{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=August 2009}} {{improve categories|date=August 2025}}}} {{Infobox music genre | name = Gharnati | native_name = | etymology = | other_names = {{hlist|San'a of Tlemcen|School of Tlemcen|Gharnata}} | image = Hadj Larbi Bensari.jpg | alt = | caption = Hadj Larbi Bensari, an emblematic figure of the school of Tlemcen (Ghernati) of the 20th century | stylistic_origins = Granada (Emirate of Granada), Tlemcen (Algeria) | cultural_origins = | instruments = {{hlist|Rebab|kwitra ''(Algerian 'ud)''|kemandja|mandoline|qanun|f'hal}} | derivatives = | subgenres = {{hlist|Nuba|Inqilab|Qadriyya|Hawzi|'Aroubi|Madih (panegyric)}} | subgenrelist = | fusiongenres = | regional_scenes = | local_scenes = | other_topics = The school of Algiers (sanaa), {{ill|Algerian malouf|lt=The school of Constantine (malouf)|fr|Malouf algérien}} | footnotes = | current_year = }} thumb|Mṣeddar raṣd ə-Dīl "rani bi-l-afrah" sung by Lazaar BEN DALI YAHIA.
'''Gharnati''' ({{langx|ar|الغرناطي}}) is an Algerian variety of Andalusian classical music originating in Tlemcen. Its name is derived from the Arabic name of the city of Granada. Gharnati has also become an established tradition in other cities in western Algeria, such as Oran, Nedroma and Sidi-Bel-Abbès. In the 20th century it also spread to Morocco after being brought over by Algerian families who moved there fleeing French colonial rule in Algeria, and eventually founding conservatories in cities like Oujda and Rabat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Langlois |first=Tony |date=20 January 2001 |editor-last1=Sadie |editor-first1=Stanley |editor-last2=Tyrrell |editor-first2=John |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edn, ed |publisher=Macmillan|location=London |pages= |chapter=Algeria, People's Democratic Republic of |isbn=0195170679|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/search?isQuickSearch=true&q=gharnati&searchBtn=Search}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5AVpiscx7YC&dq=oujda+arabo-andalouse&pg=PP444 |title = The Literature of Al-Andalus|isbn = 9780521471596|last1 = Sells|first1 = Professor Michael A.|pages = 72–73|date = 2000-08-31 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archivi.dar.unibo.it/files/muspe/wwcat/period/ma/index/number8/ciucci/ciucciweb.html|title=Anthologie de la Musique Marocaine|author=Ahmed Aydoun|date=2001–2002|access-date=June 2, 2022|archive-date=October 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005212321/https://archivi.dar.unibo.it/files/muspe/wwcat/period/ma/index/number8/ciucci/ciucciweb.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Features == === Modes === The modes ''(Arabic: طبوع: tūbūb')'' that are known in the school of Tlemcen are the following:<ref name="Allal S">{{Cite web|last=Allal|first=Samir|title=The Musical Tradition of Tlemcen : One of the alternatives of the Maghrebi-Andalusian Nûba|url=https://fr.scribd.com/document/338266797/Ecole-de-Tlemcen|access-date=June 29, 2020}}</ref>
* Mawwāl ''(الموال)'' ** Mawwāl ''(الموال)'' ** Dīl ''(الذيل)'' ** Raṣd ə-Dīl ''(رصد الذيل)'' ** Māya ''(الماية)'' * Zīdān ''(الزيدان)'' ** Zīdān ''(الزيدان)'' ** Raml əl-ʿAšiyya ''(رمل العشية)'' ** Mǧənba ''(المجنبة)'' * Raml əl-Māya ''(رمل الماية)'' ** Raml əl-Māya ''(رمل الماية)'' ** Raṣd ''(الرصد)'' * 'Iraq Maṭlūq ''(العراق المطلوق)'' ** 'Iraq Maṭlūq ''(العراق المطلوق)'' ** Ḥsīn ''(الحسين)'' ** Ġrībat əl-Ḥsīn ''(غريبة الحسين)'' * Məzmūm ''(المزموم)'' ** Məzmūm ''(المزموم)'' * Sīkā ''(السيكاه)'' ** Sīkā ''(السيكاه)'' * Ǧārkā ''(الجاركاه)'' ** Ǧārkā ''(الجاركاه)'' * ‘Irāq Maḥṣūr ''(العراق المحصور)'' ** ‘Irāq Maḥṣūr ''(العراق المحصور)'' ** Ġrīb ''(الغريب)''
=== The nuba === In Tlemcen, a nuba is a musical composition consisting of an ordered suite of vocal and instrumental pieces built around five movements whose rhythm progresses from very slow to very light and which are divided into two theoretical parts, the first comprising the first three movements ''(mṣeddar, bṭāyḥī and derǧ)'' and the second, the last two ''(inṣirāf and meẖles)''.
The structure of a typical nuba:<ref name="Guerbas R">{{Cite journal|last=Guerbas|first=Rachid|date=2002|title=Chant et musique de la Nawba ou Nûba algérienne|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2002_num_47_1_2055|journal=Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire|volume=47|issue=1|pages=24–35|doi=10.3406/horma.2002.2055}}</ref><ref name="Ghoul Y">Ghoul, Yahia (1993) ''Étude des rythmes du patrimoine musical andalou de l'école de Tlemcen [Study of the rhythms of the Andalusian musical heritage of the school of Tlemcen]'', the fifteenth national festival of the andalusian music, Tlemcen, Algeria.</ref><ref name="Allal S"/>
# Mšālyā: an unmeasured instrumental prelude that introduces and develops the main mode and neighboring modes used in its development. It also introduces the audience into its mood and plays the role of a rhythmic introduction to the tūšiyya. # Tūšiyya: instrumental ouverture composed of several patterns (each repeated once) in which follow a series of rhythmic signatures recalling the five movements that form the nuba. #* Rhythmic cycle (mîzān): ({{music|quaver}} = 110) #** Mîzān əl-bašraf ǧwāb "instrumental" ({{music|time|4|4}}) #** Mîzān əl-inqilāb ({{music|time|2|8}}) #** Mîzān əl-qṣîd ǧwāb "instrumental" ({{music|time|8|8}}) #** Mîzān əl-inṣirāf / əl-meẖles ({{music|time|6|8}}) # Mšālyā: ''(see above)'' # Kūrsi al-mṣeddar: a melodic and rhythmic pattern that introduces the first movement. #* Rhythmic cycle (mîzān): #** Mîzān əl-qṣîd ǧwāb "instrumental" ({{music|time|8|8}}) # Kūrsi al-mṣedrayn: a melodic and rhythmic pattern that separates two mṣeddar-s. # Mṣeddar (first movement): vocal and instrumental piece (one or more). #* Rhythmic cycle (mîzān): #** Singing: mîzān əl-qṣîd qūl ({{music|time|16|8}}) #** Instrumental answer: mîzān əl-qṣîd ǧwāb ({{music|time|4|8}}) # Kūrsi al-bṭāyḥī: a melodic and rhythmic pattern that introduces the second movement. #* Rhythmic cycle (mîzān): #** Mîzān əl-bašraf ǧwāb "instrumental" ({{music|time|4|4}}) # Bṭāyḥī (second movement): vocal and instrumental piece (one or more). #* Rhythmic cycle (mîzān): #** Singing: mîzān əl-bašraf qūl ({{music|time|4|8}}) #** Instrumental answer: mîzān əl-bašraf ǧwāb ({{music|time|4|4}}) # Kūrsi əl -derǧ: a melodic and rhythmic pattern that introduces the third movement. #* Rhythmic cycle (mîzān): #** Mîzān əl-derǧ ({{music|time|6|4}}) # Derǧ (third movement): vocal and instrumental piece (one or more). #* Rhythmic cycle (mîzān): #** Mîzān əl-derǧ ({{music|time|6|4}}) # Istiḥbār: Unmeasured vocal improvisation where the musician displays his inspiration and his virtuosity. # Tūšiyyet əl-inṣirāfāt: instrumental interlude introducing the fourth movement (inṣirāf). In its absence, the kūrsi əl-inṣirāf takes its place. #* Rhythmic cycle (mîzān): #** Mîzān əl-inṣirāf ({{music|time|6|8}}) # Inṣirāf (fourth movement): vocal and instrumental piece (one or more). #* Rhythmic cycle (mîzān): #** Mîzān əl-inṣirāf ({{music|time|6|8}}) # Meẖles (fifth movement): vocal and instrumental piece (one or more). #* Rhythmic cycle (mîzān): #** Mîzān əl-meẖles ({{music|time|6|8}}) # Tūšiyyet əl -kamāl: Instrumental piece ending the nuba. It may also serve to introduce another nuba.
=== Nubat əl-inqilābāt === It is a suite composed of vocal and instrumental pieces (Muwashshah and zajal) in which different modes and rhythmic cycles follow one another (mîzān əl-qṣîd ǧwāb (8/4), mīzān ə-sofyān (7/4), mîzān əl-bašrāf ǧwāb (4/4) and bašrāf qūl (8/4), mîzān əl-Gūbbāḥī (4/4) and mîzān əl-inṣirāf (6/8)).<ref name="Allal S"/>
=== Slisla === Slisla refers to a kind of nubat əl-inqilābāt in which pieces (inqilābāt) evolve in the same rhythmic cycle (mīzān), such as ''slislet mîzān əl-qṣîd'', ''slislet mīzān ə-ṣofyān'', ''slislet mīzān əl-bašraf'' or ''slislet mīzān əl-inṣirāf''. Each slisla begins with a mšālyā and a tūšiyya, and ends with a meẖles.<ref name="Ghoul Y"/>
=== Qadriyya === It is a small vocal piece<ref name="Guerbas R"/> composed in a ''mîzān əl-inṣirāf'' ({{music|time|6|8}}) often used to close a classical nuba.<ref name="Allal S"/> Qadriyya-s are found in seven modes<ref name="Allal S"/> including mawwāl, zīdān, ğārkā, raml əl-Māya, ‘Irāq and sīkā.
== Representative artists == === Algeria === ==== Composers ==== * Mohamed ibn al-Khamis<ref name="El Hassar A">{{cite news |last=El Hassar |first=Abdelkader Salim |date=2017 |title=L'apport de nos poètes et musiciens est considérable |trans-title=The contribution of our poets and musicians is considerable |url=http://sudhorizons.dz/images//HorizonsPDF/15-08-2018.pdf |work={{ill|Horizons (Algérie)|lt=Horizons|fr|Horizons (Algérie)}} |issue=6497 |language=fr |pages=11}}</ref> (1252-1369) * Abou Hammou Moussa II<ref name="El Hassar">{{cite news |last=El Hassar |first=Abdelkader Salim |date=2017 |title=La "Sana'a", "Ala" ou "Gharnata" : un art musical national (Suite et fin) |trans-title=The «Sana'a», «Ala» or «Gharnata» : a national musical art (Continuation and end) |url=http://www.lequotidien-oran.com/index.php?news=5247458 |work=Le Quotidien d'Oran |language=fr |access-date=2020-06-26 }}</ref> (1324-1388), the eighth sultan of the zayyanid dynasty. * Ibn al-Banna a-Tilimsani<ref name="El Hassar"/> 14th century * Abi Djamaa Talalisi<ref name="El Hassar"/> (1330-?), the doctor-poet of the zayyanid dynasty court.<ref name="El Hassar B">{{cite news |last=El Hassar |first=Bénali |date=2016-06-20 |title=Plaidoyer pour un festival international de la Sana'a-Gharnata à Tlemcen |trans-title=Advocacy for an international Sana'a-Gharnata festival in Tlemcen |url=http://www.lequotidien-oran.com/index.php?news=5230370 |work=Le Quotidien d'Oran |language=fr |access-date=2020-06-26 }}</ref> * Abou Othmane Said El Mendassi<ref name="El Hassar"/> (1583-1677) * Ahmed al-Bekri<ref name="El Hassar"/> (17th century) * Ibn Nachit<ref name="El Hassar B"/> (17th century) * Ahmed Ben Triki<ref name="El Hassar"/> (1650-1750) * Abou Abdillah Mohamed Ben Ahmed Ben Msayeb<ref name="El Hassar"/> (1688-1768) * Moulay Ahmed Ben Antar<ref name="El Hassar Ba">{{cite news |last=El Hassar |first=Bénali |date=2009-06-20 |title=Musique arabo-andalouse : de sa permanence... des hommes de lettres, des arts et des interprètes |trans-title=Arab-Andalusian music : of its permanence ... men of letters, arts and performers |url=http://www.lequotidien-oran.com/index.php?news=5122751 |work=Le Quotidien d'Oran |language=fr |access-date=2020-06-26 }}</ref> (18th century) * Mohamed Bendebbah a-Tilimsani<ref name="El Hassar"/> (18th century) * Mohamed Touati<ref name="El Hassar Ba"/> (18th century) * M’barek Bouletbaq<ref name="El Hassar"/> (18th century-1768) * Boumediene Bensahla<ref name="El Hassar A"/> (18th century-1797)
==== Great masters and famous performers ====
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em| * Abdelkader Kermouni-Serradj (1855-1946) * Abdelkrim Dali (1914-1978) * Abderrahmane Sekkal (1910-1985) * Abdeslam Bensari * Amine Kalfat (1942) * Amine Mesli (1955-2006) * Bachir Zerrouki (1924-2004) * Cheikh Larbi Bensari (1872-1964) * Cheikha Tetma (1891-1962) * El Hadj Hammadi Baghdadli (1797-1867) * El Hadj Mohamed El Ghaffour (1930) * Fewzi Kalfat (1959) * Ghaouti Dib (1863-1917) * Salah Boukli-Hacene (1946) * Mahieddine Kamal Malti (1929-2011) * Khair-Eddine Aboura (1908-1977) * Lazaar Ben Dali Yahia (1894-1940) * Maallem Mohamed Tchouar [1845-1933] * Maâlem Ichoua Mediouni alias ''"Maqchich"'' (1829-1899) * Maklouf Rouch alias ''"B'teina"'' (1858-1931) * Ménouar Benattou (1847-1899) * Mahmoud Bensari * Mohamed Benchaabane alias ''"Boudelfa"'' (1853-1914) * Mohamed Benghebrit * Mohamed Bensmail (1892-1940) * Mohammed Bouali * Mohamed Dib (1861-1915) * Mohamed Seghir Bessaoud (1876-1930) * Moulai Ahmed Medeghri (1843-1925) * Moulay Djilali Ziani-Cherif (1873-1939) * Mustapha Aboura (1875-1935) * Mustapha Belkhoudja (1917-1968) * Mustapha Senouci Brixi (1919-2010) * Omar Bekhchi (1884-1958) * Redouane Bensari (1914-2002) * Reinette l'Oranaise * Rifel Mahmoud Kalfat * Saoud l'Oranais * Yahia Ghoul }}
==== Current celebrities ==== * Amina Karadja * Anis Amanallah Kalfat * Badr Eddine Khaldoun * Brahim Hadj Kacem * Dalila Mekadder * Karim Boughazi * Khalil Baba Ahmed * Nisrine Ghenim * Nouri Kouffi * Rym Hakiki * Larbi Louazani * Leila Benmrah * Lila Borsali
=== Morocco === ==== Famous performers ==== * Bouchnak Benyounes dit Afendi * Cheikh Mohammed Salah Chaabane * Chaabane Sidi Mohammed * Chaabane Nasreddine * Kerzazi Cheikh Brahim * Hamid Bazi * [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha%C3%A2_Ronda Bahaa Ronda] * Ahmed Piro * Amina Alaoui
=== France === * Françoise Atlan
==Notes and references== {{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gharnati Music}} Category:Music of Algeria