{{Short description|Set of extended DOS memory management services}} {{Redir|DPMS 1.0|the display power management standard|VESA DPMS}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019|cs1-dates=y}} {{Use list-defined references|date=December 2021}}
'''DOS Protected Mode Services''' ('''DPMS''') is a set of extended DOS memory management services to allow DPMS-enabled DOS drivers to load and execute in extended memory and protected mode.<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/><ref name="Brown_1994"/><ref name="Schneider_1994"/>
Not being a DOS extender by itself, DPMS is a minimal set of extended DOS memory management services to allow slightly modified DOS resident system extensions (RSX) such as device drivers or terminate-and-stay-resident programs (TSRs) (as so called ''DPMS clients'') to relocate themselves into extended memory and run in 16-bit or 32-bit protected mode while leaving only a tiny stub in conventional memory as an interface to communicate with the conventional DOS environment.<ref name="Brown_1994"/><ref name="Gillooly_1993_NWDOS7"/><ref name="Goodman_1994_NWDOS7"/> The DPMS clients do so through DPMS services provided by a previously loaded ''DPMS server''.<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/> The necessary size of the remaining stub depends on the type of driver, but often can be reduced to a few hundred bytes for just the header even for complex drivers.
By executing the driver in extended memory and freeing up conventional memory, DPMS not only allows very large drivers to load and take advantage of the available memory, but also to leave more memory available for normal DOS drivers to load or non-extended DOS applications to execute within the space constraints of the conventional memory area. This will also help increase the amount of free system resources under Windows. Providing unified interfaces for the software to allocate and use memory in protected mode<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/> without having to tunnel all requests through real mode DOS, DPMS at the same time can help improve system performance as well.
== DPMS == DPMS was originally developed by Novell's Digital Research GmbH, Germany, in 1992.<ref name="Wein_2012"/><ref name="DPMS_Panther" group="nb"/> It is compatible with any DOS and can coexist with memory managers and DOS extenders such as DPMI, VCPI, etc. The DPMS API is reentrant<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/> and compatible with multitaskers such as the DR-DOS multitasker or DESQview.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> By providing a built-in DPMS VxD-driver, it is also compatible with Windows 3.x and Windows 9x.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/>
The DPMS server must be loaded after the memory managers (and before the drivers using it), either as a "DPMSXXX0"<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> device driver per DEVICE statement in CONFIG.SYS (preferred method), or later as a TSR.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> For debug purposes (for example in conjunction with Microsoft's WDEB386.EXE<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/>), SDK-versions of EMM386.EXE 3.00 can alternatively provide DPMS services<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/> via <code>EMM386 [/]DPMS[=ON]</code> through a built-in DPMS.SYS module,<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> then running at ring 1 instead of ring 0, as with the stand-alone version of DPMS.EXE. The <code>DPMS [/]NOCR3</code> option allows debugging under older NuMega SoftICE versions.<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/>
Depending on circumstances the server will occupy between about 700 to 1400 bytes of conventional memory by itself and cannot be loaded into UMBs.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/><ref name="DPMS_LH" group="nb"/> The DPMS server will require at least a 286 machine to run, but since DPMS-enabled software can be designed in a way so that it continues to execute in conventional memory if DPMS services are not available, the software does not need to give up compatibility with systems not providing DPMS services, either because DPMS is not loaded or not available (for example on pre-286 processors).<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/><ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> On 386 CPUs (and higher), the DPMS server will not only provide a set of 16-bit, but also a set of 32-bit services.<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/> Even on these machines, DPMS can be forced to load only its 16-bit services using the <code>DPMS [/]2[86]</code> option.
DPMS will allocate memory either through VCPI or XMS,<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> depending on what kind of memory is available. VCPI will typically call down to XMS as well. Newer versions of DPMS can be forced to use one of these interfaces using the <code>DPMS [/]MEM=XMS|VCPI</code> option.<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> In some versions, it is possible to specify the maximum amount of extended memory to be allocated with <code>DPMS [/]MB=nnnn</code>.<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/>
DPMS registering services can be disabled or re-enabled at any time after load using the <code>DPMS [/]OFF</code> or <code>DPMS [/]ON</code> command, however, this will only affect new drivers loaded, not those already running and using DPMS.<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/><ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/>
There are basically three revisions of the DPMS specification, DPMS beta,<ref name="Barr_1993_NWDOS"/><ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/> DPMS 1.0 (original Novell DOS 7 shipment)<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/> and DPMS 1.1 (since March 1994 update).<ref name="Brown_2000_RBIL61"/> The 1.0 specification continued to support the beta specification as well, whereas the 1.1 (and higher) implementation does not.<ref name="Brown_2000_RBIL61"/>
DPMS saw its debut in beta versions of DR DOS "Panther" in October 1992,<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/><ref name="DPMS_Panther" group="nb"/> which, besides others, came with DPMS-enabled versions of the Super PC-Kwik disk cache,<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> Addstor's SuperStor disk compression,<ref name="Barr_1993_NWDOS"/><ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> and DEBUG as "stealth" protected mode system debugger.<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> While DPMS was already called "DOS Protected Mode Services" at this time, the DPMS.EXE/DPMS.SYS 0.10 driver would still display "DOS Protected Mode Server" startup messages. The PCMCIA card services CS in PalmDOS were DPMS-enabled as well.<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> Later retail products such as Novell DOS 7<ref name="Schneider_1994"/> and Personal NetWare 1.0 in December 1993 also came with many DPMS-enabled drivers such as the file deletion tracking component DELWATCH 2.00, the adaptive disk cache NWCACHE 1.00<!-- based on Golden Bow System's VCACHE -->,<ref name="Barr_1993_NWDOS"/><ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> NWCDEX 1.00,<ref name="Wein_2012"/><ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> a CD-ROM redirector extension, the peer-to-peer networking server SERVER 1.20, and STACKER 3.12, the disk compression component. DPMS was also provided by Caldera OpenDOS 7.01,<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/> DR-DOS 7.02 and 7.03, which, at least in some releases, added DPMS-enabled issues of DRFAT32 (a FAT32 redirector extension),<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> LONGNAME (VFAT long filename support)<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> and VDISK (virtual RAM disk).<ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS"/><ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/> DR-DOS 7.03 contains the latest version of DPMS 1.44.<!-- at the time of this writing in September 2011 -->
DPMS was also provided by IBM's PC DOS 7.0<ref name="Goodman_1995_PCDOS7"/><ref name="IBM_1995_PCDOS7"/> and PC DOS 2000, which came with an older version of Novell's DPMS server and a DPMS-enabled version of Stacker 4.02 bundled.<ref name="Goodman_1995_PCDOS7"/><ref name="IBM_1995_PCDOS7"/>
Stac Electronics also produced a DPMS-enabled stand-alone version of Stacker 4.<ref name="Goodman_1994_Stacker"/>
PC-Kwik Corporation's Super PC-Kwik 6.xx for DOS<ref name="123_1994_SUPERPCK"/> and their Power Pak 4.0 for Windows also included the DPMS-enabled disk cache SUPERPCK in 1994.<ref name="Conley_1994_DPMS"/>
Some third-party DOS driver suites such as the Eicon Diva or High Soft Tech GmbH (HST) Saphir<ref name="HST_2003_Saphir"/> CAPI ISDN drivers or PCMCIA/PCCard driver stacks such as Award's CardWare 2.5 (or higher) are known to support DPMS as well.<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> After Phoenix's acquisition of Award, their PCMCIA drivers 6.0 (and higher) have been sold off to UniCore.<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP"/> CardWare 6.0 and 7.0 were available through APSoft,<ref name="Paul_2002_PCMCIA"/><ref name="APSoft_2003_PCCard7"/> Socket Services (SSxxxxxx.EXE), Card Services (PCCS.EXE), PC Enable (PCENABLE.EXE), and card handlers (PCDISK.EXE, PCSRAM.EXE, PCATA.EXE, and PCFLASH.EXE) could use DPMS. Through LXE's integration of the stack into their ruggedized DOS PCs, DPMS also found its way into the Datalight ROM-DOS suite.<ref name="LXE_2004_MX1"/><ref name="LXE_2004_VX1"/><ref name="LXE_2005_MX3"/>
In 1999, Funk Software introduced a DPMS-enabled version of their remote control software Proxy Host, allowing PHOST<!-- .EXE --> to occupy only 9 KB of conventional memory.<ref name="Funk_1999_PROXY"/> The Remote Dial-in Client software REMOTE for the 833 Remote Access Server by Perle Systems could take advantage of DPMS for the same purpose at least since 2002.<!-- possibly earlier since 1995? --><ref name="Perle_2002_REMOTE"/> SciTech Software's Kendall Bennett investigated the possibility to add DPMS support to their DOS driver suite around 2000<!-- or 2001 --> as well, but this was never published.
Bret Johnson developed DPMS-enabled Print Screen to file (PRTSCR) and USB drivers for DOS.<ref name="Johnson_2011_PRTSCR"/><ref name="Johnson_2015_USB"/>
== {{anchor|Multimedia Cloaking|Multimedia Stacker}}CLOAKING == In 1993, Helix Software Company's memory manager NETROOM 3 introduced a feature very similar to Novell's DPMS: CLOAKING was used to relocate Helix's and third-party drivers into extended memory<ref name="Brown_1994"/> and run them at ring 0.<ref name="Schmit_1995"/> Providing its functions as an extension to the real-mode EMS and XMS interface, its protected mode services are available under INT 2Ch.<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Singh_1993_NRFL"/> A CLOAKING developer's kit was available which included a NuMega SoftICE debugger.<ref name="Knoblauch_1994"/><ref name="Helix_1993_CLOAKING-API-1.01"/> Cloaked driver or TSR software hooking interrupts had to leave a small 11-byte stub in conventional memory which would invoke the CLOAKING server to pass execution to the protected mode portion of the driver software.<ref name="Schmit_1995"/>
CLOAKING includes support for operation under Windows 3.x and Windows 95, providing compatible INT 2Ch services to protected mode drivers via a Windows VxD, as well as debugging through Windows start-up using SoftICE. This ability to transition between protected mode host environments is also the subject of a patent.<ref name="Helix_Patent_US5459869"/>
CLOAKING integrates into and works with existing virtual memory control programs, without switching descriptor tables or resetting the control registers. This allows for faster interrupt processing, according to Helix's documentation.<ref name="Helix_1993_CLOAKING-API-1.01"/><ref name="Helix_Patent_US5459869"/>
In contrast to Novell's DPMS, Helix's CLOAKING driver can be loaded high,<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/><ref name="DPMS_LH" group="nb"/> but it does not run on 286 machines,<!-- however it has an undocumented -286 option without known effect --><ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/><ref name="DPMS_LH" group="nb"/> though it does support 16-bit services and program structure on a 386. Also, CLOAKING 2.01 has been found to be incompatible with the DR-DOS multitasker (<code>EMM386 /MULTI[=ON] + TASKMGR</code>).<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/>
If no DPMS server is present when CLOAKING.EXE loads, CLOAKING will, by default, also provide a cloaked DPMS server at a mere 100 bytes increase of its DOS memory footprint.<ref name="Goodman_1994_Stacker"/><ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> However, it can also coexist with a DPMS server loaded before CLOAKING. The loading of its built-in DPMS server can be suppressed using the <code>CLOAKING /NODPMS</code> parameter.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> DPMS-enabled drivers will work with both DPMS or CLOAKING, but not vice versa.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/>
In NETROOM v3.04, the Supplemental Disk distribution dated 10 February 1995 included the password-protected resource file NR.ZIP (679,271 KB) as an undocumented file; DPMSCLK.EXE (13,904 KB), "Cloaked DPMS Server v3.03". The file does not reveal support for any options or parameters when queried using the standard help option, <code>DPMSCLK /?</code> . This file is ''not'' unzipped by the NETROOM 3 SETUP.EXE program and does not install. There is no hint of the file's existence in the NETROOM 3 software manual<ref name="NETROOM_1994"/> or any of the on-disk program documentation and human-readable files.<ref name="NETROOM_1995"/> This final version of NETROOM as released basically ignored DPMS.
Helix licensed a version of Award Software's BIOS and developed cloaked system and video BIOSes which executed entirely in protected mode, reducing their real-mode memory footprint down to 8 KB (instead of 96 KB<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/>) and used these as run-time BIOS in conjunction with their NETROOM memory manager.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/><ref name="Singh_1993_NRFL"/>
As part of their Multimedia Cloaking product, Helix provided cloaked versions of Logitech's MOUSE 6.33 driver, Microsoft's MSCDEX, and a home-grown disk cache to replace Microsoft's SmartDrive drivers.
There was also a product named Multimedia Stacker consisting of Stac's DPMS-enabled Stacker 4.01 with Helix's above suite of cloaked DOS utilities.<ref name="Goodman_1994_Stacker"/><ref name="Canter_1994"/>
The Logitech DOS mouse driver since MouseWare 6.50 was enabled to take advantage of CLOAKING as well, thereby reducing the mouse driver's memory footprint visible to DOS applications from 27 KB to 1 KB.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/>
CLOAKING was also licensed to Symantec for their utility suite, to Corel for their CD Creator and Corel SCSI products, and to SMC Networks for their Ethernet drivers.
Novell's DPMS utility may not be used to temporarily disable DPMS with a <code>DPMS [/]OFF</code> command if those DPMS services are provided by CLOAKING instead of DPMS itself, because Helix's implementation will erroneously not only disallow new drivers to register with DPMS, but completely switch off DPMS services even for already loaded drivers, leading to a system crash.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/>
== NIOS == In 1993, Novell had announced plans to convert their resident workstation management utilities as well as their DOS network driver stacks (shells, redirectors and requestors) to use DPMS,<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/> however, only the Personal NetWare server component was modified to actually take advantage of it.
Announced in 1993,<ref name="Novell_1993_ODI32"/><ref name="Tittel_1994_NIOS"/><ref name="Network_World_1995"/><ref name="PCMag_1995"/> Novell introduced a new 32-bit DOS/Windows NetWare client (Client 32) based on ODI32/NIOS in 1996, replacing the former 16-bit client based on ODI/VLM.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> The NIOS (NetWare I/O Subsystem<ref name="Network_World_1995"/><ref name="Liebing_1996"/><ref name="Hendrick_1996"/><!-- some early sources also state: NetWare Input/Output System, like: <ref name="Tittel_1994_NIOS"/> -->) client for DOS and Windows used techniques very similar to DPMS or Cloaking to relocate and run the code of the loaded NLMs (NetWare Loadable Modules) in protected mode and extended memory in order to reduce the conventional memory footprint of the network stack down to about 2 to 5 KB.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/><ref name="Liebing_1996"/>
NIOS neither required nor used DPMS or Cloaking directly, and it did not provide a generic interface which could be used by non-NLM modules, however, it was certainly inspired by the DPMS technology and it can coexist with both of them.
While Novell's Personal NetWare was published unmodified as part of the DR-DOS suite by its newer owners Caldera, Lineo and DeviceLogics up to 2018<!-- but no longer since about summer 2018 -->, Personal NetWare had been abandoned since 1995 within Novell itself. This led to the situation that Novell never published a <code>PNW.NLM</code> driver to support the Personal NetWare protocol under the newer 32-bit ODI32/NIOS stack, so that users of Personal NetWare, who could take advantage of the PNW server module's DPMS capabilities already, were bound to continue to use the memory-consuming ODI/VLM 16-bit client with its <code>PNW.VLM</code> protocol driver.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/>
== See also == * DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) * Virtual Control Program Interface (VCPI) * Extended Virtual Control Program Interface (XVCPI)
== Notes == {{reflist|group="nb"|refs= <ref name="DPMS_Panther" group="nb">The DPMS.EXE executable version 0.10 from DR DOS "Panther" shows a "1985,1992" copyright and refers to an embedded DPMS.SYS device driver.</ref> <ref name="DPMS_LH" group="nb">Some early versions of DPMS (before Novell DOS 7 Update 3) ''could'' be loaded high, but this was deliberately defeated in later versions (by artificially letting the driver declare an impossible to satisfy amount of memory during initialization, so that the operating system could not load it high and had to leave it in conventional memory during initialization) for compatibility reasons. It could cause stability problems in some scenarios on 286 and 386 machines supporting chipset-level memory backfilling mechanisms.</ref> }}
== References == <references> <ref name="Caldera_1997_DPMS">{{cite book |title=OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide |publisher=Caldera, Inc. |date=August 1997 |orig-date=1994 |location=UK<!-- Printed in the UK --> |id=Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005 |url=http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm |access-date=2016-05-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm |archive-date=2016-05-22}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP">{{cite book |title=NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds | via=MPDOSTIP | first=Matthias R. | last=Paul |date=1997-07-30 |edition=3 |version=Release 157 |language=de |url=http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm |access-date=2012-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522014302/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm |archive-date=2016-05-22}} (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.)</ref> <ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP">{{cite book |title=NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds | via=MPDOSTIP | first=Matthias R. | last=Paul |date=2001-04-09 |edition=3 |version=Release 183 |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS">{{cite book | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Schulman | first2=Ralf D. | last2=Brown |author-link2=Ralf D. Brown | first3=David | last3=Maxey | first4=Raymond J. | last4=Michels | first5=Jim | last5=Kyle |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 |publisher=Addison Wesley |edition=2 |date=1994 |orig-date=November 1993<!-- first printing --> |isbn=0-201-63287-X |location=Reading, Massachusetts, USA |page=[https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11 11] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11}} (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2][https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition]</ref> <ref name="Brown_2000_RBIL61">{{cite web |title=The x86 Interrupt List | first=Ralf D. | last=Brown |author-link=Ralf D. Brown |work=Ralf Brown's Interrupt List |edition=61 |date=2002-12-29 |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html |access-date=2012-01-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522014351/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html |archive-date=2016-05-22}}</ref> <ref name="Schmit_1995">{{cite book |title=Pentium Processor Optimization Tools |author-first=Michael<!--"Mike"--> L. |author-last=Schmit |date=1995 |edition=1 |publisher=Academic Press, Inc. (AP Professional) |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |isbn=0-12-627230-1 |pages=252–253}}</ref> <ref name="Singh_1993_NRFL">{{cite journal |title=NETROOM 3.0: More Room at the Top |author-first=Amarendra |author-last=Singh |journal=PC Magazine |volume=12 |issue=13 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eX8w8B-OhIIC&pg=PA40 |access-date=2014-12-12 |date=1993-07-13 }}</ref> <ref name="Knoblauch_1994">{{cite magazine |title=Hide Programs With Cloaking | first=Rick | last=Knoblauch |magazine=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Communications Company / Ziff-Davis Publishing Company |volume=13 |issue=9 |date=1994-05-17 |page=269 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L39FUG-zDswC&pg=RA1-PA269 |access-date=2014-12-04}}</ref> <ref name="Canter_1994">{{cite magazine |title=Multimedia Cloaking Reclaims RAM Gobbled by Drivers |author-first=Sheryl |author-last=Canter |magazine=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Communications Company / Ziff-Davis Publishing Company |volume=13 |issue=10 |date=1994-05-31 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfbDrFwiARgC&q=pc+magazine+netroom+helix&pg=PA48 |access-date=2014-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105230857/https://books.google.de/books?id=MfbDrFwiARgC&q=pc+magazine+netroom+helix&pg=PA48&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=pc%20magazine%20netroom%20helix&f=false |archive-date=2022-01-05}}</ref> <ref name="NETROOM_1994">{{citation |title=NETROOM Version 3 Guide to Operations |edition=6 |date=October 1994 |id=MPN N03,1094}}</ref> <ref name="NETROOM_1995">{{citation |title=NETROOM Version 3 Supplemental Disk, all (11) *.BAT/*.DOC/*.HLP/*.INF/*.TXT files |date=1995-02-10}}</ref> <ref name="Helix_1993_CLOAKING-API-1.01">{{citation |title=Helix Cloaking API Services |date=1993-10-01 |version=1.01 |publisher=Helix Software Company}}<!-- Was once uploaded to Commons: "CLOAKING_API_SERVICES_MANUAL.pdf" file creation date 2014-12-03 by "MikeQuad". This (unreadable) thumb appears to be all that's left: https://web.archive.org/web/20150326191308/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/CLOAKING_API_SERVICES_MANUAL.pdf/page1-93px-CLOAKING_API_SERVICES_MANUAL.pdf.jpg --></ref> <ref name="Helix_Patent_US5459869">{{cite patent |country=US |number=5459869 |status=patent}} [https://patents.google.com/patent/US5459869]</ref> <ref name="Brown_1994">{{cite journal |title=QPI: The QEMM-386 Programming Interface | first1=Andrew | last1=Schulman | first2=Ralf D. | last2=Brown | author-link2=Ralf D. Brown |series=Undocumented Corner |date=July 1994 |journal=Dr. Dobb's Journal |publisher=Miller Freeman, Inc. |location=San Mateo, California, USA |pages=123–131 |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/papers/qpi.txt |access-date=2017-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823173501/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/papers/qpi.txt<!-- https://archive.today/20180916182103/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/papers/qpi.txt --> |archive-date=2017-08-23}}</ref> <ref name="Gillooly_1993_NWDOS7">{{cite journal |title=Novell rolls out new net-ready DR DOS version |author-first=Caryn |author-last=Gillooly |date=1993-03-23 |journal=Network World |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 |access-date=2017-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180916182349/https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=ehwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2018-09-16}}</ref> <ref name="Goodman_1994_Stacker">{{cite journal |title=Stacker, Helix combo frees memory |author-first=John M. |author-last=Goodman |department=First looks |date=1994-12-26 |journal=InfoWorld |publisher=International Data Group |volume=16 |number=52/1 |issn=0199-6649 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDoEAAAAMBAJ&q=DPMS |access-date=2022-01-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105203958/https://books.google.de/books?hl=de&id=lDoEAAAAMBAJ&jtp=99 |archive-date=2022-01-05 |quote-page=99 |quote=[…] In Stacker 4.0, Stac provided DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) support, which allows most of the Stacker driver to move into extended memory. […]}}</ref> <ref name="Goodman_1994_NWDOS7">{{cite journal |title=Novell DOS gives an exciting look at future of DOS |author-first=John M. |author-last=Goodman |date=1994-01-24 |journal=InfoWorld |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |volume=16 |issue=4 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA63 |access-date=2017-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180916184618/https://books.google.nl/books?id=_DoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA63&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2018-09-16}}</ref> <ref name="Goodman_1995_PCDOS7">{{cite journal |title=PC DOS 7 beats its disappearing competitors |author-first=John M. |author-last=Goodman |date=1995-04-10 |journal=InfoWorld |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |volume=17 |number=15 |issn=0199-6649 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oToEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=2017-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190422132820/https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=en&id=oToEAAAAMBAJ&jtp=68&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> <ref name="Johnson_2011_PRTSCR">{{cite web |title=My Source Code: PRTSCR |author-first=Bret |author-last=Johnson |date=2011-09-24 |url=http://bretjohnson.us/source/source.htm |access-date=2017-09-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170911195607/http://bretjohnson.us/source/source.htm |archive-date=2017-09-11}} [http://bretjohnson.us/source/prtscr.zip] (NB. Source code for PRTSCR program to modify PrintScreen to copy to a file. Loads itself into upper memory and uses DPMS or EMS memory.)</ref> <ref name="Johnson_2015_USB">{{cite web |title=Have you heard from USB yet? |author-first=Bret |author-last=Johnson |date=2015-11-03 |url=http://bretjohnson.us/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=789 |access-date=2017-09-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180916182600/http://bretjohnson.us/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=789 |archive-date=2018-09-16}} (NB. About a DPMS-enabled USB TSR suite for DOS.)</ref> <ref name="Liebing_1996">{{cite web |title=NetWare Client 32 for DOS/Windows: Overview of Architecture and Features |author-first=Edward A. |author-last=Liebing |date=1996-05-01 |publisher=Novell |work=Novell AppNotes |url=https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/ana19960501.html |access-date=2018-08-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818204926/https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/ana19960501.html |archive-date=2018-08-18}}</ref> <ref name="Hendrick_1996">{{cite web |title=Overview of NetWare Client 32 for Windows 95 |author-first=Ben |author-last=Hendrick |date=1996-11-01 |publisher=Novell |work=Novell AppNotes |url=https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/ana19961101.html |access-date=2018-08-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818205427/https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/ana19961101.html |archive-date=2018-08-18}}</ref> <ref name="Network_World_1995">{{cite journal |title=Novell to dress up Tuxedo and deliver 32-bit client |date=1995-03-27 |volume=12 |number=13 |journal=Network World |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA141 |access-date=2018-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="PCMag_1995">{{cite journal |title=Network Edition - Cover Story |date=1995-10-24 |journal=PC Magazine |page=NE27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jNOHGmrpRkC&pg=PA527 |access-date=2018-08-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180916183451/https://books.google.ru/books?id=3jNOHGmrpRkC&pg=PA527&lpg=PA527&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2018-09-16}}</ref> <ref name="Wein_2012">{{cite web |title=Resume: Joe Wein |author-first=Josef "Joe" |author-last=Wein |date=2012 |orig-date=2003 |url=http://www.joewein.de/resume.htm |access-date=2017-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910215759/http://www.joewein.de/resume.htm |archive-date=2017-09-10 |quote=[…] [up to] 1992 Digital Research GmbH […] DR DOS 6.0 […] Designed and implemented DPMS protected mode extender for device drivers for DR DOS 7. […]}}</ref> <ref name="Tittel_1994_NIOS">{{cite journal |title=Novell at a crossroads |author-first=Ed |author-last=Tittel |journal=InfoWorld |date=1994-11-04 |pages=116, 118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA118 |access-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180916181518/https://books.google.ru/books?id=bTgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2018-09-16}}</ref> <ref name="Barr_1993_NWDOS">{{cite journal |title=Coming Attractions: Novell's DOS |author-first=Christopher |author-last=Barr |date=1993-04-13 |journal=PC Magazine |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjyIOLYr7yMC&pg=PA124 |access-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180916231841/https://books.google.nl/books?id=kjyIOLYr7yMC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2018-09-16}}</ref> <ref name="Funk_1999_PROXY">{{Cite FTP |title=PROXY Host |date=May 1999 |edition=1 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |url=ftp://ftp.proxynetworks.com/Previous%20Versions/v5.10.5.1041/Documentation_5.10/PxHost30.pdf |server=Funk Software, Inc. |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-09-16 }}</ref> <ref name="LXE_2004_VX1">{{cite book |title=VX1 Reference Guide |date=March 2004 |edition=Revision F |publisher=LXE Inc. (EMS Technologies) |location=Norcross, Georgia, USA |url=http://www.barcodepros.com/Manuals/E-EQ-VX1RG-F.pdf |access-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329054025/http://barcodepros.com/Manuals/E-EQ-VX1RG-F.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> <ref name="LXE_2004_MX1">{{cite book |title=MX1 Reference Guide |date=January 2004 |orig-date=January 2002 |edition=Revision D |publisher=LXE Inc. (EMS Technologies) |location=Norcross, Georgia, USA |url=http://www.barcodepros.com/Manuals/E-EQ-MX1RG-D.pdf |access-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329071237/http://barcodepros.com/Manuals/E-EQ-MX1RG-D.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> <ref name="LXE_2005_MX3">{{cite book |title=MX3 Reference Guide |date=December 2005 |publisher=LXE Inc. (EMS Technologies) |location=Norcross, Georgia, USA |url=https://country.honeywellaidc.com/CatalogDocuments/E-EQ-MX3RG-J-ARC.pdf |access-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105106/https://country.honeywellaidc.com/CatalogDocuments/E-EQ-MX3RG-J-ARC.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-17}}</ref> <ref name="123_1994_SUPERPCK">{{cite web |title=Dùng Cache để nâng cao tốc độ |trans-title=Cache to improve speed |language=vi |work=VIETBOOK |date=1994<!-- ca. date MS-DOS 6.22 was already released --> |url=https://text.123doc.org/document/15299-dung-cache-de-nang-cao-toc-do.htm |access-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180917142149/https://text.123doc.org/document/15299-dung-cache-de-nang-cao-toc-do.htm |archive-date=2018-09-17}}</ref> <ref name="Conley_1994_DPMS">{{cite journal |title=Windows Performance Utility - Power Pak 4.0 for Windows helps bring slower PC models up to speed |author-first=Frank |author-last=Conley |date=1994-07-25 |journal=InfoWorld |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA117 |access-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180917142744/https://books.google.de/books?id=kDgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=PC-Kwik+DPMS&source=bl&ots=AiqxsjFYLo&sig=7-9vslS7yhzoSUYXMx4AS9eficQ&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYsJn4jMLdAhXMfFAKHR2wBaYQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ%23v=onepage&q=PC-Kwik%20DPMS&f=false |archive-date=2018-09-17}}</ref> <ref name="Perle_2002_REMOTE">{{cite book |title=Perle Remote User's Guide (for DOS and Windows 3.x) |date=2002 |orig-date=1995 |publisher=Perle Systems Limited |id=5500118-10 |url=https://www.perle.com/support_services/documentation_pdfs/5500118-10.pdf |access-date=2018-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215408/https://www.perle.com/support_services/documentation_pdfs/5500118-10.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-17}}</ref> <ref name="IBM_1995_PCDOS7">{{cite book |title=PC DOS 7 Technical Update |chapter=Appendix E. DOS Protected Mode Services |pages=313–324 |id=Document Number GG24-4459-00 |date=February 1995 |edition=1 |publisher=IBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization, Boca Raton Center |location=Boca Raton, Florida, USA |url=http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enyhchan/DOS%207%20manual.pdf |access-date=2018-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012220/http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enyhchan/DOS%207%20manual.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> <ref name="APSoft_2003_PCCard7">{{cite book |title=APSoft CardWare for Windows 3.x R7.00 |version=7.00 |date=2004-03-04 |orig-date=1993 |publisher=APSoft |location=Feldkirchen, Germany |url=http://www.tssc.de/site/download/docs/cwdwum.pdf |access-date=2018-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012328/http://www.tssc.de/site/download/docs/cwdwum.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> <ref name="Novell_1993_ODI32">{{cite journal |title=Netnotes: Novell, Inc. |date=1993-03-29 |journal=Network World |volume=10 |number=13 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17 |access-date=2018-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190422135732/https://books.google.com/books?id=ehwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2002_PCMCIA">{{cite web |title=PCMCIA drivers for DR-DOS |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-01-17 |work=www.delorie.com/opendos |url=http://www.delorie.com/opendos//archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2002/01/17/14:47:13.1 |access-date=2018-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180920003124/http://www.delorie.com/opendos//archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2002/01/17/14:47:13.1 |archive-date=2018-09-20}}</ref> <ref name="HST_2003_Saphir">{{cite web |title=Saphir ISDN-Adapterfamilie Bedienungsanleitung |language=de |date=February 2003 |publisher=HST High Soft Tech Gesellschaft für Telekommunikation mbH |edition=5 |id=D2.1R01 |url=https://www.voipango.de/out/pictures/wysiwigpro/voipango/Saphir_ISDN_Manual_DE.pdf |access-date=2018-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920045947/https://www.voipango.de/out/pictures/wysiwigpro/voipango/Saphir_ISDN_Manual_DE.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-20}}</ref> <ref name="Schneider_1994">{{cite journal |title=Das Ende von DOS ist nur noch eine Frage der Zeit |language=de |trans-title=The end of DOS is only a question of time |author-first=Stefanie |author-last=Schneider |journal=Computerwoche |publisher=IDG Business Media GmbH |location=Munich, Germany |date=1994-06-17 |url=https://www.computerwoche.de/a/das-ende-von-dos-ist-nur-noch-eine-frage-der-zeit,1121952 |access-date=2022-01-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102151737/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/das-ende-von-dos-ist-nur-noch-eine-frage-der-zeit,1121952 |archive-date=2022-01-02}}</ref> </references>
== Further reading== * {{cite web |title=DPMS causes error in CP Backup 7.2 for Win |date=1995-07-01 |orig-date=1994-09-14 |edition=Revision 2 |id=1000039 |publisher=Novell |url=https://www.novell.com/support/kb/doc.php?id=1000039 |access-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180916230331/https://www.novell.com/support/kb/doc.php?id=1000039 |archive-date=2018-09-16}}
== External links == * {{cite web |url=http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm |title=Online issue of Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 DPMS 1.0 SDK |date=1999 |orig-date=1994, 1997 |access-date=2016-05-22 |website=Unofficial DR-DOS site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm |archive-date=2016-05-22}} * {{cite book |title=PC DOS 7 Technical Update |chapter=Appendix E. DOS Protected Mode Services |pages=313–324 |id=Document Number GG24-4459-00 |date=February 1995 |edition=1 |publisher=IBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization, Boca Raton Center |location=Boca Raton, FL, USA |url=http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enyhchan/DOS%207%20manual.pdf |access-date=2018-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012220/http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enyhchan/DOS%207%20manual.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-18}}
Category:DOS memory management Category:DOS extenders Category:DOS technology