List of diving environments by type

{{Short description|Variety of environments that people may dive in}} {{See also|Underwater diving environment}} thumb|Ice diving|alt= A diver is visible underwater in a hole cut in the ice cover of a small lake. Blocks of ice cut to form the hole are stacked to one side, and a second diver sits on the edge of the hole with his legs in the water. A rough wooden ladder bridges the hole. The dive site is cordoned off with a red and white tape, and other members of the support team stand to the side, with onlookers outside the cordon. The '''diving environment''' is the natural or artificial surroundings in which a dive is done. It is usually underwater, but professional diving is sometimes done in other liquids. Underwater diving is the human practice of voluntarily descending below the surface of the water to interact with the surroundings, for various recreational or occupational reasons, but the concept of diving also legally extends to immersion in other liquids, and exposure to other pressurised environments.<ref name="SA Diving Regulations 2009" /> Some of the more common diving environments are listed and defined here.

The diving environment is limited by accessibility and risk, but includes water and occasionally other liquids. Most underwater diving is done in the shallower coastal parts of the oceans, and inland bodies of fresh water, including lakes, dams, quarries, rivers, springs, flooded caves, reservoirs, tanks, swimming pools, and canals, but may also be done in large bore ducting and sewers, power station cooling systems, cargo and ballast tanks of ships, and liquid-filled industrial equipment. The environment may affect equipment configuration: for instance, freshwater is less dense than saltwater, so less added weight is needed to achieve diver neutral buoyancy in freshwater dives.<ref name="Graver2010" /> Water temperature, visibility and movement also affect the diver and the dive plan.<ref name="Jablonski 2006" /> Diving in liquids other than water may present special problems due to density, viscosity and chemical compatibility of diving equipment, as well as possible environmental hazards to the diving team.<ref name="High risk" />

Benign conditions, sometimes also referred to as confined water, are environments of low risk, where it is extremely unlikely or impossible for the diver to get lost or entrapped, or be exposed to hazards other than the basic underwater environment. These conditions are suitable for initial training in the critical survival skills, and include swimming pools, training tanks, aquarium tanks and some shallow and protected shoreline areas.<ref name="CoP Benign" />

Open water is unrestricted water such as a sea, lake or flooded quarry, where the diver has unobstructed direct vertical access to the surface of the water in contact with the atmosphere.<ref name="Aus Part 3" /> Open-water diving implies that if a problem arises, the diver can directly ascend vertically to the atmosphere to breathe air.<ref name="Divers dictionary" /> Wall diving is done along a near vertical face. Blue-water diving is done in {{Diving term|mid-water}} where the bottom is out of sight of the diver and there may be no fixed visual reference.<ref name="Haddock and Heine" /> Black-water diving is mid-water diving at night, particularly on a moonless night.<ref name="Black-water" /><ref name="Indigo" />

{{anchor|overhead environment}}An overhead or {{visible anchor|penetration diving}} environment is where the diver enters a space from which there is no direct, purely vertical ascent to the safety of breathable atmosphere at the surface. Cave diving, wreck diving, ice diving and diving inside or under other natural or artificial underwater structures or enclosures are examples. The restriction on direct ascent increases the risk of diving under an overhead, and this is usually addressed by adaptations of procedures and use of equipment such as redundant breathing gas sources and guide lines to indicate the route to the exit.<ref name="CoP Scientific" /><ref name="High risk" /><ref name="Jablonski 2006" />

Night diving can allow the diver to experience a different underwater environment, because many marine animals are nocturnal.<ref name="BSAC" /> Altitude diving, for example in mountain lakes, requires modifications to the decompression schedule because of the reduced atmospheric pressure.<ref name="Jackson 2000" /><ref name="USNDM R6" />

== Recreational dive sites == [[File:BlueHole Rohscan bearb 150d.jpg|thumb|The Blue Hole in Dahab, Egypt, a world-renowned recreational dive site|alt= View of the coastal waters from the top of a hill, showing an approximately circular hole in the shallow coastal reef tangent to the deeper water offshore.]] {{main|Recreational dive sites}} The common term for a place at which one may dive is a dive site. As a general rule, professional diving is done where the work needs to be done, and recreational diving is done where conditions are suitable. There are many recorded and publicised recreational dive sites which are known for their convenience, points of interest, and frequently favourable conditions.

{{annotated link|Recreational dive sites}} *{{annotated link|Index of recreational dive sites}} *{{annotated link|Inland dive site|Inland dive sites}} *{{annotated link|Coastal dive site|Coastal dive sites}} *{{annotated link|Cave|Flooded caves}} *{{annotated link|Coral reef|Coral reefs}} *{{annotated link|Lake|Lakes}} *{{annotated link|Muck diving}} *{{annotated link|Scuba diving quarry|Flooded quarries}} *{{annotated link|Rocky reef}} *{{annotated link|Wreck diving}}

== Diver training sites == {{see also|Diver training#Training venues for diving skills}} Diver training facilities for both professional and recreational divers generally use a small range of dive sites which are familiar and convenient, and where conditions are predictable and the environmental risk is relatively low.<ref name="CoP Training" /> *{{annotated link|Swimming pool}} *{{annotated link|Diver training tank}} *{{annotated link|Confined water (diving)|Confined water}} *{{annotated link|Open water (diving)|Open water}}

== Hyperbaric treatment and transport environments == Physiologically and legally, a compression in a diving chamber is considered a dive. Various options for hypebaric transportation and treatment exist, each with its own characteristics, applications and operational procedures. *{{annotated link|Closed bell}} *{{annotated link|Hyperbaric evacuation system}} *{{annotated link|Hyperbaric lifeboat}} *{{annotated link|Hyperbaric stretcher}} *{{annotated link|In-water recompression}} *{{annotated link|Recompression chamber}} *{{annotated link|Transfer under pressure}}

== Environments by confinement == Confinement can influence diver safety and the ability of the diver to perform the required task. Some types of confinement improve safety by limiting the ability of the diver to move into higher risk areas, others limit the ability of the diver to maneuver or to escape to a place of safety in an emergency. *{{annotated link|Confined space}} *{{annotated link|Confined water (diving)|Confined water}}. The Queensland government define confined water for recreational diving purposes as "Water which offers pool-like conditions, good visibility, and water which is shallow enough so that all divers can stand up with their heads well clear of the water".<ref name="Qld CoP rec diving" /> Other definitions do not require such shallow depth, but may have a depth restriction. *{{annotated link|Open water (diving)|Open water}} **{{annotated link|Blue-water diving}} **{{annotated link|Black-water diving}} *{{annotated link|Penetration diving|aka=overhead environments}} **{{annotated link|Cave diving}} **{{annotated link|Cavern diving}} **{{annotated link|Culvert}} **{{annotated link|Ice diving}} **{{annotated link|Intake}} ***{{annotated link|Penstock}} **{{annotated link|Overhang (rock formation)|Overhang}} – A topographical feature which is open to one side, but obstructed overhead, and deep enough for a diver to be under the overhang. **{{annotated link|Restriction (diving)|Restriction}} – A minor restriction is too small for two divers to swim through together, a major restriction requires the diver to remove equipment to fit through.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deepdarkdiving.com/en/cave-diving-restrictions/ |title=Cave diving restrictions |website=deepdarkdiving.com |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804010527/http://deepdarkdiving.com/en/cave-diving-restrictions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> **{{annotated link|Sewerage}} **{{annotated link|Swim-through}} – Arch, or short, clear tunnel that has sufficient space to allow a diver to swim through and where the light of the opening at the far end is visible through the hole. **Under ships – usually for inspection, maintenance and repair, or incidentally, when diving from one. In some cases the gap between the ship and the bottom or the jetty or dock can be quite small. **{{annotated link|Wreck diving}}

== Environments by visibility == Visibility in the diving medium directly affects diver safety and the ability to complete useful tasks. In some cases this can be mitigated by technology to improve visibility, but often the task procedures must be modified to suit the capacity of the diver, and the diver must have training and equipment bto deal with emergencies under more difficult circumstances. *{{annotated link|Blue-water diving}} *{{annotated link|Low visibility diving}} **{{annotated link|Silt out}} *{{annotated link|Night diving}} **{{annotated link|Black-water diving}}

== Environments by hazard ==  Besides the hazards associated with the underwater environment itself, there are a considerable variety of hazard types and risk levels to which a diver may be exposed due to the circumstances of the dive task. Many of these are normally only encountered by professional specialists, and the means of reducing risk to an acceptable level may be complex and expensive. *{{annotated link|Benign water}} *{{annotated link|Bomb disposal}} *{{annotated link|Clearance diving}} *{{annotated link|Combat diving}} *{{annotated link|Diving in currents|Currents}} – Water flow in a locally consistent direction **{{annotated link|Drift diving}} **{{annotated link|Tidal current}} **{{annotated link|River diving}} **{{annotated link|Turbulence}} ***{{annotated link|Overfall}} ***{{annotated link|Whirlpool}} *{{annotated link|Wind wave}} **{{annotated link|Swell (ocean)}} ***{{annotated link|Breaking wave}} ***{{annotated link|Wave surge|aka=shallow water wave motion}} – Horizontal component of wave motion. *{{annotated link|List of diving hazards and precautions#The specific diving environment|Delta P environments}} – Environments where a pressure difference causes flow. Usually refers to cases where the flow is likely to entrain and pull the diver into an enclosed space or moving machinery. **{{annotated link|Intake|Intakes from the body of water}} **Outlets ***{{annotated link|Storm drain}} ***{{annotated link|Penstock}} ***{{annotated link|Sluice gate}} *{{annotated link|Hazmat diving}} **{{annotated link|Contaminated water}} **{{annotated link|Nuclear diving}} **{{annotated link|Sewer diving}} *{{annotated link|Lifting bag}} *{{annotated link|Live-boat diving|aka=liveboat diving or live-boating}} – Diving from a vessel which may have propellers or thrusters in gear during the dive. *{{annotated link|Outfall}} *{{annotated link|Penetration diving|aka=Overhead diving}} *{{annotated link|Underwater construction}} *{{annotated link|Underwater demolition}}

==Environments by temperature== The temperature of the diving environment can influence the equipment used by the diver, and the time the diver can be exposed to the environment without excessive risk. *{{annotated link|Diving in hot water}} *{{annotated link|Diving in warm water}} *{{annotated link|Diving in cold water|aka=cold water diving}} – Water where heat loss is a critical hazard. Arbitrarily specified at below 10 °C for some training standards *{{annotated link|Diving in freezing water|aka=ice diving}} – Water where surface layers are at or very near freezing point.

== Environments by geography ==  The geographical location of a dive site can have legal or environmental consequences. *{{annotated link|Tropical diving}} – Diving in tropical waters *{{annotated link|Temperate water diving}} – Diving in temperate waters *{{annotated link|Polar diving}} - Diving in polar waters *{{annotated link|Altitude diving}} *{{annotated link|Cave diving}} *{{annotated link|Drift diving}} *{{annotated link|Inland diving}} *{{annotated link|Reef diving}} **{{annotated link|Artificial reef}} **{{annotated link|Coral reef}} **{{annotated link|Rocky reef}} *{{annotated link|Inshore diving}} *{{annotated link|Offshore diving}} *{{annotated link|Open ocean diving}}

== Environments by topography ==  *{{annotated link|Blue-water diving}} *{{annotated link|Cave}}. See also Cave diving **{{annotated link|Sump (cave)}} *{{annotated link|Culvert}} *{{annotated link|Dam}} *{{annotated link|Deep diving}} *{{annotated link|Flooded mine}} *{{annotated link|Scuba diving quarry|Flooded quarries}} *{{annotated link|Ice diving}} *{{annotated link|Lake}} *{{annotated link|Mid-water}} *{{annotated link|Muck diving}} *{{annotated link|Reef}} **{{annotated link|Artificial reef}} **{{annotated link|Coral reef}} **{{annotated link|Rocky reef}} **{{annotated link|Pinnacle (diving)}} – Distinct high point on a reef *{{annotated link|River}} *{{annotated link|Reservoir}} **{{annotated link|Water tank}} *{{annotated link|Tunnel}} * {{annotated link|Wall diving}}

== Environments by depth zone == {{see also|Deep diving}} [[File:Trevor Jackson returns from SS Kyogle.jpg|thumb|A technical diver using a closed circuit rebreather with open circuit bailout cylinders returns from a {{convert|600|ft|adj=on}} dive.|alt= A scuba diver in a wetsuit holds onto the shotline at a decompression stop. He is breathing from a rebreather and carrying a side-slung 80 cubic foot aluminium bailout cylinder on each side. A second diver is partly visible to the left.]]

The recreational diving depth limit set by the EN 14153-2 / ISO 24801-2 level 2 "Autonomous Diver " standard is {{convert|20|m|ft}}. This is the depth to which a diver is assumed competent to dive in terms of the standard.<ref name="EUF" /> The recommended depth limit for more extensively trained recreational divers ranges from {{convert|30|m|ft}} for PADI divers,<ref name=padi1 /> (this is the depth at which nitrogen narcosis symptoms generally begin to be noticeable in adults), to {{convert|40|m|ft}} specified by Recreational Scuba Training Council,<ref name=padi1 /> {{convert|50|m|ft}} for divers of the British Sub-Aqua Club and Sub-Aqua Association breathing air,<ref name="Cole 2008" /> and {{convert|60|m|ft|-1}} for teams of 2 to 3 French Level 3 recreational divers, breathing air.<ref name="Code du sport" />

For technical divers, the recommended maximum depths are greater on the understanding that they will use less narcotic gas mixtures. {{convert|100|m|ft}} is the maximum depth authorised for divers who have completed Trimix Diver certification with IANTD<ref name=IANTD /> or Advanced Trimix Diver certification with TDI.<ref name=TDI /> {{convert|332|m|ft}} is the world record depth on scuba (2014).<ref name="GuinnessGabr" /> Commercial divers using saturation techniques and heliox breathing gases routinely exceed {{convert|100|m|ft}}, but they are also limited by physiological constraints. Comex Hydra 8 experimental dives reached a record open water depth of {{convert|534|m|ft}} in 1988.<ref name="Hydra 8" /> Atmospheric pressure diving suits are mainly constrained by the technology of the articulation seals, and a US Navy diver has dived to {{convert|610|m|ft}} in one.<ref name="Depth record" /><ref name="Nuytco" />

From an oceanographic viewpoint: * Shallow water, defined as between the surf zone and the coast * Intermediate water, defined as between the surf zone and wave base (where the waves just interact with the bottom and no more, about {{convert|80|m|ft}} water depth with 10 second swells). The seafloor beneath intermediate water is termed the shoreface and is the zone where the seafloor slows down the swells by friction, so that the surf ends up being lower than it otherwise would be. * Deep water, defined as deeper than wave base: i.e. too deep for wind waves to interact with the seafloor. Recreational divers will usually dive in the intermediate marine environment. Technical and commercial divers may venture into the deep water environment. The surf zone is usually too turbulent for safe or effective diving.

== Environments by professional activity == {{See also|Professional diving}} *{{annotated link|Aquaculture}} *{{annotated link|Aquarium}} *{{annotated link|Archaeological site|Archaeological sites}} *{{Annotated link|Clearance diving}} *{{annotated link|Deep sea mining|aka=Underwater mining}} *{{annotated link|Demolition}} *{{annotated link|Dry dock}} *{{annotated link|Fish farming|Fish farms}} *{{annotated link|Forensic investigation}} *{{annotated link|Inspection}} *{{annotated link|Marine salvage}} *{{annotated link|Military}} *{{annotated link|Mooring}} **{{annotated link|Single buoy mooring|aka=Single point mooring}} *{{annotated link|Nuclear power plant}} *{{annotated link|Oil rig}} **{{annotated link|Oil platform|aka=Production platform}} *{{annotated link|Public safety diving}} *{{annotated link|Science}} *{{annotated link|Search and rescue}} *{{annotated link|Sewage treatment}} *{{annotated link|Ships husbandry}} *{{annotated link|Submarine pipeline}} *{{annotated link|Surveying}} *{{annotated link|Training}} *{{annotated link|Underwater construction|aka=Civil engineering}} *{{annotated link|Wellhead}}

== Diving medium == *{{annotated link|Underwater environment}} **{{annotated link|Fresh water}} ***{{annotated link|Drinking water|Potable water}} **{{annotated link|Brackish water}} **{{annotated link|Seawater}} **{{annotated link|Brine}} **{{annotated link|Contaminated water}} ***{{annotated link|Sewage}} *{{annotated link|Drilling fluid|aka=drilling mud}} *{{annotated link|Petroleum|aka=crude oil}} *{{annotated link|Fuel oil}}

==References== <references>

<ref name="Aus Part 3">{{cite book |chapter=Section 2 | author =  | year = 1992 | title = Australian Standard AS2815.3-1992, Training and certification of occupational divers, Part 3: Air diving to 50m | edition = 2 | publisher = Standards Australia | location = Homebush, New South Wales | page = 9 | isbn = 978-0-7262-7631-6}}</ref>

<ref name="Black-water" >{{cite journal |title=Blackwater Diving |first=Mike |last=Bartick |journal=Alert Diver |date=Spring 2017 |publisher=Divers Alert Network |url=http://www.alertdiver.com/Blackwater_Diving |access-date=7 November 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107092937/http://www.alertdiver.com/Blackwater_Diving |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="BSAC">{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 6 |title=Diving Manual |year=1983 |edition=10th |publisher=British Sub-Aqua Club |location=London |pages=383–7 |isbn=978-0950678610}}</ref>

<ref name="Code du sport">{{cite web | title = Dispositions relatives aux établissements organisant la pratique de la plongée subaquatique à l'air | author =  | work = Code du Sport | language = fr | url = http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=02CBD17BEDD0F4E6F59561F5DEA28699.tpdila11v_1?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000025393851&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071318&dateTexte=20150715 | date = 5 January 2012 | access-date = 15 July 2015 | archive-date = 15 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150715150930/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=02CBD17BEDD0F4E6F59561F5DEA28699.tpdila11v_1?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000025393851&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071318&dateTexte=20150715 | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="Cole 2008">{{cite book| chapter = Appendix 6 | last = Cole | first = Bob | title = The SAA Buhlmann Deep-stop System Handbook | publisher = Sub-Aqua Association | location = Liverpool | pages = vi–1 | date = March 2008 | isbn = 978-0-9532904-8-2}}</ref>

<ref name="CoP Benign">{{cite book | title = Code of Practice for Diving in Benign Conditions, version 0 7 | author =  | year = 2007 | publisher = South African Department of Labour | location = Pretoria | url = http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/benignconditions2014.pdf | access-date = 2022-04-14 | archive-date = 2017-01-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170109051309/http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/benignconditions2014.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name="CoP Scientific">{{cite book |title=Code of Practice for Scientific Diving |author= | publisher=The South African Department of Labour | location=Pretoria |url=http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/scientificdiving2014.pdf |access-date=2022-04-14 |archive-date=2016-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109155455/http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/scientificdiving2014.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="CoP Training">{{cite book |title=Code of Practice for Commercial Diver Training, Revision 3 |author= |year=2007 |publisher=South African Department of Labour |location=Pretoria |url=http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/commercialdive2014.pdf |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107021628/http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/commercialdive2014.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Depth record">{{cite web |title=Navy Chief Submerges 2,000 Feet, Sets Record, Story Number: NNS060804-10 |last=Logico |first=Mark G. |publisher=U.S. Navy |url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=25000 |date=4 August 2006 |access-date=3 November 2016 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513014942/https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=25000 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Divers dictionary">{{cite web |title=Divers dictionary |author= |publisher=godivenow.com |url=http://godivenow.com/learn-to-dive/divers-dictionary |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116001651/http://godivenow.com/learn-to-dive/divers-dictionary |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="SA Diving Regulations 2009">{{cite book| title = Diving Regulations 2009 | author =  | publisher = Government Printer | location = Pretoria | url = http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161104080007/http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/ | via = Southern African Legal Information Institute | access-date = 3 November 2016 | archive-date = 4 November 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name="EUF">{{cite web| title = Competencies of a recreational scuba diver at level 2 "Autonomous Diver" | author =  | publisher = EUF Certification International | url = http://www.euf-certification.org/index.php?id=6629 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195452/http://www.euf-certification.org/index.php?id=6629 | access-date = 29 September 2013 | archive-date = 29 October 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name="Graver2010">{{cite book| title = Scuba Diving | last = Graver | first = Dennis | year = 2010 | publisher = Human Kinetics | page = 40 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bBQuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 | isbn = 9780736079006 }}</ref>

<ref name="GuinnessGabr">{{cite news | title = Ahmed Gabr breaks record for deepest SCUBA dive at more than 1,000 feet | last = Janela | first = Mike | work = Officially Amazing | publisher = Guinness World Records | url = https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2014/9/ahmed-gabr-breaks-record-for-deepest-scuba-dive-at-more-than-1000-feet-60537/ | date = 22 September 2014 | access-date = 21 January 2015 | archive-date = 18 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200118183454/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2014/9/ahmed-gabr-breaks-record-for-deepest-scuba-dive-at-more-than-1000-feet-60537/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="High risk">{{cite book| title = Diving in High-Risk Environments | edition = 4th | last = Barsky | first = Steven | year = 2007 | publisher = Hammerhead Press | location = Ventura, California | isbn = 978-0-9674305-7-7}}</ref>

<ref name="Hydra 8">{{cite web| title = Innovation in extreme environments | author =  | website = Compagnie maritime d'expertises | publisher = Comex | url = http://www.comex.fr/innovationinextremeenvironments.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005144420/http://www.comex.fr/innovationinextremeenvironments.html | access-date = 11 November 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Haddock and Heine">{{cite book |title=Scientific Blue-Water Diving |last1=Haddock |first1=Stephen H. D. |last2 =Heine |first2=John N. |publisher =California Sea Grant College Program |date=2005 |url=http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu/casg/casgh05001.pdf |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325232044/http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu/casg/casgh05001.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name=IANTD>{{cite web| title = IANTD Trimix Diver (OC, SCR, CCR) | author =  | work = IANTD Technical Programs | publisher = International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers | url = http://www.iantd.com/index.php/iantd-courses/iantd-technical-programs/item/94-iantd-trimix-diver-oc-scr-ccr | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161105231506/http://www.iantd.com/index.php/iantd-courses/iantd-technical-programs/item/94-iantd-trimix-diver-oc-scr-ccr | access-date = 6 November 2016 | archive-date = 5 November 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name="Indigo" >{{cite web |title=All you'll ever need to know about Blackwater Diving! |url=http://www.indigoscuba.com/all-youll-ever-need-to-know-about-blackwater-diving/ |website=info@indigoscuba.com |access-date=7 November 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107092938/http://www.indigoscuba.com/all-youll-ever-need-to-know-about-blackwater-diving/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Jablonski 2006">{{cite book| chapter = 9: Diving environments | last = Jablonski | first = Jarrod | year = 2006 | title = Doing It Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving | publisher = Global Underwater Explorers | location = High Springs, Florida | pages = 137– | isbn = 978-0-9713267-0-5 }}</ref>

<ref name="Jackson 2000">{{cite book | title = Scuba Diving | last = Jackson | first = Jack | year = 2000 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | page = [https://archive.org/details/scubadiving0000jack/page/77 77] | isbn = 9780811729277 | url = https://archive.org/details/scubadiving0000jack | url-access = registration }}</ref>

<ref name="Nuytco">{{cite web | title = Hardsuit depth record | author =  | year = 2016 | publisher = Nuytco Research | url = http://nuytco.com/timeline/hardsuit-depth-record/ | access-date = 24 September 2016 | archive-date = 29 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180629131051/http://nuytco.com/timeline/hardsuit-depth-record/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name=padi1>{{cite book| title = Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving | edition = 3rd | last = Brylske | first = A. | year = 2006 | publisher = PADI | location = Rancho Santa Margarita, California | isbn = 978-1-878663-01-6}}</ref>

<ref name="Qld CoP rec diving">{{cite web |title=Recreational Diving, Recreational Technical Diving and Snorkelling Code of Practice 2011 |url=https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/58191/recreational-diving-recreational-technical-diving-snorkelling-cop-2011.pdf |last=Staff |date=2 December 2011 |work=Queensland Government Gazette |publisher=The State of Queensland (Department of Justice and Attorney-General) |access-date=25 April 2017 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121004430/https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/58191/recreational-diving-recreational-technical-diving-snorkelling-cop-2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=TDI>{{cite web | title = Are You Ready for Trimix? – Students VS. Instructor Perspective | last = Kieren | first = Jon | website = TDI website | publisher = SDI TDI ERDI | location = Stuart, Florida | url = https://www.tdisdi.com/are-you-ready-for-trimix/ | access-date = 9 October 2017 | archive-date = 9 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194552/https://www.tdisdi.com/are-you-ready-for-trimix/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name="USNDM R6" >{{cite book | title = US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision | author =  | year = 2006 | publisher = US Naval Sea Systems Command | location = Washington, DC. | url = http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9 | ref = {{sfnRef|US Navy Diving Manual|2006}} | access-date = 2022-04-14 | archive-date = 2008-05-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023541/http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9 | url-status = dead }}</ref> </references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diving environments by type}} Category:Underwater diving environment Environment Category:Occupational safety and health