{{Short description|Commune and town in Aïn Defla, Algeria}} {{For|the coaster in service with the French government 1946–1948|SS Miliana}} {{Distinguish||text=Khemis Miliana, a neighboring commune in the wilaya of Aïn Defla}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Miliana | native_name = {{lang|ar|مليانة}} | settlement_type = Commune and town | image_skyline = Miliana 2012.JPG | image_caption = View of Miliana | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_map = DZ 44 Miliana.svg | mapsize = | map_caption = Location within Aïn Defla province | pushpin_map = Algeria | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Algeria | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = Titteri | subdivision_type2 = Wilaya | subdivision_name2 = Aïn Defla | subdivision_type3 = Daïra | subdivision_name3 = Miliana | subdivision_name = Algeria | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_note = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 55 | population_as_of = 2008 | population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Algeria – largest cities|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-66|publisher=World Gazeteer|access-date=11 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412050323/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-66 |archive-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> | population_total = 44,201 | population_density_km2 = 804 | timezone = CET | utc_offset = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|36|18|N|2|14|E|region:DZ_type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 721 | blank_name_sec1 = Miscellaneous | blank1_name_sec1 = Patron Saint | blank1_info_sec1 = Sidi Ahmed Ben Youcef | website = | established_title = | established_date = | footnotes = }} '''Miliana''' ({{langx|ar|مليانة}}) is an Algerian commune in the Aïn Defla province, serving as the capital of Miliana district approximately {{convert|114|km|mi}} southwest of the Algerian capital, Algiers.<ref name="eb">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382254/Miliana Miliana(Algeria)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103173447/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382254/Miliana|date=2014-01-03}}. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved October 3, 2010.</ref> It is located south of Dahra, on the slopes of Mount Zaccar, overlooking the Chelif Valley.

Founded in the 10th century by the Zirid prince Bologhine son of Ziri on the ruins of the Roman city Zucchabar, Miliana lost prominence during the colonial period. Its old town, with several monuments, is a preserved heritage site. Its population descends from Dahra Berbers, Arabs, Andalusians, and Jews.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basset |first=Rene |title=Etude Sur La Zenatia De L'Ouarsenis, Et Du Meghreb Central (1895) |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1166823825 |language=French |trans-title=Study on the Zenatia of Ouarsenis, and Central Meghreb (1895)}}</ref>

==Geography==

=== Location === The commune of Miliana is located in the north of the Aïn Defla wilaya. The town is located 114&nbsp;km to the southwest of Algiers, 50&nbsp;km to the west of Médéa, and 92&nbsp;km to the east of Chlef. {{Adjacent communities|width=auto|title=Neighboring Communes of Miliana|CENTER=Miliana|NORTHWEST=Ben Allal|NORTH=Aïn Torki|NORTHEAST=Aïn Torki|WEST=Ben Allal|EAST=Aïn Torki|SOUTHWEST=Khemis Miliana|SOUTH=Khemis Miliana|SOUTHEAST=Aïn Soltane}}

=== Topography === Due to its position in mountainous terrain, the elevation of Miliana differs greatly, ranging from {{convert|430|m|ft}} to {{convert|870|m|ft}}. It is built on a rocky shelf with steep edges on the southern slopes of [[:fr:Mont_Zaccar|Mount Zaccar Rherbi<sup>[fr]</sup>]], which covers its entire northern border and reaches {{convert|1550|m|ft}}. There is also a smaller ridge to the south that reaches {{convert|700|m|ft}}, separating Miliana from Khemis Miliana. The area around the town is well forested. To the east and south is the Chélif River Valley, and to the west is a large plateau that stretches to the Ouarsenis range.

==Climate== Miliana has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification ''Csa''), with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.

{{Weather box | location = Miliana (1991-2020) | single line = yes | metric first = yes | Jan record high C = 23.8 | Feb record high C = 27.3 | Mar record high C = 31.0 | Apr record high C = 33.8 | May record high C = 38.7 | Jun record high C = 42.4 | Jul record high C = 43.7 | Aug record high C = 45.2 | Sep record high C = 40.6 | Oct record high C = 37.4 | Nov record high C = 30.4 | Dec record high C = 24.9 | Jan high C = 12.7 | Feb high C = 13.7 | Mar high C = 16.9 | Apr high C = 19.8 | May high C = 24.6 | Jun high C = 30.3 | Jul high C = 34.9 | Aug high C = 34.8 | Sep high C = 29.5 | Oct high C = 24.3 | Nov high C = 17.1 | Dec high C = 13.6 | year high C = 22.7 | Jan mean C = 9.3 | Feb mean C = 9.9 | Mar mean C = 12.7 | Apr mean C = 15.1 | May mean C = 19.4 | Jun mean C = 24.5 | Jul mean C = 28.6 | Aug mean C = 28.6 | Sep mean C = 23.9 | Oct mean C = 19.4 | Nov mean C = 13.4 | Dec mean C = 10.3 | year mean C = 17.9 | Jan low C = 5.9 | Feb low C = 6.2 | Mar low C = 8.4 | Apr low C = 10.5 | May low C = 14.2 | Jun low C = 18.6 | Jul low C = 22.3 | Aug low C = 22.3 | Sep low C = 18.3 | Oct low C = 14.6 | Nov low C = 9.7 | Dec low C = 7.0 | year low C = 13.2 | Jan record low C = -5.8 | Feb record low C = -3.6 | Mar record low C = -2.3 | Apr record low C = 1.3 | May record low C = 3.4 | Jun record low C = 8.7 | Jul record low C = 14.0 | Aug record low C = 13.0 | Sep record low C = 10.0 | Oct record low C = 2.6 | Nov record low C = 1.3 | Dec record low C = -1.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 122.8 | Feb precipitation mm = 94.9 | Mar precipitation mm = 95.3 | Apr precipitation mm = 69.6 | May precipitation mm = 43.3 | Jun precipitation mm = 11.1 | Jul precipitation mm = 3.9 | Aug precipitation mm = 8.4 | Sep precipitation mm = 27.7 | Oct precipitation mm = 47.7 | Nov precipitation mm = 97.1 | Dec precipitation mm = 100.2 | year precipitation mm = 722.0 | unit precipitation days = 1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 10.4 | Feb precipitation days = 9.3 | Mar precipitation days = 8.0 | Apr precipitation days = 7.3 | May precipitation days = 5.2 | Jun precipitation days = 1.5 | Jul precipitation days = 0.7 | Aug precipitation days = 1.2 | Sep precipitation days = 3.5 | Oct precipitation days = 5.5 | Nov precipitation days = 9.4 | Dec precipitation days = 9.1 | year precipitation days = 71.1 | Jan sun = 171.1 | Feb sun = 177.6 | Mar sun = 224.1 | Apr sun = 249.8 | May sun = 295.9 | Jun sun = 335.6 | Jul sun = 355.3 | Aug sun = 329.8 | Sep sun = 259.7 | Oct sun = | Nov sun = 172.5 | Dec sun = 159.4 |source 1 = NOAA<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230927212353/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/Miliana_60430.csv | archive-date = 27 September 2023 | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/Miliana_60430.csv | title = Miliana Climate Normals 1991–2020 | work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = 27 September 2023}}</ref> }}

== Toponymy == [[File:Miliana2.jpg|alt=Aerial view of Miliana|thumb|Part of the city on the piedmont plateau, with Khemis Miliana in the background in the valley.]]Miliana corresponds<ref name="Brill">{{Cite web |url=http://www.encquran.brill.nl/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/succhabar-e12218230 |title=Werner Huß "Succhabar" in ''Brill's New Pauly'' (2011) |access-date=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035226/http://www.encquran.brill.nl/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/succhabar-e12218230 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ville">[http://www.algermiliana.com/pages/miliana/miliana-ville-historique.html Miliana ville historique] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324222626/http://www.algermiliana.com/pages/miliana/miliana-ville-historique.html|date=2014-03-24}}</ref> to the town of Punic origin known in Roman times as '''Zucchabar'''. Under Augustus, it was given the rank of ''colonia'' and was thus referred to as Colonia Iulia Augusta Zucchabar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/295374 |title=T.W. Potter, "Zucchabar" |access-date=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522102506/https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/295374 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Greek form of the name used by the geographer Ptolemy was Ζουχάββαρι (Zuchabbari).<ref>Ptolemy, Book 4, chapter 2 ([http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Ptol/ptol95.htm page 95 in the translation by Edward Luther Stevenson (New York, 1932)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324220730/http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Ptol/ptol95.htm|date=2014-03-24}}</ref> Pliny the Elder calls it "the colony of Augusta, also called Succabar",<ref name="Pliny">{{Cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D1 |title=Pliny, Natural Histories, book 5, chapter 1 |access-date=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304120637/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Buku |url-status=live }}</ref> and Ammianus Marcellinus gives it the name Sugabarri or (in adjectival form) Sugabarritanum.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_29_book29.htm |title=Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Roman History'', XXIX, V, 25 and 20 |access-date=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522102455/https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_29_book29.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=t3ZfAgAAQBAJ&dq=Succhabar&pg=PA179 Jan den Boeft, Jan Willem Drijvers, Daniël den Hengst, Hans Teitler (editors), ''Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXIX'' (Brill 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522102531/https://books.google.com/books?id=t3ZfAgAAQBAJ&dq=Succhabar&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q=Succhabar&f=false |date=2024-05-22 }} {{ISBN|978-90-0426787-9}}), p. 179</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGgMpaBtzDcC&dq=Sugabarri&pg=PA313 |title=George Sale, George Psalmanazar, Archibald Bower, George Shelvocke, John Campbell, John Swinton ''An Universal History, from the Earliest Account of Time'' (T. Osborne 1748), p. 313 |access-date=2023-03-17 |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522102453/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGgMpaBtzDcC&dq=Sugabarri&pg=PA313#v=onepage&q=Sugabarri&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Zucchabar belonged to the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis.<ref name="Brill" /><ref name="ville" /><ref name="Pliny" /> The film ''Gladiator'' mentioned a Roman province of Zucchabar, which did exist in fact .

The names Zucchabar or Sugabar were mentioned on epigraphic monuments nearby, indicating the place's belonging to a larger city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mon beau pays, Miliana|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/60079|last=Haddadou|first=M A|website=DjaZairess|language=fr}}</ref> This name may be of Phoenician or Libyco-Berber origin, meaning "wheat market."

The name Manliana or Malliana is cited in antiquity as an urban area located at the current site of the town or in the surrounding area, and Saint Augustin refers to a bishop of this city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Une ville, une histoire|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/14532|last=Noubi|first=K|website=DjaZairess|language=fr}}</ref> According to some, this name is derived from Latin and is attributed to the daughter of a patrician Roman family (Manlia) which owned large domains in the agricultural region of the Chélif River valley.

With the Muslim Conquest, the name "Manliana" was arabized to become Mel-Ana, meaning "full of richesses," then Milyana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Miliana la bienheureuse...|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lequotidien/12625|website=DjaZairess|language=fr}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Antiquity === For a long time Miliana was the sanctuary capital of the Numidian kings. In 105 BCE Jugurtha was captured not far from this region.<ref name=":0">Historical markers in the Emir Abdelkader municipal museum of Miliana</ref>

A Roman garrison was established in Zucchabar by Emperor Augustus between 27 and 25 BCE. The city is mentioned by Ammianus Marcelinus during the insurrection of the Berber leader Firmus in 375; the Roman general Theodosius the Elder left Caesarea (now Cherchell) to occupy Sugabarritanum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book XXIX, Roman HIstory|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/29*.html|last=Ammianus Marcellinus|editor-last=Thayer|editor-first=Bill|website=LacusCurtius|publisher=Reproduced from Loeb Classical Library: 1939|access-date=2021-02-19|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522104054/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/29%2A.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Zucchabar was an important city in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis and became a Christian episcopal see. The names of two of its Catholic bishops and one Donatist are recorded:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dO4-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA371 Stefano Antonio Morcelli, ''Africa christiana''], Volume I, Brescia 1816, p.&nbsp;371]</ref> *Maximianus, who attended the Conference of Carthage (411); **Germanus, the Donatist bishop who attended the same conference; *Stephanus, one of the Catholic bishops whom Huneric summoned to a meeting in Carthage in February 484 and then exiled.

The bishopric is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 1013</ref>

In the 5th century, with the arrival of the Vandals, the Roman city was abandoned along with most of its ancient monuments.

=== Medieval Muslim Algeria === alt=Former home of Emir Abdelkader, now the municipal museum.|left|thumb|Former home of Emir Abdelkader, now the municipal museum. Between 972 and 980, Prince Buluggin ibn Ziri, founder of Algiers and Médéa, constructed a medina atop the ruins of the Roman city. During this period, the city experienced a renaissance and great prosperity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Babo, Daniel|title=Algérie|others=Brestin, Olivier, Sèbe, Alain.|isbn=978-2-911328-96-1|location=Paris, France|oclc=896837368}}</ref> It is mentioned by several Muslim geographers. In the 10th century, Ibn Hawqal was the first to reference the city in his writings. He describes it as "Ancient city, equipped with water-mills turned by its waterway and possessing a large number of irrigation canals."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mon bon pays, Miliana (II)|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/60156|last=Haddadou|first=M A|website=DjaZairess|language=fr}}</ref> In the 11th century, Al-Bakri wrote that Miliana was one of the cities constructed by Buluggin, along with Algiers and Médéa. In the 14th century, Ibn Khaldun described the city as "part of the Maghrawa Beni Warsifen domain in the Chélif River plain," and that Buluggin had drawn the map for ''El Djezaïr'', ''Melyana'' and ''Lemdiya''. Throughout this period, Miliana was a haven of culture. It held a large number of scholars in different fields and scientists, including Ahmed Ben Otmane El Meliani, 13th century writer and poet, and Ali Ben Meki El Miliani, 14th century theologian and jurist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Histoire: Période arabo-musulmane|url=http://miliana.com/histoire/04arab00.html|website=miliana.com|language=fr}}</ref>

The city was in the territory of the Maghrawa tribe.

Like other cities in the Maghreb, Miliana underwent several conquests as well as political turmoil. In 1081, Yusuf Ibn Tashfin, leader of the Almoravids, occupied Algiers, Médéa, and Miliana. Afterward, the city was integrated into the Almohad Caliphate in 1149.<ref name=":0" /> In 1184, the Banu Ghaniya seized the city along with others in the central Maghreb. The following year, the Almohads reclaimed their territory, and the Banu Ghaniya withdrew from Ifriqiya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meynier, Gilbert, (1942- ...).|title=L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique : de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli, 698-1518|year=2010|publisher=La Découverte|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|location=Paris|oclc=690879697}}</ref>

In 1238, the Hafsids of Tunis supported their allies, the Banu Tudjin, in their possession of the city. In 1261, Abou Hafs, brother of the Hafsid emir of Tunis, laid siege to the city and conquered it with forces that included mercenary Christian knights led by the exile Henry of Castile. In 1268, the Zayyanid sovereign Yaghmurassen Ibn Zyan attempted to occupy the region of Miliana; the city would only become occupied by the Tlemcen kings in 1308 when the Abd al-Wadids imposed their authority over Miliana and nearly all the cities in the central Maghreb. During the fall of the Zayyanid Kingdom, one of this dynasty's prince seized Miliana, Médéa, and Ténès in 1438, but he was killed by his son who became the king of Ténès.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chitour, Chems-Eddine|title=Algérie : le passé revisité : une brève histoire de l'Algérie|date=2004|publisher=Casbah Editions|isbn=9961-64-496-4|edition=2. éd. rev. corr. et complétée|location=Alger|oclc=64130484}}</ref>

In 1517, Oreç Reis seized the city and the Chélif River valley; Miliana became an Ottoman caidat. However, the region saw many uprisings against the Ottoman rule during this period, notably that of Bouterik, sheik of the Soumata tribes in 1544.<ref name=":0" />

=== French Colonization === [[File:Ali la Pointe.JPG|alt=Statue of Ali La Pointe|thumb|Statue of Ali La Pointe in the square named after him.]] After the Invasion of Algiers in 1830, the French encountered resistance from the population who pledged allegiance to Emir Abdelkader, who established a caliphate in Miliana in 1835. The Peace Treaty of Desmichels guaranteed Emir Abdelkader the right to take possession of Miliana starting in 1835 where he was warmly welcomed by the city's general population and prominent citizens.

Due to its geostrategic position, Miliana became a caliphate governed by the caliph [[:fr:Hadj_Mohieddine|Mohieddine Seghir<sup>[fr]</sup>]] (1835-1837) and then [[:fr:Mohammed_Ben_Allel|Ben Allel<sup>[fr]</sup>]] (1837-1840) who led 10,440 combattants. The emir built several establishments there, including the caliphate seat and an arms manufactory.<ref name=":0" />

The city was occupied in 1840 by Marshal Valée's troops, but the garrison was sieged several times by Ben Allel and local tribes. Reinforcements were therefore dispatched from Algiers by Marshal Bugeaud to support those under siege.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stora, Benjamin|title=Histoire de l'Algérie coloniale : 1830-1954|date=2004|publisher=La Découverte|isbn=2-7071-4466-5|edition=Nouv. éd|location=Paris|oclc=419827295}}</ref> Abdelkader ordered Miliana burned rather than surrendering to the French. The town eventually fell under French control in 1842.<ref name="LookLex">[http://i-cias.com/e.o/miliana.htm Miliana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923195024/http://i-cias.com/e.o/miliana.htm|date=2020-09-23}}. LookLex Encyclopaedia. Retrieved on October 3, 2010.</ref> Ben Allel died in 1843 and the French troops burned the city in 1844 to drive out the emir's followers.<ref name=":2" /> It was rebuilt in the French Colonial architectural style.<ref name="eb" />

Emperor Napoleon III visited Miliana in 1865. In 1901, the Righa tribes of Aïn Torki revolted, under the direction of Sheikh Yakoub.<ref name=":0" />

During this period, the city was marginalized in favor of the colonially created Khemis Miliana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Côte, Marc, 1934- ...|title=Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine|date=1996|publisher=Media-plus|isbn=9961-922-00-X|location=Algérie|oclc=468677352}}</ref>

In 1957 during the Algerian War a battle took place at the Oued Guergour to the south of Miliana between the mujahideens and the French army.

From 1874 to 1975 up to 2000 people worked in an underground iron ore mine on Mont Zaccar, which transported the ore and passengers by the {{convert|9|km|mi}} Miliana-Margueritte Tramway to the nearest PLM railway station in Miliana-Margueritte.

== Demographics == Miliana is an old city, populated by the descendants of Arabs, Moriscos, Kouloughlis, and Berbers of the Mount Zaccar region.<ref name=":1" />

Miliana is the fourth most populous commune in the wilaya of Aïn Defla, after Khemis Miliana, Aïn Defla, and El Attaf, and according to the 2008 Algerian Census, the population of the commune is registered at 44,201 residents as opposed to 22,528 in 1977: {{Demography | 1977 = 22,528 | 1987 = 27,183 | 1998 = 39,662 | 2008 = 44,201 | source = Census<ref>url=https://citypopulation.de/php/algeria-admin.php?adm2id=4402 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522113528/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/algeria/admin/ |date=2024-05-22 }}</ref> }}

==Town structure== alt=Map of Miliana, late 1950s|left|thumb|Map of Miliana, late 1950s. The center of Miliana has a Muslim quarter and a French quarter, both of which are surrounded by city walls built on Turkish and Arab foundations. The main site in the Muslim quarter is the Mosque of Sidi Ahmed ben Yousef. Built in the Moorish style, the mosque is the location of a biannual pilgrimage. The Muslim quarter also contains a covered marketplace. The modern section of the town center, known as the Place Cornot (or Place de l'Horloge), is shaded by trees and contains a clock tower, formerly a minaret.<ref name="eb"/><ref name="LookLex"/>

==Economy== Miliana is primarily an agricultural town. Its vineyards, orchards and gardens, which lie below the town center, are fed by water from nearby mountains that usually have snow in winters. Hydroelectricity is used to power tile factories, flour mills and other light industries.<ref name="eb"/><ref name="LookLex"/>

==Recreation== The game of ''El Koura'' is a traditional game that was played in Miliana, Laghouat and other places prior to French colonization. Similar to association football,<ref name="Sato">Sato, Daisuke. "[http://www.shobix.co.jp/ijshs/tempfiles/journal/3/20040072.pdf Sport and Identity in Tunisia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722094905/http://www.shobix.co.jp/ijshs/tempfiles/journal/3/20040072.pdf |date=2011-07-22 }}." ''International Journal of Sport and Health Science'' Vol 3 (2005): 27-34. Retrieved October 3, 2010.</ref> the game was played during the spring and times of extreme drought because it was believed to bring rain.<ref>Hartland, E. Sidney. "Games." ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics'' Part 11. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger, 2003. 167-71.</ref> After French colonization, European sports, especially association football, became more popular.<ref name="Sato"/>

The town is home to Algerian club football team S.C. Miliana.<ref>[http://club-soccer.com/Continents/africa/algeria/index.html Algeria] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322214943/http://club-soccer.com/Continents/africa/algeria/index.html |date=2010-03-22 }}. Club-Soccer.com. Retrieved October 3, 2010.</ref>

== Culture == [[File:Maure Miliana.jpg|alt=Moorish style house|thumb|Moorish style house]] Miliana is home to several musical groups who specialize in different Algerian musical genres: Andalusian, Chaabi, and Zurna.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miliana. Associations culturelles locales|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/62507|last=H|first=M'hamed|website=DjaZairess|language=fr|postscript=. Originally published in El Watan, March 6, 2007.}}</ref> It hosts an Andalusian music festival, which brings together musicians from the three Algerian schools of music: [[:fr:Sanâa_(musique)|Sanâa<sup>[fr]</sup>]] of Algiers, Gharnati of Tlemcen, and Ma'luf of Constantine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Une manifestation qui manque de souffle|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemidi/804200801|last=Baba Hadji|first=Farouk|website=DjaZairess|language=fr|postscript=. Originally published in Le Midi Libre, April 20, 2008.}}</ref>

The celebration of Mawlid al-Nabi (celebrating the birth of Muhammed) in Miliana stands out because of the crafting of ''m'narette'', wooden and reed models of mosques, towers, and boats. On the eve of Mawlid, a parade of ''m'narette'', lit up with candles and decorated with sweets and fruits, makes its way to the Sidi Ahmed Benyoucef mosque.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miliana: M'narette pour El Mawlid|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/17776|last=L|first=Aziza|website=DjaZairess|language=fr}}</ref>

Miliana's ''Rekb'' is a regional tradition of the Berber tribe of Beni Farah, an annual pilgrimage to the interior of the mausoleum of Sidi Ahmed Benyoucef. Hundred of pilgrims come from several regions throughout the country to make their journey from the city of Messelmoun (Tipaza wilaya) to the saint's mausoleum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Entre un passé glorieux et une amère réalité|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/126855|last=L|first=Aziza|website=DjaZairess|language=fr|postscript=. Originally published in El Watan, May 25, 2009.}}</ref>

Miliana's Cherry Festival is an annual socio-cultural event established during colonization and has been maintained since independence. It takes place during the last week of June. The festival allows the citizens of Miliana to celebrate the qualities of Miliana's cherries, and enables visitors to discover the city's customs and to try the different confections mades from cherries. The festival experienced a decade-long hiatus, then was once more celebrated as part of a plan to revive specific local celebrations in the Aïn Defla wilaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Retour en juin de la Fête des cerises de Miliana|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/117200|website=DjaZairess|language=fr|postscript=. Originally published in El Watan, Feb 17, 2009.}}</ref> Cherry production greatly declined along with other horticulture; construction and the destructuring of the city's gardens are the principal cause.

== Local Sites == Some monuments from the 18th and 19th centuries remain today. The former home of Emir Abdelkader is a Moorish style building located in the city center, restored and transformed into the museum of Miliana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Miliana, Histoire des Monuments|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/1374|last=Amir|first=Aziza|website=DjaZairess|language=fr|postscript=. Originally published in Info Soir, July 28, 2003.}}</ref> It contains several exposition halls on the history of the region, including archeological artifacts from the Roman and Muslim periods, the popular revolts against French conquest, and also ethnographic objects from Southern Algeria.

The Sidi Ahmed Benyoucef Mosque is dedicated to the saint Abu El-Abbas Ahmed Benyoucef Errachidi, a mystic figure born in Kalaa near Mascara in the mid-15th century, who died in 1526 and was interred in Miliana in 1774 by Mohamed El-Kebir, the bey of Oran. The minaret El-Batha was part of a previous mosque called ''djemâa El-Turk'' or ''djemâa El-Batha''; this mosque was destroyed around 1844 for the construction of a public square and its minaret was transformed into a clocktower.<ref name=":3" />

Emir Abdelkader's arms manufactory, located in a suburb of the city, was erected by the emir around 1839. The ramparts, according to some sources, are ancient in origin, but they have undergone many transformations, particularly for the extension of the colonial city.<ref name=":3" /> The city contains a large public garden created in 1890.<ref name=":2" /><gallery> File:Miliana 2012.JPG|alt=City center; clocktower and museum|City center; clocktower and museum File:Musée EAK.JPG|alt=Emir Abdelkader Museum|Emir Abdelkader Museum File:Miliana-2.jpg|alt=Ramparts and suburbs|Ramparts and suburbs File:Rom Miliana.JPG|alt=The Place Ammar Ali overlook|The Place Ammar Ali overlook File:Le minaret El-Batha.png|alt=El-Batha minaret|El-Batha minaret File:Mus Miliana.jpg|alt=Museum of Miliana|Museum of Miliana File:AEK2 Miliana.jpg|alt=Emir Abdelkader's home|Emir Abdelkader's home File:Jardin Miliana.png|alt=Miliana's public garden|Miliana's public garden File:Mausole Miliana.JPG|alt=Mausoleum of the Saint|Mausoleum of the Saint </gallery>

==Notable people associated with Miliana==

*Sidi Ahmed Benyoucef Errachidi (1435–1524), whose mausoleum was classified a historic monument in 1978. *Mohamed Charef (1908-2011), theologian and mufti. *Mohamed Belhocine (born 1951), Algerian medical scientist, professor of internal medicine and epidemiology. *Mustapha Ferroukhi<sup>[[:fr:Mustapha_Ferroukhi|[fr]]]</sup>, resistance fighter. *Mohamed Bouras<sup>[[:fr:Mohamed_Bourass|[fr]]]</sup>, founder of the Algerian Muslim Scouts. *Ali Ammar known as Ali La Pointe (1930-1957), resistance fighter and martyr of the Algerian Revolution. Hero of the Battle of Algiers. *Augustin Ferrando[[:fr:Augustin_Ferrando|<sup>[fr]</sup>]] (1880–1957), Orientalist painter, director of the School of Fine Arts in Oran. *Marcello Fabri<sup>[[:fr:Marcello_Fabri|[fr]]]</sup> (1889–1945), poet and Orientalist painter, essayist, philosopher, art critic, playwright, founder of two journals. *Mohammed Benchicou (1952-), eminent journalist *Alphonse Daudet (1840-1897), writer, visited here. In his ''Letters from My Windmill'', there is a short story entitled "À Milianah." *Lantri Elfoul (1936-2012), professor of translation, author of ''Miliana la mémoire'', 2009 (Casbah éditions) and ''Traité de traductologie'', 2006 (Casbah éditions), born and raised in Zougala, Miliana. *Walter Amsallem<sup>[[:fr:Walter_Amsallem|[fr]]]</sup> (1931-), former mayor of Beauvais (1977-2001), born in Miliana *Pierre Bolotte<sup>[[:fr:Pierre_Bolotte|[fr]]]</sup> (1921-2008), sub-prefect of Miliana *Jean Kay<sup>[[:fr:Jean_Kay|[fr]]]</sup> (1943-2012), adventurer and writer * Mahfoud Ferroukhi<sup>[[:fr:Mahfoud_Ferroukhi|[fr]]]</sup> (1953-), Algerian archeologist. * Mustapha Tounsi<sup>[[:fr:Mustapha_Tounsi|[fr]]]</sup> (1939-2018), officer in the ALN (National Liberation Army) and writer * Noureddine Ferroukhi<sup>[[:fr:Noureddine_Ferroukhi|[fr]]]</sup> (1959-2019), plastic artist and teacher.

==References== {{Portal|Algeria}} {{Reflist}}

{{Aïn Defla Province}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Archaeological sites in Algeria Category:Communes of Aïn Defla Province Category:Algeria geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia Category:Cities in Algeria