Mygalomorphae

{{Short description|Infraorder of arachnids (spiders)}} {{About||the racing car manufacturer|Mygale|the novel by Thierry Jonquet|Mygale (novel)}} {{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=June 2020}} {{Use Australian English|date=January 2019}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Anisian|Recent}} | image = Mouse spider.jpg | image_caption = ''Missulena bradleyi'', a mouse spider | taxon = Mygalomorphae | authority = Pocock, 1892<ref name=DunlPenn11/> | subdivision_ranks = Subdivisions | subdivision = *Atypoidea *Avicularioidea }}

The '''Mygalomorphae''', or '''mygalomorphs''', are an infraorder of spiders, and comprise one of three major groups of living spiders with over 3,000 species, found on all continents except Antarctica. Many members are known as trapdoor spiders due to their creation of trapdoors over their burrows. Other prominent groups include Australian funnel web spiders and tarantulas, with the latter accounting for around one third of all mygalomorphs.

==Description== This group of spiders comprises mostly heavy-bodied, stout-legged spiders including tarantulas, Australian funnel-web spiders, mouse spiders, and various families of spiders commonly called trapdoor spiders.

Like the "primitive" suborder of spiders Mesothelae, they have two pairs of book lungs, and downward-pointing chelicerae. Because of this, the two groups were once believed to be closely related. Later it was realised that the common ancestors of all spiders had these features (a state known as symplesiomorphy). Following the branching into the suborders of Mesothelae and Opisthothelae, the mygalomorphs retained them, while their fellow Opisthothelae members, the araneomorphs, evolved new "modern" features, including a cribellum and cross-acting fangs.<ref name=CoddLevi91/> Mesotheles retain the external abdominal segmentation of ancestral arachnids and have at least vestiges of four pairs of spinnerets, whereas mygalomorphs lack abdominal segmentation (like other opistotheles) and have a reduced number of spinnerets, often only two pairs.<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi16/>

Like spiders in general, most species of Mygalomorphae have eight eyes, one pair of principal and three pairs of secondary eyes.

[[Image:Black Wishbone.jpg|thumb|Chelicerae of a black wishbone spider (Nemesiidae)]]

Their chelicerae and fangs are large and powerful and have ample venom glands that lie entirely within their chelicerae. These weapons, combined with their size and strength, make Mygalomorph spiders powerful predators. Many of these spiders are well adapted to killing other large arthropods and will also sometimes kill small mammals, birds, and reptiles. Despite their fearsome appearance and reputation, most mygalomorph spiders are not harmful to humans, with the exception of the Australian funnel-web spiders, especially those of the genus ''Atrax''.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

While the world's biggest spiders are mygalomorphs – ''Theraphosa blondi'' has a body length of {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} and a leg span of {{convert|28|cm|abbr=on}} – some species are less than {{convert|1|mm|spell=in|sp=us}} long. Mygalomorphs are capable of spinning at least slightly adhesive silk, and some build elaborate capture webs that approach a metre in diameter.<ref name=CoddLevi91/>

Unlike Araneomorphae, which die after about a year, Mygalomorphae can live for up to 25&nbsp;years, and some do not reach maturity until they are about six years old.<ref name=CSIRO_spiders/> Some flies in the family Acroceridae that are endoparasites of mygalomorphs may remain dormant in their book lungs for as long as 10&nbsp;years before beginning their development and consuming the spider.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlinger |first1=Evert I. |editor1-last=Nentwig |editor1-first=W |title=Ecophysiology of Spiders |date=1987 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-71552-5 |pages=319–327 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-71552-5_24 |access-date=14 November 2024 |language=en |chapter=The Biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): True Endoparasitoids of Spiders|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-71552-5_24 }}</ref>

One female trapdoor spider, first recorded in a survey in 1974 in Western Australia, is known to have lived for 43&nbsp;years.<ref>{{cite news |title=World's oldest spider dies aged&nbsp;43 in Western Australia |date=28 April 2018 |website=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-28/worlds-oldest-spider-dies-aged-43-in-western-australia/9707422 |access-date=2018-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429062001/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-28/worlds-oldest-spider-dies-aged-43-in-western-australia/9707422 |archive-date=2018-04-29}}</ref>

==Taxonomy== The name is derived from the Greek ''mygalē'', meaning "shrew", plus ''morphē'' meaning form or shape.<ref name="OxfDict" /> An older name for the group is '''Orthognatha''', derived from the orientation of the fangs which point straight down and do not cross each other (as they do in the araneomorphs).

===Evolution=== [[Image:Sphodros rufines.JPG|thumb|''Sphodros rufipes'', an atypical mygalomorph]]

''Megarachne servinei'' was thought to be a giant mygalomorph from the Upper Carboniferous (about 350&nbsp;million years ago), but was later found to be a eurypterid.<ref name=SeldCorrHuni05/> The oldest known mygalomorph is ''Rosamygale grauvogeli'', an avicularoid from the Triassic of northeastern France. No mygalomorphs from the Jurassic have yet been found.<ref name=SeldDacoVian05/>

The number of families and their relationships have both been undergoing substantial changes since a cladogram showing family relationships was published in 2005,<ref name=Codd05/> with two significant studies in 2018.<ref name=HediDerkRamiVink18/><ref name=GodwOpatGarrHami18/> The division of Mygalomorphae into two superfamilies, Atypoidea and Avicularioidea, has been established in many studies. The Atypoidea retain some vestiges of abdominal segmentation in the form of dorsal tergites; the Avicularioidea lack these. Molecular phylogenetic studies undertaken between 2012 and 2017 have found somewhat different relationships within the Avicularioidea. Some families appear not to be monophyletic and further changes are possible in the future.<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi16/> ''Rosamygale'' belongs to Avicularioidea, based on the absence of an abdominal scutum and well-separated posterior lateral spinnerets.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Magalhaes |first1=Ivan L.F. |last2=Azevedo |first2=Guilherme H.F. |last3=Michalik |first3=Peter |last4=Ramírez |first4=Martín J. |year=2020 |title=The fossil record of spiders revisited: Implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=184–217 |doi=10.1111/brv.12559 |pmid=31713947 |s2cid=207937170 |issn=1464-7931 |language=en |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12559|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Mygalomorphae tend to be highly morphologically conserved, which makes it difficult to find reliable morphological features to use for taxonomy. It has been hypothesized that because Mygalomorphae all tend to be fossorial and live in tubular webs, they are subjected to similar selective pressures, so most species should evolve in similar ways. Additionally, this may also mean that homoplasies are more likely to occur, further complicating taxonomy based on morphology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bond |first1=Jason E. |last2=Hedin |first2=Marshal |date=2006-10-01 |title=A total evidence assessment of the phylogeny of North American euctenizine trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae) using Bayesian inference |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=70–85 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.026 |issn=1055-7903 |pmid=16857391 |bibcode=2006MolPE..41...70B |language=en |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790306001722|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Phylogeny=== The relationships of taxa in the Mygalomorphae were restructured based on a comprehensive phylogenetic study by Opatova ''et al''. (2020)<ref name=Opat20/> The generic composition of the families Ctenizidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Dipluridae, and Nemesiidae were relimited. Five subfamilies were raised to the rank of family: Anamidae, Euagridae, Ischnothelidae, Pycnothelidae, and Bemmeridae. Three new families were created: Entypesidae, Microhexuridae, and Stasimopidae. Lastly, a new subfamily, Australothelinae, was generated and placed in the family Euagridae.

The preferred cladogram from Optova et al. (2020) is:<ref name=Opat20/> {{clade |label1=Mygalomorphae |1={{clade |label1=Atypoidea |1={{clade |1=Hexurellidae |2={{clade |1=Mecicobothriidae |2={{clade |1=Atypidae |2={{clade |1=Megahexuridae |2=Antrodiaetidae }} }} }} }} |label2=Avicularioidea |2={{clade |1=Ischnothelidae |2={{clade |1=Microhexuridae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Hexathelidae |2=Euagridae }} |2={{clade |1=Porrhothelidae |2={{clade |1=Macrothelidae |label2=Bipectina |2={{clade |1=Paratropididae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Stasimopidae |label2=Venom Clade |2={{clade |1=Atracidae |2=Actinopodidae }} }} |label2=Domiothelina |2={{clade |1=Halonoproctidae |2={{clade |1=Migidae |2={{clade |1=Idiopidae |2={{clade |1=Ctenizidae |2=Euctenizidae }} }} }} }} }} |label2=Crassitarsae |2={{clade |label1=Theraphosoidina |1={{clade |1=Bemmeridae |2={{clade |1=Barychelidae |2=Theraphosidae }} }} |label2="Nemesioidina" |2={{clade |1=Nemesiidae |2={{clade |1=Pycnothelidae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Dipluridae |2=Cyrtaucheniidae }} |2={{clade |1=Anamidae |2={{clade |1=Entypesidae |2=Microstigmatidae }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

===Families=== {| class="wikitable" |+Key |- |Genera||bgcolor="lightblue" | 1 || bgcolor="lightgreen" | ≥2 || bgcolor="#FFA" | ≥10 || bgcolor="pink" | ≥100 |- |Species||bgcolor="lightblue" | 1–9 || bgcolor="lightgreen" | ≥10 || bgcolor="#FFA" | ≥100 || bgcolor="pink" | ≥1000 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mygalomorphae families{{efn|name=Note1|Unless otherwise shown, currently accepted families and counts based on the World Spider Catalog version 25.5 {{as of|lc=yes|2025|2|8}}.<ref name=WSC_stats>{{citation |mode=cs1 |title=Currently valid spider genera and species |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |access-date=2025-02-08 }}</ref> In the World Spider Catalog, "species" counts include subspecies. Assignment to sub- and infraorders based on {{Harvtxt|Coddington|2005|p=20}} (when given there).}}

|- !Family||Genera||Species||Common name||Example

|- |colspan=5|'''Atypoidea:'''<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi16/>

|- |Antrodiaetidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|37||folding trapdoor spiders ||''Atypoides riversi'' |- |Atypidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="lightgreen"|56||atypical tarantulas or purseweb spiders ||''Sphodros rufipes'' (red legged purseweb spider) |- |Hexurellidae||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|8|| ||''Hexurella pinea'' |- |Mecicobothriidae||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|2||dwarf tarantulas or sheet funnel-web spiders||''Mecicobothrium thorelli'' |- |Megahexuridae||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|1|| ||''Megahexura fulva''

|- |colspan=5|'''Avicularioidea:'''<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi16/>

|- |Actinopodidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="#FFA"|125|| ||''Missulena bradleyi'' (Eastern mouse spider) |- |Anamidae||bgcolor="#FFA"|10||bgcolor="#FFA"|143|| ||''Aname diversicolor'' (black wishbone spider) |- |Atracidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="lightgreen"|38||Australian funnel-web spiders||''Atrax robustus'' (Sydney funnel-web spider) |- |Barychelidae||bgcolor="#FFA"|39||bgcolor="#FFA"|284||brushed trapdoor spiders ||''Sason sundaicum'' |- |Bemmeridae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|50|| ||''Spiroctenus personatus'' |- |Ctenizidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightblue"|5||cork-lid trapdoor spiders ||''Cteniza sauvagesi'' |- |Cyrtaucheniidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|6||bgcolor="#FFA"|109||wafer-lid trapdoor spiders || |- |Dipluridae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|8||bgcolor="#FFA"|146||curtain-web spiders||''Diplura lineata'' |- |Entypesidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|7||bgcolor="lightgreen"|41|| ||''Entypesa andohahela'' |- |Euagridae||bgcolor="#FFA"|14||bgcolor="lightgreen"|87|| ||''Euagrus formosanus'' |- |Euctenizidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|8||bgcolor="lightgreen"|78|| ||''Aptostichus simus'' |- |Halonoproctidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|6||bgcolor="#FFA"|141|| ||''Bothriocyrtum californicum'' (California trapdoor spider) |- |Hexathelidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|7||bgcolor="lightgreen"|45||(Australian) funnel-web spiders||''Hexathele hochstetteri'' |- |Idiopidae||bgcolor="#FFA"|23||bgcolor="#FFA"|446||armored trapdoor spiders||''Idiosoma nigrum'' (black rugose trapdoor spider) |- |Ischnothelidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|5||bgcolor="lightgreen"|26|| ||''Ischnothele caudata'' |- |Macrothelidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|55|| ||''Macrothele calpeiana'' (Spanish funnel-web spider) |- |Microhexuridae||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|2|| ||''Microhexura montivaga'' (Spruce-fir moss spider) |- |Microstigmatidae||bgcolor="#FFA"|11||bgcolor="lightgreen"|38|| ||''Envia garciai'' |- |Migidae||bgcolor="#FFA"|11||bgcolor="#FFA"|104||tree trapdoor spiders ||''Calathotarsus simoni'' |- |Nemesiidae||bgcolor="#FFA"|10||bgcolor="#FFA"|188|| ||''Aname atra'' (black wishbone spider) |- |Paratropididae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|26||baldlegged spiders ||''Paratropis tuxtlensis'' |- |Porrhothelidae||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|5|| ||''Porrhothele antipodiana'' (black tunnelweb spider) |- |Pycnothelidae||bgcolor="#FFA"|15||bgcolor="#FFA"|140|| ||''Stanwellia hoggi'' |- |Rhytidicolidae||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|15|| ||''Fufius lucasae'' |- |Stasimopidae||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightgreen"|56|| ||''Stasimopus mandelai'' |- |Theraphosidae||bgcolor="pink"|172||bgcolor="pink"|1133||tarantulas ||''Theraphosa blondi'' (Goliath birdeater) |}

===Historical classification=== In 1802, C. A. Walckenaer separated mygalomorph spiders into a separate genus, ''Mygale'', leaving all other spiders in ''Aranea''

In 1985, Robert Raven published a monograph of the Mygalomorphae in which he proposed an internal classification for the Mygalomorphae, based on morphological features. Opatova ''et al''. (2020) commented "In short, much of today's classification scheme dates back to Raven (1985)".<ref name=Opat20/> Raven used various compound ranks, such as "gigapicoorder" and "hyperpicoorder". Ignoring these unusual rank names, his classification can be shown diagrammatically:<ref name=Rave85/> {{clade |1={{clade |label1=Tuberculotae |1={{clade |label1=Mecicobothrioidina |1={{clade |1=Mecicobothriidae |2=Microstigmatidae }} |label2=Orthopalpae |2={{clade |label1=Hexatheloidina |1=Hexathelidae |label2=Quadrithelina |2={{clade |label1=Dipluroida |1=Dipluridae |label2=Crassitarsae |2={{clade |label1=Nemesioida |1=Nemesiidae |label2=Theraphosoidina |2={{clade |label1=Superfamily Theraphosoidea |1={{clade |1=Theraphosidae |2=Paratropididae }} |label2=Superfamily Barycheloidea |2=Barychelidae }} }} }} }} }} |label2=Fornicephalae |2={{clade |label1=Atypoidina |1={{clade |1=Atypidae |2=Antrodiaetidae }} |label2=Rastelloidina |2={{clade |label1=Cyrtaucheniina |1=Cyrtaucheniidae |label2=Domiothelina |2={{clade |label1=Idiopina |1=Idiopidae |label2=Ctenizoidina |2={{clade |label1=Superfamily Ctenizoidea |1=Ctenizidae |label2=Superfamily Migoidea |2={{clade |1=Migidae |2=Actinopodidae }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Subsequent research, largely based on molecular phylogenetic studies, has not upheld some of Raven's groupings. In particular his primary division between Tuberculotae and Fornicephalae has been replaced by a very different division between Atypoidea (expanded from Raven's Atypoidina) and Avicularioidea, which has no counterpart in his system. As another example, the families Mecicobothriidae and Microstigmatidae, which Raven placed in Mecicobothrioidina (a "gigapicoorder"), are now placed very far apart in the Atypoidea and Avicularioidea respectively. Other groups, such as Crassitarsae and Domiothelina, are more recognizable, allowing for some changes in family circumscriptions.<ref name=Opat20/>

==Distribution== <!-- [[Image:Mygalomorph_wynaad.jpg|thumb|''Annandaliella travancorica'' a theraphosid from the Western Ghats]] --> Most members of this infraorder occur in the tropics and subtropics, but their range can extend farther north, e.g. into the southern and western regions of the United States. Only a few occur in Europe: 12&nbsp;species from the families Atypidae, Nemesiidae, Ctenizidae, Macrothelidae, Theraphosidae, and Cyrtaucheniidae.

Despite their limited current range, it is suggested that the Mygalomorphae were distributed worldwide before the breakup of Pangaea.<ref name=SeldDacoVian05/>

== Footnotes == {{notelist}}

== References == {{Reflist|25em|refs= <ref name=Codd05>{{cite book |last=Coddington |first=Jonathan A. |year=2005 |editor-last=Ubick |editor-first=D. |editor2-last=Paquin |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Cushing |editor3-first=P.E. |editor4-last=Roth |editor4-first=V. |contribution=Phylogeny and classification of spiders |title=Spiders of North America: an identification manual |pages=18–24 |publisher=American Arachnological Society |access-date=2015-09-24 |contribution-url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4365/CoddingtonSNAPhylogeny05.pdf |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

<ref name=CoddLevi91>{{cite journal |last1=Coddington |first1=Jonathan A. |last2=Levi |first2=Herbert W. |year=1991 |title=Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae) |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=565–592 |jstor=2097274 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025 |bibcode=1991AnRES..22..565C |s2cid=55647804 }}</ref>

<ref name=CSIRO_spiders>{{cite web |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/samples/spiders/html/SPIDERS.HTM |title=About Spiders |publisher=CSIRO |access-date=2017-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924214854/http://www.publish.csiro.au/samples/spiders/html/SPIDERS.HTM |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=DunlPenn11>{{cite book |last1=Dunlop |first1=Jason A. |last2=Penney |first2=David |year=2011 |editor-last=Zhang |editor-first=Z.-Q. |contribution=Order Araneae Clerck, 1757 |title=Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness |series=Zootaxa |number=3148 |location=Auckland, New Zealand |publisher=Magnolia Press |isbn=978-1-86977-850-7 |access-date=2015-10-31 |contribution-url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p153.pdf |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name=GodwOpatGarrHami18>{{cite journal |last1=Godwin |first1=Rebecca L. |last2=Opatova |first2=Vera |last3=Garrison |first3=Nicole L. |last4=Hamilton |first4=Chris A. |last5=Bond |first5=Jason E. |date=2018 |title=Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family, Halonoproctidae (Pocock, 1901) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=126 |pages=303–313 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.008 |pmid=29656103 |bibcode=2018MolPE.126..303G |s2cid=4890400 |issn=1055-7903 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

<ref name=HediDerkRamiVink18>{{cite journal |last1=Hedin |first1=Marshal |last2=Derkarabetian |first2=Shahan |last3=Ramírez |first3=Martín J. |last4=Vink |first4=Cor |last5=Bond |first5=Jason E. |year=2018 |title=Phylogenomic reclassification of the world's most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=1636 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19946-2 |pmid=29374214 |name-list-style=amp |pmc=5785998 |bibcode=2018NatSR...8.1636H }}</ref>

<ref name=Opat20>{{Cite journal|last1=Opatova|first1=Vera|last2=Hamilton|first2=Chris A.|last3=Hedin|first3=Marshal|last4=Montes De Oca|first4=Lauren|last5=Král|first5=Jiři|last6=Bond|first6=Jason E.|date=2019-10-16|title=Phylogenetic Systematics and Evolution of the Spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae Using Genomic Scale Data|url=https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-abstract/69/4/671/5570998|journal=Systematic Biology|language=en|volume=69|issue=4|pages=671–707|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syz064|pmid=31841157|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

<ref name=OxfDict>{{cite web |title=mygalomorph |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/mygalomorph |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=2016-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521100027/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/mygalomorph |archive-date=2016-05-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Rave85>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Raven |first1=Robert J. |date=1985 |title=The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae) : cladistics and systematics |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=182 |issue=1 |pages=1–180 |hdl=2246/955 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/955 }}</ref>

<ref name=SeldCorrHuni05>{{cite journal |last1=Selden |first1=P.A. |last2=Corronca |first2=J.A. |last3=Hünicken |first3=M.A. |date=2005 |title=The true identity of the supposed giant fossil spider ''Megarachne'' |journal=Biology Letters |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=44–48 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2004.0272 |pmid=17148124 |name-list-style=amp |pmc=1629066 }}</ref>

<ref name=SeldDacoVian05>{{cite journal |last1=Selden |first1=P.A. |last2=da Costa Casado |first2=F. |last3=Vianna Mesquita |first3=M. |date=2005 |title=Mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Dipluridae) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Lagerstätte, Araripe Basin, north-east Brazil |journal=Palaeontology |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=817–826 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00561.x |name-list-style=amp |hdl=1808/8355 |s2cid=3845623 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

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== Sources == * {{cite journal |author=Raven, R.J. |year=1985 |title=The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae: Cladistics and systematics |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=182 |pages=1–180}} * {{cite report |last=Goloboff |first=Pablo A. |date=1993-03-23 |df=dmy-all |title=A reanalysis of Mygalomorphae spider families (Araenae) |series=American Museum Novitates |issue=3056 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |place=New York, NY |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5017/1/N3056.pdf}}

==External links== {{Wikispecies|Mygalomorphae}} {{Commons category}} * {{cite web |title=Taxonomy, husbandry and captive breeding of Dipluridae |url=http://www.dipluridae.de/}} * {{cite web |title=Mygalomorphae or primitive spiders |url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/australian/Mygalomorphae/Mygalomorphae.htm}} * {{cite web |title=Suborder Mygalomorphae |url=http://arachnos.eu/en/mygalomorphae}}

{{Spider nav}} {{Araneae}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q12081}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Mygalomorphae Category:Extant Triassic first appearances