}}</ref> The Asian Airports Consortium was disqualified in the bidding after it was deemed non-compliant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SMC-led group leads NAIA bid, offers gov't 82% revenue share |first=Ashley Erika O. |last=Jose |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2024/02/09/574679/smc-led-group-leads-naia-bid-offers-govt-82-revenue-share/ |work=BusinessWorld |date=February 9, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref>
On February 16, 2024, the DOTr awarded the contract to SMC SAP & Co. Consortium, later renamed as New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC).<ref>{{Cite news|title=SMC wins bid for P170.6-billion Naia rehabilitation project |first=John Eric |last=Mendoza |url=https://business.inquirer.net/445738/smc-wins-bid-for-naia-rehabilitation-project#ixzz8RtPdELki |work=Inquirer |date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> the contract was signed on March 18, witnessed by President Marcos.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Esguerra |first1=Darryl John |title=NAIA upgrade an 'investment in our future' – Marcos|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1221008|access-date=March 18, 2024 |work=Philippine News Agency|date=March 18, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Rivas|first1=Ralf |title=Marcos, Ramon Ang's San Miguel ink landmark $3-billion NAIA rehab deal |url= https://www.rappler.com/business/marcos-jr-ramon-ang-san-miguel-sign-naia-rehabilitation-deal/|access-date=March 18, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=March 18, 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref> NNIC offered the biggest revenue share with the government at 82.16%, more than double the proposed revenue shares of GMR Airports Consortium (33.30%) and MIAC (25.91%).<ref name="Cordero-2024">{{Cite news|title=San Miguel-led consortium bags NAIA privatization project |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |date=February 16, 2024 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/897687/san-miguel-led-consortium-bags-naia-privatization-project/story/ |access-date=February 17, 2024}}</ref> The consortium also made the initial {{Philippine peso|30 billion}} payment to the government. With the privatization, the national government is expected to earn {{Philippine peso|900 billion}}, or {{Philippine peso|36 billion}} annually.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Piad |first1= Tyrone Jasper |title=Gov't to get first P30B for Naia deal |url= https://business.inquirer.net/450726/govt-to-get-first-p30b-for-naia-deal|access-date=March 18, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=March 18, 2024}}</ref> On September 14, 2024, the MIAA turned over the operations and maintenance of the airport to NNIC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA turned over to San Miguel-led group as rehabilitation begins |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/920437/naia-turned-over-to-san-miguel-led-group-as-rehabilitation-begins/story/}}</ref> The operator's parent company, which is also constructing NMIA in Bulacan, decided to prioritize the rehabilitation of NAIA.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SMC prioritizes NAIA over Bulacan airport |first=Richmond |last=Mercurio |work=The Philippine Star |date=April 22, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/04/22/2349428/smc-prioritizes-naia-over-bulacan-airport |access-date=April 22, 2024}}</ref>
The turnover was followed by a series of airport fee hikes. On October 1, NNIC increased parking fees. The overnight parking fees, which quadrupled from {{Philippine peso|300}} to {{Philippine peso|1,200}}, drew criticism from motorists; however, both NNIC and the DOTr defended the move, as it is designed to deter the misuse of parking slots. According to NNIC, previous parking rates were used by non-passengers, which contributed to congestion. Nevertheless, NNIC is developing a {{convert|4|ha|adj=on}} area near Terminal 3 for a 2,500-slot parking space.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA overnight parking fee hike to P1,200 'intentional,' 'not for profit' — NNIC |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/922467/naia-overnight-parking-fee-hike-to-p1-200-intentional-not-for-profit-nnic/story/ |date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=October 4, 2024}}</ref> On the same day, it increased takeoff and landing fees,<ref>{{Cite news|title=After parking, new NAIA operator hikes airline fees |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=October 3, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/10/03/2389653/after-parking-new-naia-operator-hikes-airline-fees |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> causing Philippine Airlines, Cebu Pacific, and Philippines AirAsia to propose a "terminal enhancement fee" to cover the higher fees, pending approval of the Civil Aeronautics Board.<ref>{{Cite news|title=To cover price hikes, airlines to slap new fee |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=October 14, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/10/14/2392251/cover-price-hikes-airlines-slap-new-fee |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> Additionally, passenger service charges were expected to increase in September 2025, the first increase since 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DOTr confirms looming fees hike at NAIA |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/912403/dotr-confirms-looming-fees-hike-at-naia/story/ |date=July 5, 2024 |access-date=October 4, 2024}}</ref>
== Terminals == Ninoy Aquino International Airport has three passenger terminals, with plans to build another two.<ref name="nayon">{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/03/19/2341584/new-naia-terminal-eyed-nayon-site|title=New NAIA terminal eyed at Nayon site|first=Elijah Felice|last=Rosales|date=March 19, 2024|access-date=March 19, 2024|work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" |+ Passenger terminal infrastructure |- ! Terminal ! Opened ! Floor area ! Handling capacity ! Parking bays |- ! Terminal 1 | March 4, 1982 | {{convert|73,000|m2|abbr=on}} | 6 million passengers per year | 16 (aerobridge)<br />5 (remote) |- ! Terminal 2 | September 1999 | {{convert|77,800|m2|abbr=on}} | 10 million passengers per year | 12 (aerobridge)<br />13 (remote) |- ! Terminal 3 | July 22, 2008 | {{convert|182,500|m2|abbr=on}} | 13 million passengers per year | 20 (aerobridge)<br />11 (remote) |- ! Total | {{n/a}} | {{convert|333,300|m2|abbr=on}} | 29 million passengers per year | 46 (aerobridge)<br />43 (remote) |}
=== Terminal 1 === [[File:NAIA Terminal 1 back (Pasay; 04-03-2024).jpg|thumb|View of Terminal 1 from the taxiway]] Covering {{convert|73000|m2|sp=us}}, Terminal 1 of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport was designed to handle six million passengers annually. It is often referred to as the '''Ninoy Aquino Terminal''', as it was the site of the former senator's assassination in 1983. The terminal, opened in 1982,<ref name="TERMINAL 1 Archived October 14">[http://125.60.203.88/miaa/TERMINALS/index.asp ''TERMINAL 1''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014035213/http://125.60.203.88/miaa/TERMINALS/index.asp |date=October 14, 2007 }}</ref> is the airport's second oldest and exclusively handles international flights.
The terminal's detailed engineering design was created by Renardet-Sauti/Transplan/F.F. Cruz Consultant, and the architectural design was developed by Leandro Locsin's L.V. Locsin and Associates.<ref name="Airport" />
thumb|Terminal 1 departure hall By 1991, Terminal 1 reached its capacity with a total passenger volume of 4.53 million. From that year, the terminal has been over capacity, recording an annual average growth rate of 11%.<ref name="Airport" /> To accommodate this, improvements have been made, increasing its capacity to six million passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miaa.gov.ph/index.php/terminals/terminal-1|title=Terminal 1|website=Manila International Airport Authority|access-date=August 1, 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114122327/https://www.miaa.gov.ph/index.php/terminals/terminal-1|archive-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref> In the same year, an extension arrival area was constructed at the ground level to decongest the terminal's original arrivals area.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 11, 1991 |title=Major Accomplishments of the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) - 1st Semester 1991 |url={{Google books|C4CBahkesAwC|Journal and Record of the House of Representatives: Proceedings and Debates|page=602|keywords=arrival|plainurl=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/Journal_and_Record_of_the_House_of_Repre/C4CBahkesAwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22manila%22%20%22airport%22%20%22arrival%20extension%22}} |journal=Journal and Record of the House of Representatives: Proceedings and Debates |publisher=House of Representatives of the Philippines |page=602}}</ref> The main arrivals curbside was later designated for VIPs and passengers with special requests until 2025, where it was reopened to all passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=A. |date=January 31, 2025 |title=VIP-Only Arrivals Curbside at Terminal 1 |url=https://www.foi.gov.ph/agencies/miaa/vip-only-arrivals-curbside-at-terminal-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201082053/https://www.foi.gov.ph/agencies/miaa/vip-only-arrivals-curbside-at-terminal-1/ |archive-date=February 1, 2025 |access-date=February 1, 2025 |work=Manila International Airport Authority |via=eFOI Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pascual |first=Jekki |date=January 13, 2025 |title=No longer just for VIPs: NAIA T1 arrival curbside now open to all |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/business/2025/1/13/no-longer-just-for-vips-naia-t1-arrival-curbside-now-open-to-all-1714 |access-date=February 1, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs}}</ref>
From 2011 to 2013, Terminal 1 was ranked among the worst airports in Asia by the travel website ''The Guide to Sleeping In Airports''.<ref name="Santos-2017">{{cite news|last1=Santos|first1=Rudy|title=NAIA no longer on worst airports list|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/19/1750341/naia-no-longer-worst-airports-list|access-date=December 20, 2017|work=The Philippine Star|date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> As a result, plans were developed to rehabilitate the terminal, expanding the arrival area, adding parking spaces, and enhancing facilities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/01/02/12/pnoy-okays-p116b-budget-naia-1-facelift|title=PNoy okays P1.16B budget for NAIA-1 facelift|work=ABS-CBN News|date=January 2, 2012|access-date=December 20, 2014|archive-date=February 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212040147/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/01/02/12/pnoy-okays-p116b-budget-naia-1-facelift|url-status=dead}}</ref> Renovations began on January 23, 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.philstar.com:8080/headlines/2014/01/24/1282445/naia-1-rehab-underway |title= NAIA-1 rehab underway |work=The Philippine Star|date= January 24, 2014 |access-date= July 29, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140811143425/http://www.philstar.com:8080/headlines/2014/01/24/1282445/naia-1-rehab-underway |archive-date= August 11, 2014 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Part of the project involved the installation of buckling restrained braces to enhance the building's structural integrity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/633007/steel-braces-to-make-naia-quake-resistant|title=Steel braces to make Naia quake-resistant|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=August 27, 2014|access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref>
Terminal 1 once served almost all foreign-based carriers. After the full completion of the larger Terminal 3 in 2014, 23 airlines moved to the larger terminal to decongest Terminal 1.<ref>{{cite news |last=Locsin |first=Joel |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Major foreign airlines move to NAIA-3 next week |work=GMA News |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371748/economy/companies/major-foreign-airlines-move-to-naia-3-next-week |access-date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Yu-2023" /> Since June 16, 2023, flag carrier Philippine Airlines has used Terminal 1 as its international hub,<ref name="Yu-2023" /> while Philippines AirAsia has used the terminal for its international flights since March 29, 2026.<ref name="AirAsia-2026">{{cite news |title=AirAsia moves int'l flights to NAIA Terminal 1 |url=https://bilyonaryo.com/2026/03/29/airasia-moves-intl-flights-to-naia-terminal-1/travel/ |access-date=March 29, 2026 |work=Bilyonaryo |date=March 29, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260329130540/https://bilyonaryo.com/2026/03/29/airasia-moves-intl-flights-to-naia-terminal-1/travel/ |archive-date=March 29, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other airlines operating at Terminal 1 include AirAsia, Air India, Air Niugini, Asiana Airlines, China Airlines, EVA Air, Hunnu Air, Korean Air, Kuwait Airways, Malaysia Airlines, Oman Air, Saudia, VietJet Air, and XiamenAir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mnlairport.ph/about/naia-terminal-1|title=NAIA Terminal 1|website=MNLAirport.ph|access-date=June 13, 2024}}</ref>
=== Terminal 2 === thumb|left|Terminal 2 south wing
Terminal 2, situated at the end of the old MIA Road (now NAIA Road), covers an area of {{convert|75,000|sqm|sp=us}}. It occupies the land where the 1961–1972 terminal stood. Construction began in December 1995,<ref>{{cite news |date=May 9, 2011 |title=Farolan mistaken; Ramos pushed airport dev't |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/4883/farolan-mistaken-ramos-pushed-airport-dev%E2%80%99t |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140913023154/http://opinion.inquirer.net/4883/farolan-mistaken-ramos-pushed-airport-dev%E2%80%99t |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |access-date=September 13, 2014 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> and the terminal started operating in 1999. It received the name '''Centennial Terminal''' in commemoration of the centennial year of Philippine independence. French company Aéroports de Paris (ADP) initially designed the terminal for domestic use, but later modified the design to accommodate international flights.<ref name="Airport Technology">{{cite web |title=Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Philippines |url=http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/ninoaquino/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116093755/http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/ninoaquino/ |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |access-date=September 13, 2014 |publisher=Airport Technology}}</ref> With 12 jet bridges, the terminal can accommodate 2.5 million passengers per year in its north wing and five million in its south wing, for a total of 7.5 million passengers per year.<ref name="Airport Technology" /> After its conversion to a domestic terminal in 2023, its capacity was increased to ten million.<ref name="Yu-2023" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Serquiña |first1=Mariel Celine |title=NAIA Terminal 2 to be used exclusively for domestic flights starting July 1 — MIAA |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/3/21/naia-terminal-2-exclusive-domestic.html |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=CNN Philippines |date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705085308/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/3/21/naia-terminal-2-exclusive-domestic.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:NAIA Terminal 2 control tower (Pasay; 02-06-2021).jpg|thumb|The airport's control tower in front of Terminal 2]]In August 2014, authorities announced a plan to expand Terminal 2, incorporating a structure to interconnect Terminals 1 and 2.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 1, 2014 |title=DOTC eyes interconnecting NAIA terminals 1 and 2 |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/industries/65016-dotc-interconnecting-naia-terminals-1-2/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803003448/http://www.rappler.com/business/industries/171-aviation-tourism/65016-dotc-interconnecting-naia-terminals-1-2 |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=August 16, 2014 |work=Rappler}}</ref> In order to do so, the plan called for demolishing the adjacent unused Philippine Village Hotel complex and relocating a fuel depot, as well as the international cargo complex.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/02/1352842/dotc-eyes-interconnection-naia-1-and-2|title=DOTC eyes interconnection of NAIA 1 and 2|work=The Philippine Star|date=August 2, 2014|access-date=August 16, 2014}}</ref> Rehabilitation of the terminal began in September 2018,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Avadilla |first=Emmie V. |date=February 18, 2019 |title=NAIA terminal 2 rehab in full swing |url=https://mb.com.ph/2019/02/18/naia-terminal-2-rehab-in-full-swing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211075651/https://mb.com.ph/2019/02/18/naia-terminal-2-rehab-in-full-swing/ |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |work=Manila Bulletin}}</ref> and by February 16, 2021, the partially expanded Terminal 2 was inaugurated, adding {{convert|2800|m2|sp=us}} to the terminal area. However, Terminal 2 has not been interconnected with Terminal 1 yet, nor have the adjacent complexes been demolished.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pageone.ph/naia-inaugurates-improved-runway-expanded-terminal-2/|title=NAIA Inaugurates Improved Runway, Expanded Terminal 2|work=Pageone.ph|date=February 17, 2021|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> In 2024, the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC) announced that it will interconnect the two terminals after demolishing the hotel and relocating the fuel farm and the cargo terminal as part of its rehabilitation plan. This plan will increase the terminal's capacity by about 23 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Go |first1=Marianne |date=May 20, 2024 |title=The future NAIA |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/05/20/2356361/future-naia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211080334/https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/05/20/2356361/future-naia |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=May 25, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
From 1999 to 2023, flag carrier Philippine Airlines and its domestic subsidiary PAL Express exclusively used Terminal 2. It facilitated both domestic and international flights for these airlines, notwithstanding the operation of select PAL Express flights from Terminal 3 from 2012 to 2018.<ref name="Montecillo-2012">{{cite news |last1=Montecillo |first1=Paolo |date=October 27, 2012 |title=PAL to fly out of Naia 3, too |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/296410/pal-to-fly-out-of-naia-3-too |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211080105/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/296410/pal-to-fly-out-of-naia-3-too |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> On June 16, 2023, PAL moved its international flights to Terminal 1, leaving its domestic flights at Terminal 2. This allowed the entry of low-cost carriers and former Terminal 4 users Philippines AirAsia and Royal Air Philippines on July 1, thereby converting T2 to exclusively serve domestic flights.<ref name="Yu-2023">{{Cite news |last=Yu |first=Lance Spencer |date=March 23, 2023 |title=NAIA terminal reassignments set to begin in April 2023 |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/ninoy-aquino-international-airport-terminal-reassignments-set-begin-april-2023/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326105815/https://www.rappler.com/business/ninoy-aquino-international-airport-terminal-reassignments-set-begin-april-2023/ |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |access-date=March 27, 2023 |work=Rappler}}</ref>
=== Terminal 3 === thumb|View of Terminal 3 from Terminal 2 [[File:Baggage claim area of NAIA Terminal 3.jpg|thumb|Baggage reclaim area of Terminal 3]] Terminal 3, the newest and largest terminal, covers {{convert|182500|m2|sp=us}} and extends {{convert|1.2|km|sp=us}},<ref name="Airport Technology" /> occupying a {{convert|63.5|ha|adj=on}} site on Villamor Air Base. With construction beginning in 1997, the terminal partially opened on July 22, 2008,<ref name="Philippine Daily Inquirer-2008">{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/metro/view/20080722-149917/UPDATE-3-Planes-start-flying-out-of-NAIA-3-for-1st-time|date=July 22, 2008|access-date=June 28, 2012|title=Planes start flying out of NAIA 3 for 1st time|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010051756/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/metro/view/20080722-149917/UPDATE-3-Planes-start-flying-out-of-NAIA-3-for-1st-time|archive-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref> increasing the airport's capacity by 13 million passengers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Summary with attachments : Resettlement Action Plan, Other |url=http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/ProjectDisplay/EIA10507 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140825083448/http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/ProjectDisplay/EIA10507 |archive-date=August 25, 2014 |access-date=August 5, 2014 |publisher=International Finance Corporation}}</ref> The terminal's development, part of the 1989 expansion plan, commenced in 1997 but was beleaguered by legal battles, red tape, and arbitration cases in the United States and Singapore, as well as technical and safety issues including repeated incidents of collapsed ceilings<ref>{{cite news |date=September 11, 2008 |title=NAIA terminal 3 ceiling falls off one more time |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/119513/news/nation/naia-terminal-3-ceiling-falls-off-one-more-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140819112512/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/119513/news/nation/naia-terminal-3-ceiling-falls-off-one-more-time |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |access-date=August 19, 2014 |work=GMA News |publisher=GMA News and Public Affairs}}</ref> that led to repeated delays.<ref name="GMA News-2008">{{cite news|work=GMA News|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/103407/news/nation/naia-3-inspected-again-for-monday-opening-report|title=NAIA 3 inspected again for Monday opening – report|date=June 26, 2008|access-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> Japan-based Takenaka Corporation undertook the terminal's rehabilitation, and it became fully operational on July 31, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/06/12/14/naia-terminal-3-starts-full-operations-july|title=NAIA Terminal 3 starts full operations in July|work=ABS-CBN News|date=June 12, 2014|access-date=July 29, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Calleja-2014" />
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) designed the US$640 million terminal, which has 20 jet bridges and four remote gates served by apron buses. The terminal's apron area spans {{convert|147400|m2|sp=us}} and can service up to 32 aircraft simultaneously.<ref name="GMA News-2014" /> It has the capacity to serve 33,000 passengers per day or 6,000 per hour.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bayos |first=Kris |date=December 23, 2013 |title=P1.3-B NAIA 1 rehabilitation awarded to D.M. Consunji |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/p1-3-billion-project-for-naia-1-rehab-awarded-to-consunji-firm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140819112632/http://www.mb.com.ph/p1-3-billion-project-for-naia-1-rehab-awarded-to-consunji-firm/ |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |access-date=August 19, 2014 |work=Manila Bulletin}}</ref> Since April 2017, a {{convert|220|m|sp=us|adj=on}} long indoor footbridge called Runway Manila has been connecting the terminal to Newport City.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vicoy|first1=Ali|title=Sign of progress|url=http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/04/18/sign-of-progress/|access-date=April 19, 2017|work=Manila Bulletin|date=April 18, 2017|archive-date=April 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101427/http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/04/18/sign-of-progress/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
After the airport's privatization, the terminal was rehabilitated again, with new passenger amenities being opened gradually, including a dedicated lounge for Overseas Filipino Workers that opened in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Purnell |first=Kristofer |title=NAIA Terminal 3 reopens food hall, more sections to follow |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel-and-tourism/2025/10/21/2481493/naia-terminal-3-reopens-food-hall-more-sections-follow |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
Low-cost carrier Cebu Pacific was the first to operate at Terminal 3 on July 22, 2008.<ref name="Philippine Daily Inquirer-2008" /> PAL Express (then Air Philippines and Airphil Express) followed suit,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Paolo |date=July 25, 2008 |title=NAIA-3 to start limited international operations next month |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2008/07/25/75045/naia-3-start-limited-international-operations-next-month |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211081206/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2008/07/25/75045/naia-3-start-limited-international-operations-next-month |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=October 12, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> and used it until 2018.<ref name="Montecillo-2012" /> The first foreign carrier to operate out of Terminal 3 was All Nippon Airways<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ronda |first=Rainier Allan |date=March 6, 2011 |title=1st foreign carrier flies out of NAIA 3 |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2011/03/06/663164/1st-foreign-carrier-flies-out-naia-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211082155/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2011/03/06/663164/1st-foreign-carrier-flies-out-naia-3 |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> on February 27, 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2, 2011 |title=Japan's ANA to launch Narita-Manila flights Feb. 27 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/content/212122/japan-s-ana-to-launch-narita-manila-flights-feb-27/story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211082432/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/content/212122/japan-s-ana-to-launch-narita-manila-flights-feb-27/story/ |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |work=GMA News}}</ref> From August to October 2014, Delta Air Lines<ref>{{cite news |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Delta Airlines moves to NAIA Terminal 3 |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/07/31/14/delta-airlines-moves-naia-terminal-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121030944/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/07/31/14/delta-airlines-moves-naia-terminal-3 |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> (later terminated in 2021),<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2021 |title=Delta drops flight to Manila |url=https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2021/05/delta-drops-flight-to-manila/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513042111/https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2021/05/delta-drops-flight-to-manila/ |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |access-date=June 10, 2021 |website=TTR Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delta Airlines suspends Manila indefinitely from route network - report |url=http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2021/05/delta-airlines-suspends-manila.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211081831/http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2021/05/delta-airlines-suspends-manila.html |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=December 11, 2024 |website=Philippine Flight Network}}</ref> KLM, Emirates, Singapore Airlines, and Cathay Pacific moved to Terminal 3 from Terminal 1.<ref name="GMA News-2014">{{cite news |date=June 12, 2014 |title=5 international airlines relocating to NAIA Terminal 3 |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/365441/economy/business/5-international-airlines-relocating-to-naia-terminal-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806175116/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/365441/economy/business/5-international-airlines-relocating-to-naia-terminal-3 |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=July 29, 2014 |work=GMA News}}</ref> Between 2018 and 2020, United Airlines, Qantas, Qatar Airways, Turkish Airlines,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://philippineairspace.blogspot.com/2018/10/naia-terminal-rationalization-takes.html | title=The Exciting Centennial of Philippine Aviation: NAIA Terminal Rationalization Takes Effect}}</ref> and Etihad Airways followed suit, as did Jetstar Asia, Jetstar Japan, Scoot, China Southern Airlines, Starlux Airlines, Jeju Air, Ethiopian Airlines, Thai Airways International, and Gulf Air in 2023. Other operators at Terminal 3 include newer entrants Air Canada, Air France, Greater Bay Airlines, HK Express, and Jetstar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miaa.gov.ph/index.php/terminals/terminal-3|title=Terminal 3|website=Manila International Airport Authority|access-date=August 1, 2023}}</ref> Between March 29 and April 1, 2026, Air China, China Eastern Airlines, Japan Airlines, Royal Brunei Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, and Vietnam Airlines transferred from Terminal 1 to Terminal 3 to enhance operational efficiency.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sampang |first1=Dianne |title=New Naia Infra Corp. announces new airline terminal assignments |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2187015/nnic-announces-new-airline-terminal-assignments |access-date=March 29, 2026 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=February 24, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305140524/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2187015/nnic-announces-new-airline-terminal-assignments |archive-date=March 5, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Terminal 3 had been used by the AirAsia Group for its international flights from September 15, 2014, until its transfer to Terminal 1 on March 29, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|title=AirAsia transfers 3 int'l flights to NAIA 3 |first=Lawrence |last=Agcaoili |work=The Philippine Star |date=September 11, 2014|url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2014/09/11/1367614/airasia-transfers-3-intl-flights-naia-3 |access-date=August 1, 2023}}</ref><ref name="AirAsia-2026"/>
=== Old Terminal 4 === thumb|Exterior of the original Terminal 4's landside portion
Constructed in 1948, the old Terminal 4, also known as the '''Manila Domestic Passenger Terminal''' or the '''Old Domestic Terminal''', was the first and original structure of the airport, as well as its oldest and smallest terminal.<ref>{{cite web |title=About NAIA Terminal 4 |url=http://125.60.203.88/miaa/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=24&Itemid=34 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154150/http://125.60.203.88/miaa/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=24&Itemid=34 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |access-date=June 28, 2012 |publisher=Manila International Airport Authority}}</ref> Positioned on the old Airport Road, the Domestic Terminal was located near the north end of Runway 13/31.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Domestic Terminal |url=http://125.60.203.88/miaa/TERMINALS/mia.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425005115/http://125.60.203.88/miaa/TERMINALS/mia.asp |archive-date=April 25, 2008}}</ref> It accommodated up to three million passengers annually until its closure.
Philippines AirAsia was a primary user of Terminal 4 from 2013 to 2023. In December 2022, to decongest the terminal, it transferred its two busiest flights—to Cebu and Caticlan—to Terminal 3, while all other domestic flights remained at T4.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 27, 2022 |title=Some PAL, AirAsia flights to change NAIA terminals starting December |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/11/27/22/some-pal-airasia-flights-to-change-naia-terminals-in-december |access-date=November 27, 2022 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> It continued to operate under this scheme until all flights were transferred to Terminal 2 on July 1, 2023.<ref name="Yu-2023" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosales |first=Elijah Felice |date=October 12, 2024 |title=Cebu Pacific consolidates Cebgo flights to NAIA Terminal 2 |url=https://qa.philstar.com/business/2024/10/12/2391811/cebu-pacific-consolidates-cebgo-flights-naia-terminal-2 |access-date=October 13, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> With that, the original T4 had been specifically assigned for turboprop aircraft, functioning exclusively with ground-loaded gates,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabuenas |first1=Jon Viktor |date=July 2, 2023 |title=Local carrier domestic flights successfully moved to NAIA Terminal 2 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/874588/local-carrier-domestic-flights-successfully-moved-to-naia-terminal-2/story/ |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=GMA News}}</ref> primarily hosting domestic flights by regional airlines such as AirSWIFT, SkyJet Airlines, Cebgo, and Sunlight Air.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arayata |first=Ma. Cristina |date=March 29, 2022 |title=Passengers at NAIA Terminal 4 likely to hit 1.5M this year |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/index.php/articles/1170931 |access-date=November 27, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref><ref name="Yu-2023" />
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the airport authority closed Terminal 4 to minimize operating costs, while the remaining three terminals resumed operations in June 2020 upon the lifting of the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cabalza |first=Dexter |date=June 2, 2020 |title=Only 3 of 4 NAIA terminals to operate |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1284640/only-3-of-4-naia-terminals-to-operate |access-date=August 21, 2022 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> During its temporary closure, the terminal was utilized as a vaccination site for airport employees. As such, AirAsia temporarily transferred its domestic operations to Terminal 3. After a two-year hiatus, Terminal 4 reopened on March 28, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arayata |first=Ma. Cristina |date=March 28, 2022 |title=106 flights scheduled on NAIA Terminal 4 reopening |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170798 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref>
Under NNIC's management, the old Terminal 4 closed on November 6, 2024, to make way for major renovations until February 2025. As such, AirSWIFT, Cebgo, and Sunlight Air relocated to Terminal 2.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Rudy |date=October 13, 2024 |title=NAIA-4 to be closed for renovation |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/13/2392174/naia-4-be-closed-renovation |access-date=October 13, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> However, NNIC halted its renovation on the terminal, identifying the structure as a safety hazard. The terminal began to be demolished in late February 2025 as part of a broader land optimization plan to create space for a new taxiway that will enhance aircraft movement between Terminals 1, 2, and 3.<ref name="Arayata-2025">{{cite news |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |date=January 30, 2025 |title=NNIC halts NAIA T4 renovation; plans T5 construction – MIAA chief |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1243002 |access-date=March 27, 2025 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref><ref name="Taguines-2025">{{Cite news |last=Taguines |first=Andrea |date=April 11, 2025 |title=NAIA operator to start building Terminal 5; PH Village hotel set for demolition soon |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/business/2025/4/11/naia-operator-to-start-building-terminal-5-ph-village-hotel-set-for-demolition-soon-1101? |access-date=April 11, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref>
=== New Terminal 4 === Under NNIC's management, a new Terminal 4 will be built at the International Cargo Terminal building.<ref name="Taguines-2025" />
=== Terminal 5 === Under NNIC's management, Terminal 5 will be built next to Terminal 2. The Philippine Village Hotel and the old Nayong Pilipino complex have been demolished for the construction of Terminal 5.<ref name="Arayata-2025" /> Terminal 5 is expected to be completed by 2029.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cordero |first=Ted |date=April 10, 2025 |title=NAIA Terminal 5 to rise as Philippine Village Hotel's demolition begins |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/942308/naia-terminal-5-to-rise-as-philippine-village-hotel-s-demolition-begins/story/ |accessdate=April 10, 2025 |publisher=GMA Integrated News}}</ref>
== Infrastructure and facilities ==
===Runways=== thumb|Aerial view of Runway 13/31 from above the original Terminal 4 NAIA's primary runway is {{convert|3514|m|sp=us}} long and {{convert|60|m|sp=us}} wide, running in a northeast–southwest direction at a true bearing of 060.3°/240.3° (designated as Runway 06/24). Its secondary runway is {{convert|2249|m|sp=us}} long and {{convert|45|m|sp=us}} wide, running in a southeast–northwest direction at a true bearing of 134.8°/314.8° (designated as Runway 13/31). The primary runway was oriented at 06/24 to harness the southeast and southwest winds; in other words, the primary runway is oriented to utilize the northeast monsoon (Amihan) winds (roughly from November to April) and the southwest monsoon (Habagat) winds (roughly from May to October). Of the 550 daily flights, 100 take the secondary runway. It mainly caters to private planes and narrowbody aircraft such as the ATR 72-500, Airbus A320, and Airbus A321, and was the main runway of the original Terminal 4.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 29, 2013 |title=2nd runway opened in NAIA for early morning flights |url=http://business.inquirer.net/124367/2nd-runway-opened-in-naia-for-early-morning-flights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806175118/http://business.inquirer.net/124367/2nd-runway-opened-in-naia-for-early-morning-flights |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref>
Runway 13/31 closed in 2020 for rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 16, 2021 |title=Rehabilitated NAIA Runway 13/31 timely accomplishment for reopening of more destinations, vaccine distribution - AirAsia CEO Ricky Isla |url=https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/2021/2/16/rehabilitated-naia-runway-1331-timely-accomplishment-for-reopening-of-more-destinations-vaccine-distribution-airasia-ceo-ricky-isla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211083427/https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/2021/2/16/rehabilitated-naia-runway-1331-timely-accomplishment-for-reopening-of-more-destinations-vaccine-distribution-airasia-ceo-ricky-isla%23gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |publisher=Philippines AirAsia}}</ref> The runway was reopened on February 16, 2021, along with a newly constructed taxiway.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandez |first1=Ariel |date=February 16, 2021 |title=NAIA's new P500-M runway extension inaugurated |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/16/naias-new-p500-m-runway-extension-inaugurated/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211083643/https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/16/naias-new-p500-m-runway-extension-inaugurated/ |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |work=Manila Bulletin}}</ref>
In 2014, Transportation and Communications Secretary Joseph Abaya proposed a new runway adjacent to the existing Runway 06/24.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 16, 2014 |title=Another Runway planned for Ninoy Aquino International Airport |url=http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2014/05/new-runway-ninoy-aquino-airport.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140518044318/http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2014/05/new-runway-ninoy-aquino-airport.html |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |publisher=Philippine Flight Network}}</ref> The proposed runway has a length of {{convert|2100|m|sp=us}} that could allow the landing of an Airbus A320 and increase capacity from 40 planes per hour to 60–70.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 23, 2014 |title=New NAIA Runway Construction Begins |url=http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2014/05/new-naia-runway-construction-begins.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806174955/http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2014/05/new-naia-runway-construction-begins.html |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |publisher=Philippine Flight Network}}</ref> A Dutch consultant hired by the government also suggested to build another terminal to cause less disruptions to the general public.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Nation&title=gov&8217t-eyeing-another-naia-terminal&id=99735|title=Gov't eyeing another NAIA terminal|work=BusinessWorld|date=December 16, 2014|access-date=December 20, 2014|first=Vince Alvic Alexis F. |last=Nonato|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195932/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Nation&title=gov&8217t-eyeing-another-naia-terminal&id=99735}}</ref>
Previously, the Japan International Cooperation Agency proposed Sangley Point in Cavite as the site of an international airport serving the Greater Manila Area, meaning Sangley could serve as NAIA's third runway.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 23, 2014 |title=Sangley Airport eyed as NAIA's 'third runway' |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/07/13/14/sangley-airport-eyed-naias-third-runway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140825083502/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/07/13/14/sangley-airport-eyed-naias-third-runway |archive-date=August 25, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref>
===NAIA Road=== thumb|right|NAIA road NAIA Road (Ninoy Aquino International Airport Road), formerly known and still commonly referred to as MIA Road (Manila International Airport Road), is a short 8-10 lane divided highway connecting Roxas Boulevard and the Manila–Cavite Expressway (R-1) with NAIA. It is also a major local road that links the cities of Parañaque and Pasay, running approximately {{convert|2.5|km|mi|sp=us}} underneath the elevated NAIA Expressway from R-1 in Tambo, Parañaque, to NAIA Terminal 2 in Pasay. En route, it intersects, from west to east, Quirino Avenue, Domestic Road, and Ninoy Aquino Avenue. The road ends at the entrance of NAIA Terminal 2.
The road also houses a small strip of shops across from the former Coastal Mall, Tambo Elementary School at Quirino Avenue, Park 'N Fly at Domestic Road, and the old Nayong Pilipino (site of the future NAIA Terminal 5)<ref name="nayon"/> close to Terminal 2. The old NAIA Terminal 1 is accessible by turning south at Ninoy Aquino Avenue, which also leads to the Duty Free FiestaMall and continues on to Sucat as Dr. Santos Avenue. The new Terminal 3, on the other hand, is located on Andrews Avenue, which can be accessed from Domestic Road. The road was originally named MIA Road and was only renamed in 1987 when the airport was renamed in honor of Senator Ninoy Aquino, who was assassinated there in 1983.
===Maintenance=== [[File:Philippine Airlines maintenance MNL 2023-08-05.jpg|thumb|Aircraft of Philippine Airlines parked next to the maintenance hangars of Lufthansa Technik Philippines]] Lufthansa Technik Philippines (LTP) (formerly PAL Technical Center) was founded in 2000 as a joint venture of German firm Lufthansa Technik (51%) and Philippine aviation service provider MacroAsia Corporation (49%). Lufthansa Technik Philippines offers customers aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) services.
The company performs maintenance checks for the Airbus A320 family and A330/A340 aircraft. Seven hangar bays and workshops provide industry standard maintenance, major modifications, cabin reconfigurations, engine maintenance, and painting for the A320 family, A330/A340, as well as the Boeing 747-400 and 777 aircraft. A new widebody hangar was recently added to meet the increasing demand for A330/A340 maintenance.
The company also opened an Airbus A380 maintenance hangar to allow the aircraft to be repaired at the airport facility.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lufthansa Technik Philippines opens A380 maintenance hangar |url=http://www.aircraftinteriorsinternational.com/news.php?NewsID=36898 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028083639/http://www.aircraftinteriorsinternational.com/news.php?NewsID=36898 |archive-date=October 28, 2014 |access-date=August 25, 2014 |publisher=Aircraft Interiors International}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 30, 2012 |title=First A380 repair completed in Manila |url=http://business.inquirer.net/74089/first-a380-repair-completed-in-manila |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806175116/http://business.inquirer.net/74089/first-a380-repair-completed-in-manila |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> It also provides technical and engineering support for the entire Philippine Airlines fleet and other international airline fleets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lufthansa-technik.com/lufthansa-technik-philippines|title=Portrait: Lufthansa Technik Philippines – Lufthansa Technik AG|website=www.lufthansa-technik.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=August 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812052755/http://www.lufthansa-technik.com/lufthansa-technik-philippines|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Aviation Partnership (Philippines) Corporation is Cebu Pacific third-line maintenance. It was a former joint venture of SIA Engineering Company (51%) and Cebu Pacific Air (49%) until November 2020 when Cebu Pacific decide to take 100% ownership of the company. It provides line maintenance, light aircraft checks, technical ramp handling, and other services to Cebu Pacific and third-party airline customers.
=== Training === Philippine Airlines (PAL) operates the PAL Learning Center within the airport's premises. The center includes training facilities for pilots and cabin crew, catering services, a data center, and an Airbus A320 flight simulator.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/tempfiles/659.asp |title=B737-300 Full Flight Simulator |publisher=Philippine Airlines |access-date=April 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404112000/http://www.philippineairlines.com/tempfiles/659.asp|archive-date=April 4, 2008}}</ref>
=== DHL === The airport is a gateway facility for DHL. On March 12, 2006, the company opened its first quality control center.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mary Anne Ll. Reyes |date=March 12, 2006 |title=DHL opens first quality control center in RP at NAIA |url=http://www.philstar.com/business/325775/dhl-opens-first-quality-control-center-rp-naia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811173146/http://www.philstar.com/business/325775/dhl-opens-first-quality-control-center-rp-naia |archive-date=August 11, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
== Airlines and destinations == ===Key destinations=== In 2024, the International Air Transport Association reported that the Manila–Cebu corridor was the busiest passenger flight route from Manila and the eighth-busiest in the world by total passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite news |title=World's busiest air routes revealed — Asia Pacific takes 9 of top 10 spotst |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/latest-updates/worlds-busiest-air-routes-revealed-asia-pacific-takes-9-of-top-10-spots/articleshow/123140281.cms |access-date=February 25, 2026 |work=The Economic Times |date=August 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225112414/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/latest-updates/worlds-busiest-air-routes-revealed-asia-pacific-takes-9-of-top-10-spots/articleshow/123140281.cms |archive-date=February 25, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cebu was also the most frequently served destination from Manila in terms of flight frequency, followed by Caticlan, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan de Oro, and Bacolod.<ref name="FlightsFrom-2025">{{cite web |title=All scheduled direct (non-stop) flights from Manila (MNL) |url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/MNL |website=FlightsFrom.com |access-date=February 25, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225115553/https://www.flightsfrom.com/MNL |archive-date=February 25, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In summer 2025, OAG reported that Manila–Singapore was the sixth-busiest international passenger flight route in Southeast Asia and the busiest international route from Manila, with 1,459,007 seats available that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southeast Asian air transport shows resilience thanks to intra-regional growth |url=https://www.travelmole.com/news/southeast-asian-air-transport-oag/ |website=TravelMole |access-date=February 25, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225111031/https://www.travelmole.com/news/southeast-asian-air-transport-oag/ |archive-date=February 25, 2026 |date=October 15, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of flight frequency, however, Hong Kong was the most served international destination from NAIA, followed by Singapore, Taipei, Seoul, Tokyo (Narita), and Kuala Lumpur.<ref name="FlightsFrom-2025"/>
===Passenger=== <!-- INDEPENDENT SOURCES ARE REQUIRED WHEN REFERENCING. ALL SOURCES PUBLISHED BY AIRPORTS AND AIRLINES ARE NOT INDEPENDENT. --> <!-- ALL FUTURE AND ENDING DESTINATIONS MUST HAVE A REFERENCE. IF THEY DO NOT HAVE A REFERENCE, THEY WILL BE REMOVED. --> {{Airport-dest-list <!-- --> | Air Canada | Vancouver<ref>{{OAGWorldJuly2025Ref|title=Vancouver, BC, Canada YVR|pages=1184-1188}}</ref> <!-- --> | Air China | Beijing–Capital,<ref>{{cite web |title=Air China starts up Beijing-Manila service |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/news/air-china-starts-up-beijing-manila-service/ |website=Business Traveller |date=March 19, 2010 |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Chengdu–Tianfu,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tozer-Pennington |first1=Victoria |title=Air China plans string of new routes from Chengdu |url=https://aviationnews-online.com/public/article/air-china-plans-string-of-new-routes-from-chengdu |website=Airline Economics |access-date=December 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202135307/https://aviationnews-online.com/public/article/air-china-plans-string-of-new-routes-from-chengdu |archive-date=December 2, 2025 |date=July 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chongqing<ref>{{cite web |title=Air China to launch direct flight linking China's Chongqing, Philippine capital |url=https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20260313/318be847d31f43b1be2d9040720e60e3/c.html |website=Xinhua |access-date=March 14, 2026}}</ref> <!-- --> | Air France | '''Seasonal:''' Paris–Charles de Gaulle<ref>{{cite news|author=<!-- not stated -->|title=Air France to suspend direct Paris-Manila flights for summer 2026|url=https://mb.com.ph/2025/12/22/planning-a-2026-europe-trip-air-france-to-halt-manila-paris-direct-flights-this-summer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227021000/https://mb.com.ph/2025/12/22/planning-a-2026-europe-trip-air-france-to-halt-manila-paris-direct-flights-this-summer|url-status=live|archive-date=December 27, 2025|website=Manila Bulletin|date=December 22, 2025}}</ref> <!-- --> | Air India | Delhi<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Talosig-Bartolome |first1=Malou |date=October 1, 2025 |title=Air India launches direct New Delhi–Manila flights, boosting Philippines–India connectivity |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2025/10/01/air-india-launches-direct-new-delhi-manila-flights-boosting-philippines-india-connectivity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203075329/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2025/10/01/air-india-launches-direct-new-delhi-manila-flights-boosting-philippines-india-connectivity/?ki-cf-botcl=1&__cf_chl_rt_tk=W.lOLsovmQttrEkpEyjPOQOI_QulctX6OSbJEO1qSTQ-1764748409-1.0.1.1-uVOq_PwefQPCoOKIuMgz_R.30kiHMpLgbcqlWYHJrm0 |url-status=live |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |access-date=November 2, 2025 |work=BusinessMirror}}</ref> <!-- --> | Air Macau | Macau (resumes July 1, 2026)<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 March 2026 |title=Air Macau resumes Philippines flights in July|website=Travel Weekly Asia|url=https://www.travelweekly-asia.com/Travel-News/Airline-News/Air-Macau-resumes-Philippines-flights-in-July}}</ref> <!-- --> | Air Niugini | Port Moresby<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Pt. Moresby, Papua New Guinea POM|pages=1046-1047}}</ref> <!-- --> | AirAsia | Kuala Lumpur–International<ref>{{cite news |last1=Teehankee |first1=Pepper |title=Penang: Exploring a food lover's paradise |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/2024/04/11/2346742/penang-exploring-food-lovers-paradise |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=The Philippine Star |date=April 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203091614/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/2024/04/11/2346742/penang-exploring-food-lovers-paradise |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |quote=Air Asia flies daily from Manila to Kuala Lumpur twice daily (1:10 a.m. and 12:55 p.m.) and Kuala Lumpur to Penang seven times daily. |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | All Nippon Airways | Tokyo–Haneda,<ref name="Asian Journal-2020">{{cite web |title=ANA resumes Tokyo to Manila service, launches new flight from SFO to Haneda |url=https://asianjournal.com/business/business-news/ana-resumes-tokyo-to-manila-service-launches-new-flight-from-sfo-to-haneda/ |website=Asian Journal |date=November 19, 2020 |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Tokyo–Narita<ref name="Asian Journal-2020"/> <!-- --> | Asiana Airlines | Seoul–Incheon<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025c">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Seoul, Korea Republic Of SEL|pages=1186-1190}}</ref> <!-- --> | Bamboo Airways | '''Charter:''' Da Nang<ref>{{cite news|last1=Difuntorum|first1=Marc Romyel|title=Bamboo Airways to launch Da Nang–Manila flights|url=https://aviationupdatesph.com/2026/03/bamboo-airways-to-launch-da-nang-manila-flights|website=Aviation Updates Philippines|date=March 30, 2026}}</ref> <!-- --> | Cathay Pacific | Hong Kong<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mercene |first1=Recto |title='Cathay Pacific will continue to offer flights from Manila' |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/09/01/cathay-pacific-will-continue-to-offer-flights-from-manila/ |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=BusinessMirror |date=September 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203092438/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/09/01/cathay-pacific-will-continue-to-offer-flights-from-manila/?ki-cf-botcl=1 |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | Cebu Pacific | Bacolod,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific back to normal ops in Bacolod, Iloilo |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1250053 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Bandar Seri Begawan,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific to resume Brunei flights on July 23 |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177505 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Bangkok–Don Mueang,<ref name="TTRWeekly-2025">{{cite web |title=Cebu Pacific flies to two Bangkok airports |url=https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2024/05/cebu-pacific-flies-to-two-bangkok-airports/ |website=TTR Weekly |access-date=December 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615021814/https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2024/05/cebu-pacific-flies-to-two-bangkok-airports/ |archive-date=June 15, 2025 |date=May 13, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific to launch flights to Don Mueang in July |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1224403 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,<ref name="TTRWeekly-2025"/> Butuan,<ref name="BusinessMirror-2025">{{cite web |title=Cebu Pacific adds more flights to key domestic destinations |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2025/08/16/cebu-pacific-adds-more-flights-to-key-domestic-destinations/ |website=BusinessMirror |date=August 16, 2025 |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Cagayan de Oro,<ref name="BusinessMirror-2025"/> Caticlan,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific to resume Caticlan flights Oct. 26 |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051380 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Cauayan,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lagasca |first1=Charlie |title=Cebu Pacific launches Cauayan-Manila flight |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2009/06/07/474867/cebu-pacific-launches-cauayan-manila-flight |website=The Philippine Star |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Cebu,<ref name="Reuters-2025">{{cite news |last1=Kok |first1=Xinghui |title=Cebu Pacific to boost holiday flight routes with Bulgaria Air partnership |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/cebu-pacific-boost-holiday-flight-routes-with-bulgaria-air-partnership-2025-10-31/ |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=Reuters |date=October 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202140516/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/cebu-pacific-boost-holiday-flight-routes-with-bulgaria-air-partnership-2025-10-31/ |archive-date=December 2, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Da Nang,<ref name="BusinessMirrorForeign">{{cite web |last1=Marasigan |first1=Lorenz S. |title=Cebu Pacific adds more flights to key foreign destinations |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2025/08/11/cebu-pacific-adds-more-flights-to-key-foreign-destinations/ |website=BusinessMirror |date=August 11, 2025 |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Davao,<ref name="Reuters-2025"/> Denpasar,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fernandez |first1=Ariel |title=Cebu Pacific increases flights to Bali |url=https://mb.com.ph/article/138960/Philippines/cebu-pacific-increases-flights-to-bali |website=Manila Bulletin |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Dipolog,<ref name="Zurbano-2023">{{cite web |last1=Zurbano |first1=Joel E. |title=PAL to resume daily Manila-Dipolog flights |url=https://manilastandard.net/?p=314402311 |website=Manila Standard |date=December 25, 2023 |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Dubai–International (resumes July 2, 2026),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabuenas |first1=Jon Viktor D. |title=Cebu Pacific to resume Dubai flights on July 2, 2026 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/988142/cebu-pacific-to-resume-dubai-flights-on-july-2-2026/story/ |access-date=May 19, 2026 |work=GMA News |date=May 19, 2026}}</ref> Dumaguete,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abadilla |first1=Emmie V. |title=CEB upgrades Tacloban, Dumaguete, Butuan flights with bigger planes |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/8/6/ceb-upgrades-tacloban-dumaguete-butuan-flights-with-bigger-planes |website=Manila Bulletin |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Fukuoka,<ref name="fuckts">{{cite web |last1=Cordero |first1=Ted |title=Cebu Pacific now flies to Sapporo in Japan |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/933123/cebu-pacific-now-flies-to-sapporo-in-japan/story/ |website=GMA News |date=January 16, 2025 |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> General Santos,<ref name="BusinessMirror-2025"/> Guangzhou,<ref name="cebufocus">{{Cite web|date=September 16, 2025 |access-date=October 30, 2025 |title=Airline in Focus:Cebu Pacific|website=Aviation Week|url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airports-networks/airline-focus-cebu-pacific}}</ref> Hanoi,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Ho Chi Minh City,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Hong Kong,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific resumes Manila-Hong Kong flights |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171245 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> Iloilo,<ref name="Reuters-2025"/> Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Kalibo,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Kaohsiung,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Kuala Lumpur–International,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Laoag,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Legazpi,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Macau,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Melbourne,<ref name="BusinessMirrorForeign"/> Nagoya–Centrair,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Osaka–Kansai,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Ozamiz,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Pagadian,<ref name="BusinessMirror-2025"/> Puerto Princesa,<ref name="BusinessMirror-2025"/> Riyadh,<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Pacific announces direct Manila-Riyadh flights starting March 2026 |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/314678159/cebu-pacific-announces-direct-manila-riyadh-flights-starting-march-2026.html |access-date=December 9, 2025 |work=Manila Standard |date=December 9, 2025}}</ref> Roxas,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Sapporo–Chitose,<ref name="fuckts"/> Seoul–Incheon,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amojelar |first1=Darwin G. |title=AirAsia resumes flights to Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok |url=https://manilastandard.net/?p=330154 |quote=On Aug. 6, the airline [Cebu Pacific] will fly two times weekly (Thursday and Saturday) between Manila and Singapore; and every Thursday from Seoul (Incheon) to Manila. |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=Manila Standard |date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621144248/https://manilastandard.net/?p=330154 |archive-date=June 21, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shanghai–Pudong,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Singapore,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Sydney–Kingsford Smith,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Tacloban,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Tagbilaran,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Taipei–Taoyuan,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Tokyo–Narita,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Tuguegarao,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Virac,<ref name="cebufocus"/> Zamboanga<ref name="BusinessMirror-2025"/> <!-- --> | China Airlines | Kaohsiung,<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Kaohsiung, Chinese Taipei KHH|pages=618-619}}</ref> Taipei–Taoyuan<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025b">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Taipei, Chinese Taipei TPE|pages=1253-1255}}</ref> <!-- --> | China Eastern Airlines | Shanghai–Pudong<ref>{{cite web|title=Book China Eastern Flight from Shanghai to Manila|website=www.airpaz.com|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/MU-China-Eastern/city-city/shanghai-cn-manila-ph}}</ref> <!-- --> | China Southern Airlines | Guangzhou<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wenfang |first1=Li |title=China Southern to resume set of international flights |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202003/13/WS5e6b9260a31012821727f06f.html |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=China Daily |date=March 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618020241/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202003/13/WS5e6b9260a31012821727f06f.html |archive-date=June 18, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | Emirates | Dubai–International<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB|pages=337-343}}</ref> <!-- --> | Ethiopian Airlines | Addis Ababa{{efn|Ethiopian Airlines flights make an intermediate stop in Hong Kong en route to the listed destination. However, the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Hong Kong.<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADD|pages=17-19}}</ref>}} <!-- --> | Etihad Airways | Abu Dhabi<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=14-16}}</ref> <!-- --> | EVA Air | Taipei–Taoyuan<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025b"/> <!-- --> | Greater Bay Airlines | Hong Kong<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025d">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hong Kong (SAR) China HKG|pages=543-547}}</ref> <!-- --> | Gulf Air | Bahrain,<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Bahrain, Bahrain BAH|pages=88-90}}</ref> Dammam<ref>{{cite web |title=Gulf Air adds seven destinations to temporary network via Dammam |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/gulf-air-adds-seven-destinations-to-temporary-network-via-dammam-1354582 |website=Centre for Aviation |date=April 8, 2026 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <!-- --> | HK Express | Hong Kong<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025d"/> <!-- --> | Hunnu Air | '''Seasonal charter:''' Ulaanbaatar<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adel |first1=Rosette |title=Philippines opens limited route tapping Mongolian market |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/12/29/2496884/philippines-opens-limited-route-tapping-mongolian-market |access-date=January 5, 2026 |work=The Philippine Star |date=December 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105075610/https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/12/29/2496884/philippines-opens-limited-route-tapping-mongolian-market |archive-date=January 5, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | Japan Airlines | Tokyo–Haneda,<ref name="Bright-2018">{{cite news |last1=Bright |first1=Craig |title=Japan Airlines to launch third daily Tokyo-Manila route in February |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/japan-airlines-to-launch-third-daily-tokyo-manila-route-in-february/ |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=Business Traveller |date=September 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202152119/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/japan-airlines-to-launch-third-daily-tokyo-manila-route-in-february/ |archive-date=December 2, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tokyo–Narita<ref name="Bright-2018"/> <!-- --> | Jeju Air | Seoul–Incheon<ref>{{cite news |last1=Santiago |first1=Camille |title=Korea on a budget? Jeju Air just dropped $43 one-way fares |url=https://philstarlife.com/living/472195-jeju-air-just-dropped-43-one-way-fares# |access-date=April 28, 2026 |work=The Philippine Star |date=January 22, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428081153/https://philstarlife.com/living/472195-jeju-air-just-dropped-43-one-way-fares |archive-date=April 28, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | Jetstar | Perth<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 29, 2025 |title=Philippines welcomes Jetstar's inaugural Perth-Manila flight |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/314674355/philippines-welcomes-jetstars-inaugural-perth-manila-flight.html |access-date=November 30, 2025 |work=Manila Standard}}</ref> <!-- --> | Jetstar Japan | Osaka–Kansai,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padilla |first1=Nami D. |title=Jetstar revives Manila-Osaka flights |url=https://business.inquirer.net/555068/jetstar-revives-manila-osaka-flights |access-date=November 10, 2025 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=October 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109181516/https://business.inquirer.net/555068/jetstar-revives-manila-osaka-flights?__cf_chl_rt_tk=qgJ0QWw7l0WS71_4aJkTtG5DthfZSyQQ6UBhgbknvK4-1762712116-1.0.1.1-KFmb3UQVOtgU_uHfp4Xkr_jiO7SEMuKFnkyHkFrjDKc |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tokyo–Narita<ref>{{cite web |title=Jetstar Japan to restart Manila flights |url=https://asianaviation.com/jetstar-japan-to-restart-manila-flights/ |website=Asian Aviation |access-date=November 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514151726/https://asianaviation.com/jetstar-japan-to-restart-manila-flights/ |archive-date=May 14, 2025 |date=June 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | KLM | Amsterdam{{efn|KLM flights make an intermediate stop in Taipei en route to the listed destination. However, the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Taipei.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Casey |first1=David |title=Air France Plans Manila Return After 20-Year Absence |url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airlines-lessors/air-france-plans-manila-return-after-20-year-absence |work=Aviation Week |access-date=November 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814025102/https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airlines-lessors/air-france-plans-manila-return-after-20-year-absence |archive-date=August 14, 2025 |date=September 11, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} <!-- --> | Korean Air | Seoul–Incheon<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025c"/> <!-- --> | Kuwait Airways | Dammam,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kuwait Airways to resume service to Manila via Dammam from Apr-2026 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/kuwait-airways-to-resume-service-to-manila-via-dammam-from-apr-2026-1354397 |website=Centre for Aviation |date=April 7, 2026 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kuwait City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ata |first1=Huda |title=Kuwait Airways flight to Philippines delayed after minor incident at Kuwait airport |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-airways-flight-to-philippines-delayed-after-minor-incident-at-kuwait-airport-1.500337801 |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=Gulf News |date=November 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202152611/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-airways-flight-to-philippines-delayed-after-minor-incident-at-kuwait-airport-1.500337801 |archive-date=December 2, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | Malaysia Airlines | Kuala Lumpur–International<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lim |first1=Jean Carmela |title=KL-bound Malaysia Airlines B737-800 returns to Manila after engine fire scare |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/kl-bound-malaysia-airlines-b737-800-returns-to-manila-after-engine-fire-scare |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=AeroTime |date=March 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422104241/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/kl-bound-malaysia-airlines-b737-800-returns-to-manila-after-engine-fire-scare |archive-date=April 22, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | Oman Air | Muscat<ref>{{cite news |last1=Al Amir |first1=Khitam |title=Oman to offer visa-free entry to Filipino tourists starting 2026 |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/oman/oman-to-offer-visa-free-entry-to-filipino-tourists-starting-2026-1.500365517 |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=Gulf News |date=December 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202153841/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/oman/oman-to-offer-visa-free-entry-to-filipino-tourists-starting-2026-1.500365517 |archive-date=December 2, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | PAL Express | Bacolod,<ref name="GMANews-2025">{{cite news |title=LIST: Canceled flights on Saturday, Nov. 29, 2025 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/serbisyopubliko/transportation/967873/list-canceled-flights-on-saturday-nov-29-2025/story/ |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=GMA News |date=November 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202160633/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/serbisyopubliko/transportation/967873/list-canceled-flights-on-saturday-nov-29-2025/story/ |archive-date=December 2, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Butuan,<ref name="Amojelar-2025">{{cite news |last1=Amojelar |first1=Darwin G. |title=PAL increases domestic flights as travel demand rises |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/314644666/pal-increases-domestic-flights-as-travel-demand-rises.html |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=Manila Standard |date=September 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202162109/https://manilastandard.net/business/314644666/pal-increases-domestic-flights-as-travel-demand-rises.html |archive-date=December 2, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cagayan de Oro,<ref name="Amojelar-2025"/> Caticlan,<ref name="Amojelar-2025"/> Cebu,<ref name="palhk"/> Cotabato,<ref name="Amojelar-2025"/> Cauayan,<ref>{{Cite news|title=PAL Express to launch Manila-Cauayan flights in Jan 2025 |first=Ma. Cristina |last=Arayata |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1235297 |access-date=October 11, 2024 |date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> Davao,<ref name="palhk"/> Dipolog,<ref name="Zurbano-2023"/> Dumaguete,<ref name="Amojelar-2025"/> General Santos,<ref name="palhk"/> Iloilo,<ref name="Amojelar-2025"/> Laoag,<ref name="palhk"/> Legazpi,<ref name="Amojelar-2025"/> Ozamiz,<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=December 3, 2025 |title=PAL flight unable to Taxi after 'wheel steering issue' at Ozamiz Airport|website=ABS-CBN News|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/regions/2025/6/16/pal-flight-unable-to-taxi-after-wheel-steering-issue-at-ozamiz-airport-1636}}</ref> Phnom Penh,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=More Manila-Cambodia flights starting September |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1179325 |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627160619/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1179325 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Puerto Princesa,<ref name="GMANews-2025"/> Roxas,<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 26, 2025 |access-date=December 3, 2025|title=Cancelled flights today, Sept. 26, due to Opong|website=Daily Inquirer|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2115685/list-canceled-flights-today-sept-26-due-to-opong}}</ref> Saipan (resumes June 21, 2026),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cruz |first1=Hazel Jane |title=PAL suspends flights to Saipan until June |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/lifestyle/news/132424/pal-suspends-flights-to-saipan-until-june/story |access-date=April 21, 2026 |work=GMA Lifestyle |date=April 21, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421071830/https://www.gmanetwork.com/lifestyle/news/132424/pal-suspends-flights-to-saipan-until-june/story |archive-date=April 21, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tacloban,<ref name="Amojelar-2025"/> Tagbilaran,<ref name="GMANews-2025"/> Tuguegarao,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Zamboanga<ref name="palhk"/> <!-- --> | Philippine Airlines | Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,<ref name="bkk">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref> Beijing–Capital,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Brisbane,<ref name="Rosales-2025">{{cite news |last1=Rosales |first1=Elijah Felice |title=More flight seats to Australia sought |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/07/10/2456763/more-flight-seats-australia-sought |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=The Philippine Star |date=July 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711042122/https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/07/10/2456763/more-flight-seats-australia-sought |archive-date=July 11, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Busan,<ref name="Piad-2024">{{cite news |last1=Piad |first1=Tyrone Jasper C. |title=Airlines gear up to ride booming travel to South Korea |url=https://business.inquirer.net/468033/airlines-gear-up-to-ride-booming-travel-to-south-korea |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=July 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325123534/https://business.inquirer.net/468033/airlines-gear-up-to-ride-booming-travel-to-south-korea |archive-date=March 25, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cagayan de Oro,<ref name="Amojelar-2025"/> Cebu,<ref name="GMANews-2025"/> Chicago–O'Hare (resumes November 9, 2026),<ref>{{cite web |title=PAL to start Manila-Chicago flights on Nov. 9|url=https://mb.com.ph/2026/04/16/pal-to-start-manila-chicago-flights-on-nov-9|website=Manila Bulletin |access-date=April 16, 2026}}</ref> Da Nang,<ref name="paldanang">{{cite news |last1=Purnell |first1=Kristofer |title=Philippine Airlines begins flights to Da Nang, eyes November expansion |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel-and-tourism/2025/07/04/2455518/philippine-airlines-begins-flights-da-nang-eyes-november-expansion |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=The Philippine Star |date=July 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722170123/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel-and-tourism/2025/07/04/2455518/philippine-airlines-begins-flights-da-nang-eyes-november-expansion |archive-date=July 22, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Davao,<ref name="GMANews-2025"/> Denpasar,<ref>{{cite web |title=Philippine Airlines Kembali Layani Penerbangan ke Bali |date=July 2, 2022 |url=https://kabarnusa.com/philippine-airlines-kembali-layani-penerbangan-ke-bali/}}</ref> Doha (resumes June 30, 2026),<ref name="Santos-2026">{{cite news |last1=Santos |first1=Rudy |title=PAL flights to Doha, Dubai canceled |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2026/05/15/2528060/pal-flights-doha-dubai-canceled |access-date=May 16, 2026 |work=The Philippine Star |date=May 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260516195100/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2026/05/15/2528060/pal-flights-doha-dubai-canceled |archive-date=May 16, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dubai–International (resumes August 2, 2026),<ref name="Santos-2026"/> Fukuoka,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024">{{Cite web |last1=Peroy |first1=Marinel E. |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 22, 2025 |title=PAL flights high, bares new routes |url=https://thephilbiznews.com/2024/04/09/pal-flies-high-bares-new-routes/ |work=ThePhilBizNews}},</ref> General Santos,<ref name="palhk"/> Guam,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Hanoi,<ref name="paldanang"/> Ho Chi Minh City,<ref name="paldanang"/> Hong Kong,<ref name="palhk">{{Cite web |last1=Licsi |first1=Ayie |date=October 26, 2025 |access-date=December 3, 2025 |title=Philippine Airlines is offering 15% off flights to Hong Kong until October 30|url=https://philstarlife.com/living/372086-philippine-airlines-offering-15-off-flights-to-hong-kong-until-oct-30?page=2 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> Honolulu,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Iloilo,<ref name="palhk"/> Jakarta–Soekarno‐Hatta,<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 23, 2025 |access-date=December 3, 2025|title=PAL unveils refurbished aircraft with PH-made cabin seats|website=GMA News|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/960035/pal-unveils-refurbished-aircraft-with-ph-made-cabin-seats/story/}}</ref> Koror,<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 4, 2025 |access-date=December 4, 2025 |title=PAL to launch Manila-Palau route on March 29, 2026|website=GMA News|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/968482/pal-to-launch-manila-palau-route-on-march-29-2026/story}}</ref> Kuala Lumpur–International,<ref>{{cite web |title=Philippine Airlines returns to Kuala Lumpur - Focus on Travel News |date=June 12, 2017 |url=https://ftnnews.com/travel-news/aviation/philippine-airlines-returns-to-kuala-lumpur/}}</ref> Los Angeles,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Melbourne,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jose |first1=Ashley Erika O. |title=PAL boosting flights to Japan, Australia, other destinations |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2025/10/24/707575/pal-boosting-flights-to-japan-australia-other-destinations/ |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=BusinessWorld |date=October 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203055416/https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2025/10/24/707575/pal-boosting-flights-to-japan-australia-other-destinations/ |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nagoya–Centrair,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> New York–JFK,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Osaka–Kansai,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Perth,<ref name="Rosales-2025"/> Port Moresby,<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2, 2015 |access-date=October 22, 2025 |title=Philippine Airlines Moves Port Moresby relaunch to Late-Dec 2015|website=Airlineroute|url=http://airlineroute.net/2015/09/02/pr-pom-w15update2/}}</ref> Puerto Princesa,<ref name="GMANews-2025"/> Quanzhou,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Riyadh,<ref>{{cite web |title=PAL adds 12 new routes: Batanes, China, Australia, MidEast |date=April 26, 2013 |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/industries/27550-philippine-airlines-new-routes/}}</ref> San Francisco,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Seattle/Tacoma,<ref name="palsea">{{Cite web|date=April 4, 2024 |access-date=November 8, 2025 |title=PAL gears up to launch Manila-Seattle route in October 2024|website=ThePhilBizNews|url=https://thephilbiznews.com/2024/04/04/pal-gears-up-to-launch-manila-seattle-route-in-october-2024/}}</ref> Seoul–Incheon,<ref name="Piad-2024"/> Shanghai–Pudong,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Singapore,<ref>{{cite web |title=Changi Airport's 2024 passenger traffic hit 99.1% of pre-pandemic levels |work=The Straits Times |date=January 22, 2025 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/changi-airport-handles-67-7m-passengers-in-2024-99-1-of-pre-pandemic-levels}}</ref> Sydney–Kingsford Smith,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Difuntorum |first1=Marc Romyel |title=PAL set to bring back tri-class A330 to Australian routes |url=https://aviationupdatesph.com/2025/01/pal-set-to-bring-back-tri-class-a330-to-australian-routes/ |website=Aviation Updates Philippines |access-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520064134/https://aviationupdatesph.com/2025/01/pal-set-to-bring-back-tri-class-a330-to-australian-routes/ |archive-date=May 20, 2025 |date=January 25, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Taipei–Taoyuan,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Damicog |first1=Jeffrey |title=PAL to resume Taiwan flights |url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/2/14/pal-to-resume-taiwan-flights |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=February 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203065107/https://mb.com.ph/2020/2/14/pal-to-resume-taiwan-flights |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tokyo–Haneda,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Tokyo–Narita,<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> Toronto–Pearson,<ref name="palsea"/> Vancouver,<ref name="palsea"/> Xiamen<ref name="PAL flights high-2024"/> <br/> '''Seasonal:''' Sapporo–Chitose<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Purnell |first1=Kristofer |date=July 9, 2025 |title=Philippine Airlines brings back seasonal Sapporo flights |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel-and-tourism/2025/07/09/2456727/philippine-airlines-brings-back-seasonal-sapporo-flights |access-date=November 9, 2025 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> <br/> '''Seasonal charter:''' Medina<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aviationupdatesph.com/2023/06/philippine-airlines-flies-to-medina-for.html|title=PAL flies to Medina for Hajj pilgrimage|website=Aviation Updates Philippines|date=June 3, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023}}</ref> <!-- --> | Philippines AirAsia | Bacolod,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=AirAsia launches Manila-Bacolod flights |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1084446 |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=October 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501130303/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1084446 |archive-date=May 1, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bangkok–Don Mueang,<ref name="GMANews-2025"/> Cagayan de Oro,<ref name="Cacho-2025"/> Caticlan,<ref name="Cacho-2025"/> Cebu,<ref name="Cacho-2025">{{Cite web|date=October 10, 2025|access-date=October 24, 2025 |last=Cacho|first=Katlene|title=AirAsia boosts domestic flights ahead of Undas travel rush|website=Sunstar|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/airasia-boosts-domestic-flights-ahead-of-undas-travel-rush}}</ref> Da Nang,<ref name="CAPA-2025">{{cite web |title=Philippines AirAsia to commence services from Manila to Da Nang and Hanoi in Mar-2026 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/philippines-airasia-to-commence-services-from-manila-to-da-nang-and-hanoi-in-mar-2026-1343560 |website=Centre for Aviation |access-date=January 2, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102015154/https://centreforaviation.com/news/philippines-airasia-to-commence-services-from-manila-to-da-nang-and-hanoi-in-mar-2026-1343560 |archive-date=January 2, 2026 |date=December 30, 2025 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hanoi,<ref name="CAPA-2025"/> Iloilo,<ref>{{cite news |title=Air Asia starts Manila-Iloilo flights |url=https://bilyonaryo.com/2017/10/01/air-asia-starts-manila-iloilo-flights/business/ |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=Bilyonaryo |date=October 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203072532/https://bilyonaryo.com/2017/10/01/air-asia-starts-manila-iloilo-flights/business/ |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kalibo,<ref name="Cacho-2025"/> Kaohsiung,<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=October 31, 2025 |title=This Low-Cost Airline is Flying to Kaohsiung in 2023|website=SPOT.ph|url=https://www.spot.ph/things-to-do/the-latest-things-to-do/103088/new-direct-flights-to-kaohsiung-with-air-asia-a5138-20221209}}</ref> Kota Kinabalu,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |last2=Santos |first2=Rudy |title=BI intercepts passenger with assumed identity |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/11/29/2490569/bi-intercepts-passenger-assumed-identity |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=The Philippine Star |date=November 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203074351/https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/11/29/2490569/bi-intercepts-passenger-assumed-identity |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kuala Lumpur–International,<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=January 20, 2026|title=Manila(MNL) to Kuala Lumpur(KUL) Flight Schedule|website=flyteam.jp|url=https://flyteam.jp/en/airline_route/mnl_kul/flight_schedule}}</ref> Macau,<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=October 31, 2025 |title=Philippines AirAsia set to resume flights from China|website=BusinessWorld|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2023/02/07/503311/airasia-philippines-set-to-resume-flights-to-china/}}</ref> Puerto Princesa,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tabile |first1=Justine Irish D. |title=AirAsia posts 95% increase in sold seats for March travel |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2023/03/14/510358/airasia-posts-95-increase-in-sold-seats-for-march-travel/ |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=BusinessWorld |date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917015627/https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2023/03/14/510358/airasia-posts-95-increase-in-sold-seats-for-march-travel/ |archive-date=September 17, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Roxas,<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=October 31, 2025 |title=AirAsia adds more domestic flights as demands surges|website=Philippine Daily Inquirer|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/430590/airasia-adds-more-domestic-flights-as-demand-surges}}</ref> Tacloban,<ref name="Cacho-2025"/> Tagbilaran,<ref name="Cacho-2025"/> Taipei–Taoyuan,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jose |first1=Ashley Erika O. |title=AirAsia PHL expands Taipei flights |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2025/07/17/685703/airasia-phl-expands-taipei-flights/ |access-date=November 10, 2025 |work=BusinessWorld |date=July 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717013747/https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2025/07/17/685703/airasia-phl-expands-taipei-flights/ |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tokyo–Narita (resumes October 1, 2026)<ref name="z2ns26int">{{cite web |title=Philippines AirAsia to suspend Manila services to Hong Kong and Tokyo Narita in May/Jun-2026 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/philippines-airasia-to-suspend-manila-services-to-hong-kong-and-tokyo-narita-in-mayjun-2026-1357064 |website=Centre for Aviation |date=April 29, 2026 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <!-- --> | Qantas | Brisbane,<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 29, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2025 | title = MABUHAY! QANTAS TAKES OFF FROM BRISBANE TO THE PHILIPPINES|website=Qantas|url=https://www.qantasnewsroom.com.au/media-releases/mabuhay-qantas-takes-off-from-brisbane-to-the-philippines}}</ref> Sydney–Kingsford Smith<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 14, 2015 |access-date=October 20, 2025 |title=Qantas Grows Frequencies into Key Asian Markets|website=Aviation Week|url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airports-networks/qantas-grows-frequencies-key-asian-markets}}</ref> <!-- --> | Qatar Airways | Doha<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dela Paz |first1=Chrisee |title=Qatar Airways to increase Manila-Doha flights |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/171659-qatar-airways-increase-manila-doha-flights/ |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=Rappler |date=June 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616071056/https://www.rappler.com/business/171659-qatar-airways-increase-manila-doha-flights/ |archive-date=June 16, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Qatar Airways flights to Davao to resume on April 1 |quote=MANILA – DOHA (18 weekly flights, starting 23 April 2023) |url=https://thephilbiznews.com/2023/03/31/qatar-airways-flights-to-davao-to-resume-on-april-1/ |website=ThePhilBizNews |access-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213193947/https://thephilbiznews.com/2023/03/31/qatar-airways-flights-to-davao-to-resume-on-april-1/ |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |date=March 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | Qingdao Airlines | Changsha<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2026 |title=Qingdao Airlines (QW) launches Changsha (CSX) - Manila (MNL) route |url=https://www.avialoop.com/stamps/route-news/qingdao-airlines-changsha-manila-20260515 |access-date=18 May 2026 |publisher=avialoop.com}}</ref> <!-- --> | Royal Brunei Airlines | Bandar Seri Begawan<ref>{{cite news |title=Airlines release list of rescheduled Manila flights due to super typhoon Tisoy |url=https://filipinotimes.net/editors-pick/2019/12/02/just-airlines-release-list-cancelled-manila-flights-due-super-typhoon-tisoy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203120314/https://filipinotimes.net/editors-pick/2019/12/02/just-airlines-release-list-cancelled-manila-flights-due-super-typhoon-tisoy/ |access-date=December 3, 2025 |work=The Filipino Times |date=December 2, 2019 |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |quote=Royal Brunei BI 685/686 BRUNEI-MANILA-BRUNEI |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Update: Royal Brunei Flight BI006 Departure Delayed Arrival Time Now Set for 19:44 Local Time |url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/update-royal-brunei-flight-bi006-departure-delayed-arrival-time-now-set-for-1944-local-time/ |website=Travel and Tour World |access-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203101504/https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/update-royal-brunei-flight-bi006-departure-delayed-arrival-time-now-set-for-1944-local-time/ |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |date=March 30, 2024 |quote=The flight schedule from Bandar Seri Begawan to Manila has been adjusted as follows:}}</ref> <!-- --> | Saudia | Jeddah,<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia JED|pages=597-600}}</ref> Riyadh<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Riyadh, Saudi Arabia RUH|pages=1091-1094}}</ref> <!-- --> | Scoot | Singapore<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025a">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Singapore, Singapore SIN|pages=1214-1219}}</ref> <!-- --> | Shenzhen Airlines | Shenzhen<ref>{{cite web |title=Manila(MNL) to ShaenZhen(SZX) |url=https://flyteam.jp/en/airline_route/mnl_szx |website=FlyTeam |access-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203115922/https://flyteam.jp/en/airline_route/mnl_szx |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | Singapore Airlines | Singapore<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025a"/> <!-- --> | Starlux Airlines | Taipei–Taoyuan<ref>{{cite news |title=STARLUX Airlines to resume Manila flights |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/news/starlux-airlines-to-resume-manila-flights/ |access-date=November 10, 2025 |work=Business Traveller |date=October 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006071215/https://www.businesstraveller.com/news/starlux-airlines-to-resume-manila-flights/ |archive-date=October 6, 2025}}</ref> <!-- --> | {{nowrap|Thai Airways International}} | Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi<ref name="bkk"/> <!-- --> | Turkish Airlines | Istanbul<ref>{{cite web|first1=Katlene O.|last1=Cacho|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/turkish-airlines-now-flies-to-cebu-manila-via-istanbul|title=Turkish Airlines now flies to Cebu, Manila via Istanbul|publisher=Sun Star|date=January 5, 2022|accessdate=July 16, 2025}}</ref> <!-- --> | United Airlines | Guam,<ref name="Ranson-2023"/> Koror,<ref name="Ranson-2023">{{cite web |last1=Ranson |first1=Lori |title=United Adds Direct Flights To Manila In Latest Asia-Pacific Play |url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airports-networks/united-adds-direct-flights-manila-latest-asia-pacific-play |website=Aviation Week |access-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214104201/https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airports-networks/united-adds-direct-flights-manila-latest-asia-pacific-play |archive-date=December 14, 2024 |date=July 18, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> San Francisco<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosales |first1=Elijah Felice |title=United Airlines doubling Manila-SFO daily flights |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/06/21/2452052/united-airlines-doubling-manila-sfo-daily-flights |access-date=November 9, 2025 |work=The Philippine Star |date=June 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718210315/https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/06/21/2452052/united-airlines-doubling-manila-sfo-daily-flights |archive-date=July 18, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> | VietJet Air | Ho Chi Minh City<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietjet opens direct flight connecting Ho Chi Minh City with Manila |url=https://vnexpress.net/vietjet-mo-duong-bay-thang-ket-noi-tp-hcm-voi-manila-4933464.html |website=VN Express |access-date=August 31, 2025}}</ref> <!-- --> | Vietnam Airlines | Hanoi,<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hanoi, Viet Nam HAN|pages=522-524}}</ref> Ho Chi Minh City<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam SGN|pages=538-541}}</ref> <!-- --> | XiamenAir | Chongqing,<ref name="ckghgh">{{Cite web |last=Lope |first=Julie Ann |date=2026-04-29 |title=Xiamen Airlines to launch two direct PH routes |url=https://manilastandard.net/binondo/314733545/xiamen-airlines-to-launch-two-direct-ph-routes.html |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Manila Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> Hangzhou,<ref name="ckghgh"/> Quanzhou,<ref>{{cite web |title=Flight Manila(MNL) to Quanzhou(JJN) |url=https://flyteam.jp/en/airline_route/mnl_jjn/flight_schedule |website=FlyTeam |access-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203123100/https://flyteam.jp/en/airline_route/mnl_jjn/flight_schedule |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Xiamen<ref>{{cite web |title=Flight Manila(MNL) to XiaMen(XMN) |url=https://flyteam.jp/en/airline_route/mnl_xmn/flight_schedule |website=FlyTeam |access-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203123635/https://flyteam.jp/en/airline_route/mnl_xmn/flight_schedule |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- --> }}
===Cargo=== <!-- INDEPENDENT SOURCES ARE HIGHLY ENCOURAGED WHEN REFERENCING. ALL SOURCES PUBLISHED BY AIRPORTS AND AIRLINES ARE NOT INDEPENDENT. --> <!-- ALL FUTURE AND ENDING DESTINATIONS MUST HAVE A REFERENCE. IF THEY DO NOT HAVE A REFERENCE, THEY WILL BE REMOVED. --> {{Airport-dest-list <!-- --> | Air Hong Kong | Cebu,<ref name="Piad-2025b">{{cite news|last=Piad|first=Tyrone Jasper|date=September 28, 2024|title=DHL Express to hike rates starting 2025|url=https://business.inquirer.net/482698/dhl-express-to-hike-rates-starting-2025|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> Hong Kong<ref name="Piad-2025b"/> <!-- --> | ANA Cargo | Tokyo–Haneda,<ref name="ANA-2025">{{Cite news |date=October 24, 2025 |title=ANA Cargo Latest flight information |url=https://www.anacargo.jp/en/news/special_info_1/ |access-date=November 10, 2025 |publisher=www.anacargo.jp}}</ref> Tokyo–Narita<ref name="ANA-2025"/> <!-- --> | Central Airlines | Ezhou<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 7, 2024 |title=Int'l air cargo route launched between Ezhou and Manila |url=https://www.ezhou.gov.cn/english/news2/202407/t20240703_634801.html |access-date=November 30, 2025 |publisher=ezhou.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 15, 2024 |title=Amazing China Colorful Jingchu：Ezhou Huahu International Airport Launches its First Air Freight Rout |url=https://news.ifeng.com/c/8bFC6vx4L3J |access-date=November 30, 2025 |publisher=ifeng.com}}</ref> <!-- --> | China Cargo Airlines | Shanghai–Pudong<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 7, 2025 |title=China Cargo appoints Tam Group as Philippine agent |url=https://portcalls.com/china-cargo-appoints-tam-group-as-philippine-agent/ |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=portcalls.com}}</ref> <!-- --> | China Postal Airlines | Fuzhou,<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 28, 2025 |title=China Post launches Fuzhou-Clark international air cargo and mail route |url=http://english.chinapost.com.cn/html1/report/2509/5446-1.htm |access-date=December 23, 2025 |publisher=chinapost.com.cn}}</ref> Yiwu<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 16, 2024 |title=China Post's 1st Yiwu-Manila international cargo mail route launched |url=https://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/ezhejiang/jinhua/2024-07/16/c_1005473.htm |access-date=November 29, 2025 |publisher=chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> <!-- --> | Hong Kong Air Cargo | Hong Kong<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 5, 2024 |title=Hong Kong Air Cargo Announces E-Commerce Route To Riyadh |url=https://indiashippingnews.com/hong-kong-air-cargo-announces-e-commerce-route-to-riyadh/ |access-date=December 13, 2025 |publisher=indiashippingnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 7, 2021 |title=Hong Kong Air Cargo Receives Green Light For Nine New Routes |url=https://www.hkaircargo.com/hong-kong-air-cargo-receives-green-light-for-nine-new-routes/ |access-date=December 13, 2025 |publisher=hkaircargo.com}}</ref> <!-- --> | JAL Cargo | Tokyo–Haneda,<ref name="JAL-2025">{{Cite news |date=November 9, 2025 |title=JAL Cargo International flight timetable |url=https://www.jal.co.jp/en/jalcargo/inter/time/timetable/asia_oceania/t_japan.html |access-date=November 9, 2025 |publisher=www.jal.co.jp}}</ref> Tokyo–Narita<ref name="JAL-2025"/> <!-- --> | Korean Air Cargo | Seoul–Incheon<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 29, 2025 |title=Korean Air Cargo Monthly Schedule |url=https://cargo.koreanair.com/ko/monthly-schedule |access-date=November 9, 2025 |publisher=KoreanAir.com}}</ref> <!-- --> | Royal Air Philippines | Nanning<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 8, 2025 |title=Cargohaus Handles Inaugural Royal Air Freighter Flights |url=https://cargohaus.com.ph/cargohaus-handles-inaugural-royal-air-freighter-flights/ |access-date=November 30, 2025 |publisher=cargohaus.com.ph}}</ref> <!-- --> | SF Airlines | Shenzhen<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 15, 2021 |title=SF Airlines Makes First Flight to Philippines with New "Shenzhen=Manila" International Cargo Route |url=https://www.sf-airlines.com/en/news/2123.html |access-date=November 29, 2025 |publisher=sf-airlines.com}}</ref> <!-- --> | Skyway Airlines | Hong Kong<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 4, 2025 |title=New Philippines freighter operator signs deal with Hactl |url=https://aircargoweek.com/new-philippines-freighter-operator-signs-deal-with-hactl/ |access-date=December 9, 2025 |publisher=aircargoweek.com}}</ref> <!-- --> | XiamenAir | Xiamen<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 26, 2024 |title=Xiamen to Manila international cargo route now operational |url=https://www.investxiamen.org.cn/detail_en/8975.html |access-date=November 29, 2025 |publisher=investxiamen.org.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Xiamen launches first all-cargo direct flight to Manila |url=http://fujian.chinadaily.com.cn/2024-02/29/c_966255.htm |access-date=November 29, 2025 |publisher=Fujian Daily}}</ref> <!-- --> | YTO Cargo Airlines | Chennai,<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 16, 2025 |title=Manila to Chennai by Air freight |url=https://www.fluentcargo.com/routes/manila-ph/chennai-in |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=fluentcargo.com}}</ref> Hangzhou,<ref name="YTO Cargo Airlines launches new routes to Philippines-2019">{{Cite news |date=July 18, 2019 |title=YTO Cargo Airlines launches new routes to Philippines, Uzbekistan |url=https://cargofacts.com/allposts/carriers/yto-cargo-airlines-launches-new-routes-to-philippines-uzbekistan/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=cargofacts.com}}</ref> Macau,<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 5, 2020 |title=Menzies Macau welcomes new freighter customer - YTO Cargo Airlines |url=https://www.menziesaviation.com.mo/zh-hant/news/view/68 |access-date=December 13, 2025 |publisher=menziesaviation.com.mo}}</ref> Nanning<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 16, 2025 |title=Philippines to China by Air freight |url=https://www.fluentcargo.com/routes/philippines/china |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=fluentcargo.com}}</ref> <!-- --> }}
*Philippine Airlines also maintains integrated airport ground handling services, cargo operations and a full catering service for it and other airlines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/TEMPFILES/648.asp?nivSel=5_6_0 |title=Philippine Airlines Cargo |publisher=Philippine Airlines |access-date= April 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104105616/http://www.philippineairlines.com/TEMPFILES/648.asp?nivSel=5_6_0|archive-date=January 4, 2007}}</ref> This is composed of PAL Airport Services, Philippine Airlines Cargo and the PAL Inflight Center.
thumb|center|500px|Ninoy Aquino International Airport passenger and cargo destinations
==Statistics== Data from Airports Council International<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airports.org/cda/aci/display/main/aci_content.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5_9_2|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172234/http://www.airports.org/cda/aci/display/main/aci_content.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5_9_2|url-status=dead|title=Airport Council International|archivedate=January 3, 2009}}</ref> and the Manila International Airport Authority.<ref name="Manila International Airport Authority-2025b">{{cite web |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Ninoy Aquino International Airport Passenger and Flight Statistics from 2016 to 2024 |url=https://www.miaa.gov.ph/images/stories/operational-statistics/20250131_Total_Statistics.pdf |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=Manila International Airport Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://125.60.203.88/miaa/images/stories/Bidding/Cargo.pdf|date=August 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810201520/http://125.60.203.88/miaa/images/stories/Bidding/Cargo.pdf|archive-date=August 10, 2014|title=Cargo}}</ref><ref name="Manila International Airport Authority-2025a">{{cite web |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Ninoy Aquino International Airport Cargo Statistics from 2016 to 2024 |url=https://www.miaa.gov.ph/images/stories/operational-statistics/20250131_Cargo_Statistics.pdf |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=Manila International Airport Authority}}</ref> {{Airport-Statistics|iata=MNL}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="padding:0.5em;" |- !Year !Passengers !% change !Aircraft movements !% change !Cargo volume (in tonnes) !% change |- ! 2003 | 12,955,809 || {{steady}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} |- ! 2004 | 15,186,521 || {{increase}} 17.2 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} |- ! 2005 | 16,216,031 || {{increase}} 6.8 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} |- ! 2006 | 17,660,697 || {{increase}} 8.9 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} |- ! 2007 | 20,467,627 || {{increase}} 15.9 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} |- ! 2008 | 22,253,158 || {{increase}} 8.7 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} |- ! 2009 | 24,108,825 || {{increase}} 8.3 || 186,966 || {{steady}} || 348,994.25 || {{steady}} |- ! 2010 | 27,119,899 || {{increase}} 12.5 || 200,107 || {{increase}} 7.03 || 425,382.71 || {{increase}} 21.89 |- ! 2011 | 29,552,264 || {{increase}} 9.0 || 217,743 || {{increase}} 8.81 || 410,377.05 || {{decrease}} 3.53 |- ! 2012 | 31,878,935 || {{increase}} 7.9 || 235,517 || {{increase}} 8.16 || 460,135.15 || {{increase}} 12.12 |- ! 2013 | 32,865,000 || {{increase}} 3.1 || 237,050 || {{increase}} 0.65 || 457,077.17{{efn|Excluding figures for general aviation.<ref>{{Cite report|title=Annual Report 2013 |website=Manila International Airport Authority |url=https://www.miaa.gov.ph/images/stories/TransparencySeal2019/II/MIAA-AR-2013.pdf |page=10 |access-date=October 18, 2022}}</ref>}} || {{decrease}} 0.66 |- ! 2014 | 34,015,169 || {{increase}} 3.5 || 236,441 || {{decrease}} 0.26 || 520,402.63 || {{increase}} 13.85 |- ! 2015 | 36,681,601 || {{increase}} 7.84 || 249,288 || {{increase}} 5.43 || 586,890.53 || {{increase}} 12.78 |- ! 2016 | 39,516,782 || {{increase}} 7.73 || 258,313 || {{increase}} 3.62 || 630,165.69 || {{increase}} 7.37 |- ! 2017 | 42,022,484 || {{increase}} 6.34 || 258,366 || {{increase}} 0.02 || 662,256.99 || {{increase}} 5.09 |- ! 2018 | 45,082,544 || {{increase}} 7.28 || 259,698 || {{increase}} 0.52 || 738,697.94 || {{increase}} 11.54 |- ! 2019 | 47,898,046 || {{increase}} 6.25 || 277,530 || {{increase}} 6.87 || 721,708.09 || {{decrease}} 2.30 |- ! 2020 | 11,145,614 || {{decrease}} 76.73 || 91,067 || {{decrease}} 67.19 || 533,955.78 || {{decrease}} 26.01 |- ! 2021 | 8,015,385 || {{decrease}} 28.09 || 121,095 || {{increase}} 24.8 || 588,370.92 || {{increase}} 10.19 |- ! 2022 | 30,961,467 || {{increase}} 286.28 || 246,724 || {{increase}} 50.92 || 402,732.26 || {{decrease}} 31.55 |- ! 2023 | 45,299,607 || {{increase}} 46.31 || 270,911 || {{increase}} 9.80 || 485,879.38 || {{increase}} 20.65 |- ! 2024 | 50,356,465 || {{increase}} 11.16 || 293,433 || {{increase}} 8.31 || 616,478.52 || {{increase}} 26.88 |}
==Ground transport==
===Inter-terminal shuttle bus=== NNIC operates a free landside shuttle service between all terminals for passengers making connections.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barro |first1=Dexter II |title=NAIA deploys new inter-terminal shuttle buses amid soaring passenger traffic |url=https://mb.com.ph/2025/2/24/naia-expands-inter-terminal-shuttle-fleet-amid-rising-passenger-volume |access-date=April 21, 2025 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=February 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421105046/https://mb.com.ph/2025/2/24/naia-expands-inter-terminal-shuttle-fleet-amid-rising-passenger-volume |url-status=live |archive-date=April 21, 2025}}</ref>
UBE Express operates a paid landside shuttle service between all terminals called the "NAIA Loop" for passengers making connections.<ref>{{cite web |title='You don't have to pay P10,000': Here are the updated premium airport shuttle bus fares |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/motoring-news/ube-express-airport-shuttle-bus-updated-fare-2024-a2619-20231221 |website=Top Gear Philippines |access-date=April 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421102228/https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/motoring-news/ube-express-airport-shuttle-bus-updated-fare-2024-a2619-20231221 |url-status=live |archive-date=April 21, 2025 |date=December 21, 2023}}</ref>
Philippine Airlines operates a free airside shuttle service between Terminals 1 and 2 for passengers making connections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manila Travel Guide for First Time Travelers |url=https://thebeat.asia/manila/nomads/explore/a-guide-to-manila-for-first-time-travelers |website=The Beat Asia |access-date=April 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421100005/https://thebeat.asia/manila/nomads/explore/a-guide-to-manila-for-first-time-travelers |url-status=live |archive-date=April 21, 2025 |date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
===Bus=== thumb|An UBE Express bus at Terminal 3 UBE Express "Route 43/PITX-NAIA Loop" buses operate Premium Point-to-Point Bus Services between the airport (Terminal 3) and the Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX), for onward connections to LRT Line 1.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Guiao |first1=Micah Avry |title=NAIA to PITX Buses Are Now Available for Travelers |url=https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/mobility/105168/how-to-catch-a-bus-from-pitx-to-naia-a5229-20230613 |website=Spot.ph |access-date=April 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417131959/https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/mobility/105168/how-to-catch-a-bus-from-pitx-to-naia-a5229-20230613?s=9m47tcp99h509vmhd161l5c8o6 |url-status=live |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |date=June 13, 2023}}</ref>
UBE Express also provides point-to-point services to/from Manila, Makati, Muntinlupa, Quezon City, Pasay and Parañaque, all in Metro Manila; and Santa Rosa in Laguna.<ref>{{cite news |title=UBE Express to launch One Ayala to NAIA Terminals 1-4 service on Dec. 1 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/11/29/22/ube-express-to-launch-one-ayala-to-naia-terminals-1-4-service-on-dec-1 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417133341/https://widgets.outbrain.com/nanoWidget/externals/topics/topics.html?r=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbn.com |url-status=live |archive-date=April 17, 2025}}</ref> The Pasay service stops at the JAM Liner, Philtranco and Victory Liner terminals for passengers going to/coming from the provinces in Northern and Southern Luzon.<ref>{{cite web |title=NAIA UBE Express now up and running |url=https://primer.com.ph/blog/2016/09/08/naia-ube-express-now-up-and-running/ |website=Primer |access-date=April 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417134259/https://primer.com.ph/blog/2016/09/08/naia-ube-express-now-up-and-running/ |url-status=live |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |date=October 6, 2016}}</ref>
Genesis Transport provides service to/from Clark International Airport.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bonifacio |first1=John Christopher |title=Clark Hub |url=https://www.sunlightair.ph/faqs/clark-hub |publisher=Sunlight Air |access-date=April 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417135524/https://www.sunlightair.ph/faqs/clark-hub |url-status=live |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |date=April 23, 2024}}</ref> HM Transport provides service to/from LRT Line 1's EDSA station and MRT Line 3's Taft Avenue station.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dela Cruz |first1=Gab |title=Five ways to get out of NAIA without breaking the bank |url=https://metronewscentral.net/metro-feature/five-ways-to-get-out-of-naia-without-breaking-the-bank |website=Metro News Central |access-date=April 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417141934/https://metronewscentral.net/metro-feature/five-ways-to-get-out-of-naia-without-breaking-the-bank?__cf_chl_rt_tk=KCIIcvvSTXC0uImUe86vJPdWWDRFXX4ZvFAGIhLFQQ4-1744899574-1.0.1.1-hqQ_R_6iihFg8Y_4CVivE8Pxkv84LlB6Zwr5IV3KmuI |url-status=live |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |date=2020}}</ref>
City buses provide service to/from PITX, Diliman in Quezon City, and Balagtas and San Jose del Monte in Bulacan, respectively. In addition, Citylink bus routes to and from Eastwood City in Quezon City have a terminal in Newport City, which is just across Terminal 3.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desiderio |first1=Louella |title=Citylink buses tap beep cards |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2017/03/24/1681513/citylink-buses-tap-beep-cards |access-date=April 18, 2025 |work=The Philippine Star |date=March 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418025632/https://www.philstar.com/business/2017/03/24/1681513/citylink-buses-tap-beep-cards |url-status=live |archive-date=April 18, 2025}}</ref>
=== Jeepney === Jeepneys provide service to/from Parañaque and Pasay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeep Schedules and routes |url=https://explore.sakay.ph/jeeps |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241216005802/https://explore.sakay.ph/jeeps |archive-date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=March 2, 2024 |website=Sakay.ph}}</ref>
=== Rideshare === Rideshare pick up and drop off is available at the multi-level parking building of Terminal 3.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New NAIA opens centralized ride-hailing, taxi hub at Terminal 3 |work=GMA Integrated News |date=December 8, 2024 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/929357/new-naia-opens-centralized-ride-hailing-taxi-hub-at-terminal-3/story/ |access-date=January 3, 2025}}</ref>
=== Train === [[File:Ninoyaquinoplatform.jpg|thumb|The Ninoy Aquino Avenue station on LRT Line 1]] The nearest train station to NAIA is LRT Line 1's Ninoy Aquino Avenue station, inaugurated in November 2024. However, there is no direct connection between the station and the airport terminals. The absence of a direct link is attributed to regulatory constraints imposed by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP), which mandates a {{convert|4|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} radius clearance from airport runways to ensure aviation safety. Right-of-way considerations also influenced the station's placement.<ref name="Taguines-2024">{{cite news |last1=Taguines |first1=Andrea |title=Why are new LRT-1 stations not directly linked to NAIA? |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/2024/11/16/why-are-new-lrt-1-stations-not-directly-linked-to-naia-1702 |access-date=April 24, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=November 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424031356/https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/2024/11/16/why-are-new-lrt-1-stations-not-directly-linked-to-naia-1702 |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
From the Ninoy Aquino Avenue station, passengers can access NAIA via secondary transport modes such as jeepneys or taxis. While the station is {{convert|1.5|km|sp=us}} from Terminal 1, the distance and lack of pathways may make walking with luggage challenging.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Santos |first1=Kara |title=Points of interest, landmarks, transport links: A guide to the LRT-1 Cavite Extension stations |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/lrt-1-cavite-extension-phase-1-stations-guide-a4682-20250202-lfrm |website=Top Gear Philippines |access-date=April 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424032617/https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/lrt-1-cavite-extension-phase-1-stations-guide-a4682-20250202-lfrm |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |date=February 2, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
To address the absence of a direct rail link to the airport, the Metro Manila Subway is under construction. The subway includes a station at NAIA Terminal 3. Transportation Undersecretary for Railways Jeremy Regino described this as the "best solution" to the current connectivity issues.<ref name="Taguines-2024"/> The subway is expected to commence partial operations by 2032.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jose |first1=Ashley Erika O. |title=Subway RoW purchases seen completed by Q1 |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2025/04/20/666819/subway-row-purchases-seen-completed-by-q1/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |work=BusinessWorld Online |date=April 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424040005/https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2025/04/20/666819/subway-row-purchases-seen-completed-by-q1/ |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Once operational, it is expected to reduce travel time between Quezon City and NAIA to approximately 35 minutes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabuenas |first1=Jon Viktor D. |title=Metro Manila Subway: When Right of Way Gets in the Way |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/specialreports/921862/metro-manila-subway-when-right-of-way-gets-in-the-way/story/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |work=GMA News |date=September 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424035746/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/specialreports/921862/metro-manila-subway-when-right-of-way-gets-in-the-way/story/ |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Future ==
===Terminal reassignments=== The following terminal reassignments are planned under NNIC's management: Terminal 1 would exclusively serve Philippine Airlines flights, Terminal 2 would maintain its current status as an all-domestic terminal, and Terminal 3 would be fully dedicated to international flights of Cebu Pacific, the AirAsia Group, and all foreign airlines. This would require the remaining airlines operating at Terminal 1 to transfer to Terminal 3, and Philippines AirAsia to temporarily move its domestic flights to accommodate Cebu Pacific's domestic flights until Terminal 2's expansion is completed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosales |first=Elijah Felice |date=August 20, 2024 |title=New NAIA terminal assignments underway |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/08/20/2379025/new-naia-terminal-assignments-underway |access-date=September 10, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosales |first=Elijah Felice |date=September 10, 2024 |title=Airline terminal reshuffle in order at NAIA |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/09/10/2384127/airline-terminal-reshuffle-order-naia |access-date=September 10, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
=== Renaming proposals === thumb|The entrance of Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 1, whose name has been the subject of various renaming proposals by Philippine lawmakers. Repeated efforts to rename the airport have not succeeded. In May 2018, then-lawyer Larry Gadon led an online petition at change.org aiming to restore the original name of the airport, ''Manila International Airport'' (MIA). Gadon said the renaming of MIA to NAIA in 1987 was "well in advance of the 10-year prescription period for naming public sites after dead personalities".<ref>{{cite news |title=Lawyer leads petition to restore MIA's name |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1745816/Pampanga/Local-News/Lawyer-leads-petition-to-restore-MIAs-name |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=SunStar |date=May 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603100125/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1745816/Pampanga/Local-News/Lawyer-leads-petition-to-restore-MIAs-name |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>
In June 2020, House Deputy Speaker Paolo Duterte, citing the need of the airport to represent the Filipino people, filed a bill seeking to rename the airport to ''Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Pilipinas'' ({{translation|International Airport of the Philippines|literal=yes}}). The bill was coauthored by Marinduque Representative Lord Allan Velasco and ACT-CIS Representative Eric Go Yap.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cervantes |first1=Filane Mikee |title=3 solons propose to rename NAIA |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107027 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=June 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829124609/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107027 |archive-date=August 29, 2020 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
In August 2020, Gadon filed a petition before the Supreme Court questioning the validity of Republic Act No. 6639, the law that named it NAIA. Gadon asserted that Aquino was not among the "pantheon" of the country's declared official heroes. A month later, the Supreme Court unanimously denied the petition to nullify the law for lack of merit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pulta |first1=Benjamin |title=SC junks suit seeking to void law renaming MIA to NAIA |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1114915 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=September 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707135558/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1114915 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
In April 2022, Duterte Youth Representative Ducielle Cardema filed a bill returning the airport to its original name, claiming the name should not have been "politicized in the first place".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cervantes |first1=Filane Mikee |title=Solon wants NAIA renamed Manila International Airport |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1172365 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418112048/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1172365 |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Cardema had the bill refiled in July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cervantes |first1=Filane Mikee |title=Bill renaming NAIA back to Manila Int'l Airport refiled |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178475 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707142602/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178475 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
In June 2022, Negros Oriental 3rd district Representative Arnolfo Teves Jr. filed a bill renaming the airport to ''Ferdinand E. Marcos International Airport'' after former President Ferdinand Marcos Sr., who authorized the airport's rehabilitation and development through an executive order in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |title=FACT CHECK: Lawmaker's Claim that NAIA Was Built Under Marcos Sr.'s Term Is False, Misleading |url=https://www.onenews.ph/articles/fact-check-lawmaker-s-claim-that-naia-was-built-under-marcos-sr-s-term-is-false-misleading |access-date=January 1, 2023 |work=One News |date=July 7, 2022}}</ref> Teves stressed that it is "more appropriate to rename it to the person who has contributed to the idea and execution of the said noble project".<ref>{{cite news |title=Solon proposes to rename NAIA to 'Ferdinand E. Marcos International Airport' |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/7/5/Solon-proposes-to-rename-NAIA-to-Ferdinand-E.-Marcos-International-Airport.html |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=CNN Philippines |date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707142119/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/7/5/Solon-proposes-to-rename-NAIA-to-Ferdinand-E.-Marcos-International-Airport.html |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The bill drew criticism from former senator Franklin Drilon, who said that the renaming would entail historical revisionism.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Leave NAIA alone': Drilon hits move to rename airport |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/07/06/22/leave-naia-alone-drilon-hits-move-to-rename-airport |work=ABS-CBN News |date=July 6, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2023}}</ref>
In February 2024, Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista said that renaming the airport was not included in the privatization proposals of the San Miguel Corporation–SAP and Company Consortium, which won the bid to operate and maintain the airport.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yalao |first1=Khriscielle |title=Renaming NAIA not in privatization proposal -- DOTr |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/2/16/renaming-naia-not-in-privatization-proposal-do-tr |access-date=July 4, 2024 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704152525/https://mb.com.ph/2024/2/16/renaming-naia-not-in-privatization-proposal-do-tr |archive-date=July 4, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
== Accidents and incidents == *On July 25, 1971, a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707-321C named "Clipper Rising Sun" was on a cargo flight from San Francisco to Saigon. While on a VOR/DME approach onto Manila runway 24, the aircraft struck Mount Kamunay at an altitude of {{convert|2525|ft|order=flip|sp=us}}. The four occupants were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19710725-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-321C N461PA Manila International Airport (MNL)|author=Harro Ranter|date=July 25, 1971|work=aviation-safety.net}}</ref> *On November 15, 1974, an Orient Air System and Integrated Services Douglas C-47A registered RP-C570 was damaged beyond repair after a forced landing in a paddy field shortly after take-off following failure of the starboard engine. One of the eight people on board was killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19741115-0 |title= Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> *On February 7, 1980, a China Airlines Boeing 707 from Taipei Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport operating as Flight 811 undershot the runway on landing and caught fire, causing two fatalities.{{cn|date=April 2026}} * On April 28, 1989, a MATS Douglas C-47A registered RP-C81 crashed shortly after takeoff on a non-scheduled domestic passenger flight to Roxas Airport following an engine failure. MATS did not have a licence to fly passengers. Seven of the 22 passengers were killed. The aircraft had earlier made a forced landing on a taxiway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19900426-1 |title=RP-C81 Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=June 24, 2010}}</ref> * On July 21, 1989, a Philippine Airlines BAC One-Eleven operating Flight 124 overran a runway in poor visibility and heavy rain. No passengers or crew were killed but eight people on the ground were killed when the jet crossed a road.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19890721-1}}</ref> *On May 11, 1990, a Philippine Airlines Boeing 737-300 operating Flight 143 suffered an explosion in the center fuel tank near the terminal while preparing for takeoff. The fire and smoke engulfed the aircraft before it could be evacuated. The explosion was similar to what happened to TWA Flight 800 six years later. Eight people died.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7rYzAAAAIBAJ&pg=4731,4639544&dq=bomb+philippines&hl=en|title=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}</ref> *On May 18, 1990, an Aerolift Philippines Beechcraft 1900C-1 operating a domestic scheduled passenger flight bound for Surigao Airport crashed into a residential area following takeoff. The aircraft reportedly suffered an engine failure. All 21 occupants and 4 people on the ground were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/49b5fde9ff16073573f4e8d95025fe8a|title=Philippine Commuter Plane Crashes Into House, 25 Dead|work=apnewsarchive.com}}</ref> *On September 4, 2002, an Asian Spirit de Havilland Canada Dash 7-102 operating Flight 897 to Caticlan carrying 49 occupants was on approach to Caticlan Airport when the right main gear failed to deploy. The approach was abandoned and the crew decided to return to Manila for an emergency landing. The plane circled for about 35 minutes over Las Piñas to burn off fuel. The crew then carried out an emergency landing with the right gear retracted. After touchdown, the aircraft swerved off the runway onto a grassy area. There were no reported injuries or fatalities, but the aircraft was written off.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/175056/ato-grounds-2-asian-spirit-aircraft|title=ATO grounds 2 Asian Spirit aircraft|work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> *On November 11, 2002, a Laoag International Airlines Fokker F27 operating Flight 585 took off from Manila runway 31 just after 6{{nbsp}}p.m. for a flight to Laoag International Airport. Shortly after takeoff, trouble developed in the left engine. The pilot declared an emergency and attempted to land, but decided at the last minute to ditch into the sea. The aircraft broke up and sank in the water to a depth of about {{convert|60|ft|order=flip|sp=us}}. 19 of the 34 occupants were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20021111-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 600 RP-C6888 Manila-Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL) [Manila Bay]|author=Harro Ranter|date=November 11, 2002|work=aviation-safety.net}}</ref> *On November 8, 2003, former Air Transportation Office chief Panfilo Villaruel and Philippine Navy lieutenant Richard Gatchillar seized the control tower of Terminal 2 around midnight armed with guns and explosives, claiming that they wanted to expose government corruption. They forced out all six air traffic controllers and barricaded themselves inside the control room, causing the diversion of several flights. After three hours, police SWAT teams stormed the control room and opened fire, killing both men.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NAIA tower siege: 2 killed |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2003/11/09/227209/naia-tower-siege-2-killed |last=Araneta |first=Sandy |work=The Philippine Star |date=November 9, 2003 |access-date=September 24, 2023 }}</ref> *On October 17, 2009, a Victoria Air Douglas DC-3, registered RP-C550, crashed shortly after takeoff on a flight to Puerto Princesa International Airport after an engine malfunctioned. All on board died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20091017-0 |title=Accident description |publisher=Aviation safety network |access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> * On December 10, 2011, a Beechcraft 65–80 Queen Air cargo plane en route to San Jose crashed into houses next to Felixberto Serrano Elementary School in Parañaque after taking off. The crash was attributed to pilot error. At least 14 people including 3 crew members on board the aircraft died, and over 20 were injured. Approximately 50 houses in the residential area were set ablaze.<ref> {{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/109385/paranaque-plane-crash-underscores-need-for-open-space-around-naia|title=Parañaque plane crash underscores need for open space around Naia|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=December 12, 2011|access-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> * On December 20, 2013, gunmen ambushed Ukol Talumpa, the mayor of Labangan, Zamboanga del Sur, in front of the arrival hall of Terminal 3, killing him, his wife and two others and injuring five people.<ref> {{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/549677/alleged-shooting-reported-at-naia-3 |title=Zamboanga mayor, 3 others shot dead at NAIA 3 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=December 20, 2013|access-date=September 24, 2023}}</ref> * On August 16, 2018, Xiamen Airlines Flight 8667 crash-landed amidst heavy monsoon rains. The 737-800 skidded off the end of the runway. All 157 passengers and crew were unharmed, however, the aircraft was written off.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/boeing-737-crash-lands-manilla-international-airport-xiamen-airlines-2018-8|title=Chinese Boeing 737 crash-lands at Manila airport|website=Business Insider|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> *On March 29, 2020, a Lionair IAI Westwind registered RP-C5880 burst into flames on runway 24 during takeoff. The plane was conducting a medical evacuation mission bound for Haneda Airport, Japan. All eight occupants consisting of three aircraft crew, three medical crew, and two passengers died.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/03/29/20/fire-engulfs-plane-on-naia-runway|title=Fire engulfs plane on NAIA runway|work=ABS-CBN News|language=en|access-date=March 29, 2020}}</ref> *On May 4, 2025, a car crash occurred after an SUV driven by a 47-year-old man crashed into the walkway near the departure area entrance of Terminal 1, killing a 29-year-old man and a five-year-old girl, and injuring four others.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 dead after SUV crashes into NAIA Terminal 1 departure area |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/suv-crashes-naia-terminal-departure-area-may-4-2025/ |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=Rappler |date=May 4, 2025}}</ref> An investigation was also launched into the bollards at the curb which had failed to stop the vehicle.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosales |first=Elijah Felice |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Notes on the beat: What went wrong with NAIA's bollards? |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/05/09/2441591/notes-beat-what-went-wrong-naias-bollards |access-date=January 1, 2026 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
==See also== {{portal|Transport|Aviation|Philippines}} * Nichols Field *Colonel Jesus Villamor Air Base * List of airports in the Philippines * List of airports in the Greater Manila Area
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * [https://www.academia.edu/1797892/Fraport_AG_and_the_NAIA-3_Debacle ''Fraport AG and the NAIA-3 Debacle: A Case Study''] Ben Kritz, GR Business Online © 2011 {{refend}}
==External links== {{commons category}} {{wikivoyage}} * [https://newnaia.com.ph/ Official website] (New NAIA Infra Corp.) * [https://www.miaa.gov.ph/ Manila International Airport Authority] * {{NWS-current|RPLL}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227150747/http://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=MNL Accident history for MNL] at Aviation Safety Network * [https://maps.google.com/?t=k&om=2&ie=UTF8&ll=14.512053,121.008997&spn=0.037558,0.055275&z=14 Interactive satellite view of NAIA]
{{Airports in the Greater Manila Area|state=expanded}} {{Airports in the Philippines}}
{{authority control}}
Category:1948 establishments in the Philippines Category:Airports established in 1948 Category:Airports in the Philippines Category:Buildings and structures in Parañaque Category:Buildings and structures in Pasay Category:Ninoy Aquino Category:Tourism in Manila Category:Tourism in Metro Manila Category:Transportation in Luzon Category:Transportation in Metro Manila Category:Brutalist architecture in the Philippines