Vifor-class destroyer

{{Short description|First World War Italian destroyers}} {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image=Marasti1917-1944-2.jpg |image_caption=The Romanian destroyer ''Mărăști'' after 1926 }}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview |name=''Vifor'' class |builders=Pattison, Naples |operators=*{{flagicon image|Naval ensign of Romania (1922–1947).svg}} Romanian Naval Forces *{{navy|Kingdom of Italy}} *{{navy|Soviet Union}} *{{navy|Spain|1938}} |class_before= |class_after={{sclass|Regele Ferdinand|destroyer|4}} |subclasses= |cost= |built_range=1914–1918 |in_service_range= |in_commission_range=1917–1961 |total_ships_building= |total_ships_planned=12 |total_ships_completed=4 |total_ships_canceled=8 |total_ships_active= |total_ships_laid_up= |total_ships_lost= |total_ships_retired=4 |total_ships_preserved= }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption=<br>(as built, except for ''Falco'') |type=Destroyer |displacement=*{{convert|1594|LT|t}} (normal) *{{convert|1760|LT|t}} (full load) |length={{cvt|94.3|m|ftin}} (o/a) |beam={{cvt|9.5|m|ftin}} |draft={{cvt|3.6|m|ftin}} |propulsion=2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines |speed={{convert|34|kn|lk=in}} |range={{convert|3000|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}} |power=*4 Thornycroft boilers *{{convert|40000|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} |complement=146 |armament=*3 × single {{cvt|152|mm}} guns *4 × single {{cvt|76|mm}} AA guns *2 × twin 457 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes *24–44 mines |notes= }} }}

The '''''Vifor'' class''' was a group of four destroyers ordered by Romania in 1913 and built in Italy during the First World War. The four ships were however requisitioned by Italy in 1915 and rearmed as scout cruisers (''esploratori''), subsequently seeing service in World War I. Two were re-purchased by Romania in 1920 and saw service in World War II. The other two were eventually transferred by Italy to the Spanish Nationalists and saw service during the Spanish Civil War.

==Construction and specifications== thumb|left|''Aquila''-class scout cruiser in 1917

The four warships were ordered in 1913 by Romania, from the Pattison Shipyard in Naples, with the names ''Vifor'', ''Viscol'', ''Vârtej'' and ''Vijelie''. Designed by engineer Luigi Scaglia and based on Romanian specifications, the ships were to be large destroyers armed with three 120 mm guns, four 75 mm guns, five torpedo tubes, and have a 10-hour endurance at full speed, as they were required to operate in the limited perimeter of the Black Sea. However, the four ships were interned on 5 June 1915, soon after Italy joined the war. At that time, one ship was completed 60%, one 50%, one 20% and the fourth was yet to be laid down. They were completed as scout cruisers (''esploratori'') and commissioned on 27 July 1916, with the names ''Aquila'', ''Falco'', ''Nibbio'' and ''Sparviero''. ''Aquila'' was the first to be completed, on 8 February 1917, followed by ''Sparviero'' on 15 July, ''Nibbio'' on 15 May 1918 and ''Falco'' on 20 January 1920.<ref name=f6>Fraccaroli, p. 266</ref>

The four vessels were part of a planned class of 12 units, as envisioned by the 1912 Romanian naval program.<ref>Fraccaroli, p. 421</ref>

Each scout cruiser measured 94.7 meters in length, with a beam of 9.5 meters and a draught of 3.6 meters. Its power plant consisted of a pair of Tosi steam turbines and five Thornycroft boilers, generating a designed output of {{convert|40000|shp|lk=on}} powering two shafts, which gave each warship a designed top speed of {{convert|34|kn|lk=in}}. However, this actually oscillated between 35 and 38 knots, depending on the vessel. Each ship had a complement of 146, with ranges of 1,700 nautical miles at 15 knots and 380 nautical miles at 34 knots. ''Nibbio'' and ''Sparviero'' were each armed with three 152 mm Armstrong guns and four 76 mm dual-purpose (naval/AA) Ansaldo guns, while ''Aquila'' and ''Falco'' were each armed with two twin 120 mm guns and two 76 mm Ansaldo guns. Each warship also carried two twin 457 mm torpedo tubes and two 6.5 mm machine guns. ''Nibbio'' and ''Falco'' could also carry mines, 24 and 38 respectively.<ref name=f6/>

As of World War II, standard displacement amounted to 1,432 tons with a full load displacement of 1,751 tons.<ref>Whitley, p. 223</ref>

''Sparviero'' and ''Nibbio'' were sold back to Romania on 1 July 1920, being renamed ''Mărăști'' and ''Mărășești''.<ref name=f6/>

==Service history== ===Italian service=== ''Aquila'', ''Nibbio'', and ''Sparviero'' entered service in the Italian ''Regia Marina'' (Royal Navy) in time to take part in the later stages of the Adriatic campaign of World War I. Most of their war service involved support to coastal torpedo boat and motor torpedo boat raids and air attacks and providing cover for to shore bombardment operations by other ships. ''Aquila'' took part in the largest surface naval engagement of the war in the Adriatic Sea, the Battle of the Strait of Otranto, on 15 May 1917, during which the Austro-Hungarian Navy destroyer {{SMS|Csepel||2}} scored a hit on ''Aquila''′s boilers which immobilized her, and she had to be towed back to port.{{sfn|Favre|pp=193, 197, 202, 204, 222, 253, 255, 271.}}<ref>Halpern, p. 163</ref> While supporting a raid on the coast of the Principality of Albania by Italian coastal torpedo boats on 5 September 1918, ''Aquila'', ''Nibbio'', and ''Sparviero'' attacked three Austro-Hungarian torpedo boats engaged in minesweeping, damaging one and forcing them to flee.{{sfn|Favre|pp=193, 197, 202, 204, 222, 253, 255, 271.}}<ref>Cernuschi & O'Hara, pp. 69, 73.</ref>

''Falco'' was completed in 1920, too late for World War I, but she and ''Aquila'' served in the ''Regia Marina'' during the interwar period. In 1928, ''Aquila'' participated in recovery operations for the Italian submarine {{nowrap|{{ship|Italian submarine|F 14||2}}}}, which sank in he Adriatic Sea after a collision.<ref name="Agonia e morte di un sommergibile">[http://www.grupsom.com/Sommergibili/F14/TragediaF14.html Tragedia dell'F14 (in Italian)].</ref><ref name = "Giorgerini">Giorgio Giorgerini, ''Uomini sul fondo. Storia del sommergibilismo italiano dalle origini a oggi'', pp. 109–111 (in Italian).</ref>

On 11 October 1937, the government of Fascist Italy unofficially transferred ''Aquila'' and ''Falco'' to the naval forces of the Spanish Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War.<ref name = "Marina Militare">[http://www.marina.difesa.it/storiacultura/storia/almanacco/Pagine/ABCD/aquila_esploratore.aspx ''Marina Militare'' (in Italian)].</ref><ref name="warshipww2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.warshipsww2.eu/shipsplus.php?language=E&id=504506|title=Italian Aquila, Spanish Melilla (Nationalist Navy) - Warships 1900-1950|website=Warships of World War II|language=cs, en|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412155818/http://www.warshipsww2.eu/shipsplus.php?language=E&id=504506|archive-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> Although they already were in Spanish service, the ''Regia Marina'' reclassified them as destroyers in 1938.<ref>[http://www.trentoincina.it/mostrapost.php?id=320 Esploratori e Navigatori (in Italian)].</ref> The transfer to Spain finally became official when the ''Regia Marina'' struck the two ships from its naval register on 6 January 1939.<ref name = "Marina Militare"/><ref name="warshipww2"/>

===Romanian service=== thumb|''Mărăști'' during World War II

Upon commissioning by Romania on 1 July 1920, ''Mărăști'' and ''Mărășești'' were re-classified as destroyers, reverting to their original designation.<ref>''Revista istorică, Volumul 15, Edițiile 1–2'', Institutul, 2004, p. 221 (in Romanian)</ref> However, English-language sources of the period refer to the two warships as flotilla leaders,<ref>''Defence Yearbook'', Brassey's Naval and Shipping Annual, 1923, p. 357</ref> most likely on account of their three cruiser-typical 152 mm guns. ''Mărăști'' and ''Mărășești'' were refitted at the Galați shipyard in Romania in 1925, and sent back to Naples for rearming in 1926.<ref>Frederick Thomas Jane, ''Jane's Fighting Ships'', S. Low, Marston, 1962, p. 204</ref>

The two rearmed warships are also known as the ''Mărăști''-class. As of 1939, when the Second World War started, their artillery approached cruiser standards, amounting to nine heavy naval guns (five of 120 mm and four of 76 mm). In addition, they retained their two twin 457 mm torpedo tubes as well as two machine guns, plus the capacity to carry up to 50 mines. They thus became the most heavily-armed warships in the history of the Royal Romanian Navy, apart from the battleship ''Potemkin'', which was ''de facto'' under Romanian control for a brief time in July 1905. All these guns increased their standard displacement to 1,460 tons.<ref>''Brassey's Annual: The Armed Forces Year-book'', Praeger Publishers, 1939, p. 276</ref> Three of these heavy guns (one 120 mm and two 76 mm) were removed in order to make room for two 37 mm and four 20 mm anti-aircraft guns plus two depth charge throwers (one of 900 mm and one of 330 mm).<ref>Janusz Piekałkiewicz, ''Sea War, 1939–1945'', Historical Times, 1987, p. 350</ref><ref>Е. Е. Шведе, ''Военные флоты 1939–1940 гг.'', Рипол Классик, 2013, p. 119 (in Russian)</ref> Despite having their heavy armament reduced to destroyer standards, the two warships still presented some cruiser characteristics, such as retaining their torpedo tubes mounted on the broadsides instead of the centerline.

thumb|left|Scale model of ''Mărășești'' showing her intermediary armament, after two 76 mm guns were removed but before the midships single 120 mm gun was (one of the twin torpedo tubes is also visible on the broadside) During World War II, ''Mărăști'' and ''Mărășești'' were the most heavily-armed Axis warships in the Black Sea, and had the greatest standard displacement. Both ships were active during the Romanian naval campaign in the Black Sea in World War II, mainly providing escort for Axis supply convoys between Romania, the Crimean Peninsula, and the Bosphorus. On 26 June 1941, ''Mărăști'' helped repel a Soviet naval attack against the main Romanian port of Constanța, together with the destroyer ''Regina Maria'' and the minelayer ''Amiral Murgescu''. Surprised by the level of resistance and the accuracy of the return fire, the Soviet fleet withdrew, losing the destroyer leader ''Moskva'' in a Romanian minefield laid by the Romanian minelayers ''Amiral Murgescu'', ''Regele Carol I'' and the minelayer ''Aurora'' on 19 June 1941. ''Amiral Murgescu'' claimed to have shot down two Soviet aircraft during the battle and ''Mărăști'' claimed one.<ref>Antony Preston, ''Warship 2001–2002'', pp. 70 and 71</ref><ref>Jonathan Trigg, ''Death on the Don: The Destruction of Germany's Allies on the Eastern Front'', Chapter 3</ref>

During Romania's participation in the war on the side of the Axis, ''Mărăști'' carried out a total of 28 escort missions and ''Mărășești'' 21. There were six escort missions in which both warships took part, resulting in a grand total of 55 escort missions. During these missions, the Axis convoys were attacked numerous times by Soviet submarines and aviation, and many Soviet mines were also encountered. Four of the escorted ships were sunk, one by Soviet aircraft and three by Soviet submarines. On the opposite side, one Soviet submarine was sunk, one aircraft was shot down and 14 mines were destroyed.<ref>Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, ''Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940–1945'', Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, pp. 267–274 (in Romanian)</ref> When Romania surrendered to the Soviet Union in August 1944 and switched to the Allied side, ''Mărăști'' and ''Mărășești'' were handed over to the Soviet Navy. After over a year in Soviet service (August 1944 – October 1945), the Soviet Union returned the two destroyers to Romania. ''Mărăști'' was stricken in 1964 and ''Mărășești'' in 1965.<ref name=f6/>

===Spanish service=== Unofficially transferred from Italy to the Spanish Nationalist faction on 11 October 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, ''Aquila'' and ''Falco'' were renamed ''Melilla'' and ''Ceuta'', respectively, in Spanish service. To conceal the fact that Italy was selling ships to Francisco Franco's side in the war, the two warships were often referred to as ''Velasco-Ceuta'' and ''Velasco-Melilla'', and the Spanish Nationalists added a dummy fourth funnel to each ship to increase their resemblance to {{ship|Spanish destroyer|Velasco||2}}, the only non-ex-Italian destroyer under Nationalist control.<ref name = "kbismark">[http://www.kbismarck.com/mgl/destruc.htm Buques de la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939) - Destructores (in Spanish).]</ref> Although the two scout cruisers were already in Spanish Nationalist service, the ''Regia Marina'' reclassified them as destroyers on 5 September 1938.<ref>[http://www.trentoincina.it/mostrapost.php?id=320 Esploratori e Navigatori (in Italian)].</ref> The transfer finally became official and overt on 6 January 1939 when they were stricken by the ''Regia Marina''.<ref name = "Marina Militare"/><ref name="warshipww2"/>

''Melilla'' and ''Ceuta'' saw heavy service — primarily in surveillance and escort tasks — during the Spanish Civil War in spite of their poor condition. In August 1938, they joined the heavy cruiser {{ship|Spanish cruiser|Canarias||2}} in an action that forced the Spanish Republican Navy destroyer {{ship|Spanish destroyer|José Luis Díez||2}} to give up on running the Nationalist blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar to reach Cartagena and instead to take refuge at Gibraltar.<ref name = "kbismark"/><ref name = "la flota italiana de Franco">[https://forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/showthread.php?287025-La-flota-italiana-de-Franco La flota italiana de Franco] (in Italian).</ref><ref name="todoavante">{{Cite web|url=http://foro.todoavante.es/viewtopic.php?f=49&t=1676&view=previous |title=Historia Naval de España y Países de habla española. - Ver Tema - Acorazado Felipe II InternetArchiveBot |date=March 2018 |language=es}}.</ref> ''Ceuta'' also captured the French merchant ship ''Prado'', which was operating in support of the Spanish Republicans.<ref name="todoavante"/>

After the war, they were retained by the Spanish Navy and served mainly as training ships.<ref name = "la flota italiana de Franco"/> ''Ceuta'' was stricken in 1948 and ''Melilla'' in late 1950.<ref name = "Marina Militare"/>

===Soviet service=== Both Romanian ships surrendered to the Soviets in August 1944 upon the capitulation of Romania and were incorporated into the Soviet Black Sea Fleet as ''Lovkiy'' (''Ловкий'', ex-''Mărăști'') and ''Lyogkiy'' (''Лёгкий'', ex-''Mărășești''). The Soviets returned them to Romania in October 1945.

==Ships== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ List of ''Vifor''-class destroyers |- ! scope="col" | Ship ! scope="col" | Builder ! scope="col" | Laid down ! scope="col" | launched ! scope="col" | Commissioned ! scope="col" | Transferred to Romania/Spain ! scope="col" | Fate |- ! scope="row" | ''Mărăști'' ({{nowrap|ex-''Sparviero''}}, {{nowrap|ex-''Vijelie''}}) |rowspan=4| Pattison, Naples, Italy |29 January 1914 | 26 March 1917 | 15 July 1917 | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| 1 July 1920 | Stricken, 1964 |- ! scope="row" | ''Mărășești'' ({{nowrap|ex-''Nibbio''}}, {{nowrap|ex-''Vârtej''}}) |15 July 1914 | 30 January 1918 | 15 May 1918 | Stricken, 1965 |- ! scope="row" | ''Melilla'' ({{nowrap|ex-{{ship|Italian cruiser|Aquila||2}}}}, {{nowrap|ex-''Vifor''}}) |11 March 1914 |26 July 1916 |8 February 1917 | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|11 October 1937 (unofficially)<br>5 January 1939 (officially) |Scrapped, 1950 |- ! scope="row" | ''Ceuta'' ({{nowrap|ex-{{ship|Italian cruiser|Falco||2}}}}, {{nowrap|ex-''Viscol''}}) |19 August 1916 |16 August 1919 |20 January 1920 | Scrapped, 1948 |}

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography== {{Commons category|Aquila class cruiser}} *{{cite book |last1=Axworthy |first1=Mark |title=Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945 |date=1995 |publisher=Arms and Armour Press |location=London |isbn=1-85409-267-7}} *{{Cite book|url=http://militera.lib.ru/enc/berezhnoy_ss01/index.html|title=Трофеи и репарации ВМФ СССР|last=Berezhnoy|first=Sergey |publisher=Sakhapoligrafizdat|year=1994|location=Yakutsk|language=ru|trans-title=Trophies and reparations of the Soviet Navy|oclc=33334505}} *{{cite book |last1=Budzbon |first1=Przemysław |last2=Radziemski |first2=Jan |last3=Twardowski |first3=Marek |title=Warships of the Soviet Fleets 1939–1945 |date=2022 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=978-1-68247-877-6|volume=I: Major Combatants|name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Jordan|editor1-first=John|publisher=Conway|location=London|year=2016|title=Warship 2016 |isbn=978-1-84486-326-6|last1=Cernuschi|first1=Enrico|last2=O'Hara|first2=Vincent|chapter=The Naval War in the Adriatic, Part 2: 1917–1918|name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book|last=Fraccaroli|first=Aldo|chapter=Italy|pages=252–290|editor1-last=Gray |editor1-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921|year=1985 |location=Annapolis |publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-0-87021-907-8}} * {{cite book |first=Franco |last=Favre |title=La Marina nella Grande Guerra. Le operazioni navali, aeree, subacquee e terrestri in Adriatico |language=it}} *{{cite book|last=Halpern|first=Paul G.|title=A Naval History of World War I|year=1995|location= Annapolis|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1-55750-352-4}} *{{cite book |last1=Hervieux |first1=Pierre |editor1-last=Preston |editor1-first=Antony |title=Warship 2001–2002|chapter=The Romanian Navy at War, 1941–1945 |date=2001 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |isbn=0-85177-901-8 |pages=70–88}} *{{Cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=2005|edition=Third Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2 |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}} *{{cite book|last1=Rohwer|first1=Jürgen|last2=Monakov|first2=Mikhail S.|title=Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935–1953|publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |year=2001|isbn=0-7146-4895-7|name-list-style=amp}} *{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor-last=Chesneau |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980 |isbn=0-85177-146-7 |last=Twardowski|first=Marek|pages=359–362|chapter=Romania|editor-first=Roger}} *{{Cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|author-link = Michael J. Whitley|title=Destroyers of World War 2: An International Encyclopedia |publisher=Cassell Publishing|location=London|year=1988|isbn=1-85409-521-8}}

==Further reading== *{{cite book |last1=Cernuschi |first1=Enrico |editor1-last=Jordan |editor1-first=John |title=Warship 2022 |date=2022 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford|pages=147–160 |isbn=978-1-4728-4781-2 |chapter=''Esploratori'' of the ''Regia Marina'', 1906—1939}}

==External links== * Photo of ''Aquila'' sometime between 1917 and 1919, at Italian Wikipedia

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vifor-class destroyer}} Category:Cruiser classes Category:Destroyer classes Category:Cruisers of the Regia Marina Category:World War II destroyers of the Soviet Union Category:Romania–Soviet Union relations Category:Destroyers of the Romanian Naval Forces Category:Destroyers of the Regia Marina Category:Destroyers of the Spanish Navy Category:Spanish Civil War ships