{{Short description|Volcano in Vanuatu}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} {{Infobox mountain |name= Manaro Voui |other_name = Manaro Vui |image=Ambae island 3D pic.jpg |image_caption = False color (elevation) and computed shadows map of Manaro Voui |elevation_m=1496 |prominence_m=1496 <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Ribus – Melanesia|url=https://worldribus.org/melanesia/|access-date=2024-12-25 |website=World Ribus}}</ref> |listing=Ribu |location=Ambae Island, Vanuatu |map = Vanuatu |map_caption = Location within Vanuatu |coordinates = {{coord|15|23|24.21|S|167|49|49.63|E|type:mountain_region:VU-PAM_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |range_coordinates = |type =Shield volcano |last_eruption= January 7, 2026 (ongoing)<ref>{{cite web |title=Aoba Volcano |url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/aoba.html |website=Volcano Discovery |access-date=8 January 2026 |language=en |date=7 January 2026}}</ref> }} '''Manaro Voui''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vmgd.gov.vu/vmgd/index.php/geohazards/volcano/our-active-volcanos/ambae/manaro-voui|title=Manaro Voui Volcano|date=27 September 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125121717/http://www.vmgd.gov.vu/vmgd/index.php/geohazards/volcano/our-active-volcanos/ambae/manaro-voui}}</ref> or '''Manaro Vui''', is a shield volcano whose emergent portion is known as the island of Ambae in Vanuatu. The summit is {{convert|1496|m}} above sea level and about {{cvt|3900|m}} above the sea floor.<ref name=Cronin2004>{{cite journal|last=Cronin|title=Participatory methods of incorporating scientific with traditional knowledge for volcanic hazard management on Ambae Island, Vanuatu|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|volume=66|issue=7|pages=652–668|year=2004|doi=10.1007/s00445-004-0347-9|bibcode=2004BVol...66..652C |s2cid=13613641}}</ref> According to indigenous custom Chief Virenaliu Paul Vuhu, the summit's valley and lakes are considered the "sacred place and paradise" where they believe after death, their spirits go to live happily ever after'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Custom side to Manaro Volcano|url=http://dailypost.vu/news/custom-side-to-manaro-volcano/article_bd40ccae-e558-51a2-8d3f-a193391d2307.html|access-date=20 October 2017|work=Vanuatu Daily Post|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department maintains a live webcam and seismological chart.<ref>{{cite web|title=VMGD Volcanic Geohards Page|url=http://www.vmgd.gov.vu/vmgd/index.php/geohazards/volcano|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>
== Name == Volcanologists use the term 'volcano' to refer to either a "vent in the surface of the Earth through which magma and associated gases and ash erupt", or "the form or structure (usually conical) that is produced by the ejected material."<ref name=VolcanoWorld>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1/letterv"|title=Volcano World|publisher=Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University}}</ref>
'''Aoba''' is the name of the volcano used by Volcano World<ref name=VolcanoWorld /> in their world database<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/aoba|title=Aoba|date=3 May 2010 |publisher=Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University}}</ref> in their list<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/volcanoes_by_country|title=Volcanoes by Country|publisher=Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University}}</ref> of Vanuatu's 9 volcanoes. ''Manaro'' is the name they use to refer to the summit crater, which contains multiple vents and lakes.
'''Aoba''' is also the name used by Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.si.edu/|title=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> in their list of 14 volcanoes on Vanuatu. ''Manaro Ngoru'' and ''Lake Voui'' are the names they use for the summit craters.<ref name=bgvn200511 /> In a 2005 report,<ref name=bgvn200511>{{cite journal|title=Report on Aoba (Vanuatu)|journal = Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network|volume = 30|issue = 11|date=November 2005|doi = 10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200511-257030}}</ref> The Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.si.edu/reports_bgvn.cfm|title=Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network|publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> stated that Aoba is "referred to locally as Manaro or Lombenben"
'''Aoba''' is also the name used<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vanuatu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132322/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vanuatu|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=historically active volcanoes include, Aoba, ...|date=5 February 2024 |publisher=US Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> in The World Factbook written by United States Central Intelligence Agency.
'''Aoba''' is also the name used in a 2017 peer reviewed article in the journal ''Science'', whose lead author works at NASA, and holds a joint appointment at the University of California, Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schwandner|display-authors=etal|title=Spaceborne detection of localized carbon dioxide sources|journal=Science|date=13 October 2017|volume=358|issue=6360|article-number=eaam5782|doi=10.1126/science.aam5782|pmid=29026015|doi-access=free}}</ref>
'''Lombenben''' is the name used on a 2017 map<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ndmo.gov.vu/volcanic-activity/category/46-maps-infographics?download=140:distances-from-lombenben-on-ambae|title=Distances from Lombenben on Ambae|publisher=Vanuatu's National Disaster Management Office|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222508/https://ndmo.gov.vu/volcanic-activity/category/46-maps-infographics?download=140:distances-from-lombenben-on-ambae|archive-date=30 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ndmo.gov.vu/volcanic-activity/category/46-maps-infographics|title=Vanuatu NDMO, Maps and Infographics|publisher=Vanuatu's National Disaster Management Office|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222614/https://ndmo.gov.vu/volcanic-activity/category/46-maps-infographics|archive-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> published by Vanuatu's National Disaster Management Office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ndmo.gov.vu|title=National Disaster Management Office}}</ref>
'''Lombenben''' is also the name used by the daily newspaper ''Vanuatu Daily Post''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailypost.vu|title=Vanuatu Daily Post}}</ref> in recent articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailypost.vu/news/maewo-intensifies-preparation-to-accommodate-ambae-evacuees/article_72979f84-21b9-5d46-84e2-85582ff44e3d.html|title=Maewo intensifies preparation to accommodate Ambae evacuees|date=30 September 2017 |publisher=Vanuatu Daily Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailypost.vu/news/ambae-eruption-unprecedented/article_48d1f205-e5d5-5d26-a550-e12d3ff8c061.html |title=Ambae Eruption Unprecedented|date=25 September 2017 |publisher=Vanuatu Daily Post}}</ref>
'''Manaro Voui''' is the name used in various articles in 2017 by Vanuatu Digest, Reuters, Associated Press and Radio New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vanuatudigest.com/2017/09/28/breaking-news-vanuatu-govt-orders-evacuation-of-entire-11100-population-of-ambae/comment-page-1/#comment-3701|title=Breaking news: Vanuatu Govt orders evacuation of entire 11,100 population of Ambae|date=28 September 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Digest}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vanuatu-volcano/thousands-evacuated-to-emergency-shelters-as-vanuatu-volcano-threatens-to-erupt-idUSKCN1C10AT|title=Thousands evacuated to emergency shelters as Vanuatu volcano threatens to erupt|date=27 September 2017|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/e4749029dfff4268afebecda18404d4f/Vanuatu-orders-evacuation-of-island-with-rumbling-volcano|title=Vanuatu orders evacuation of island with rumbling volcano|date=28 September 2017 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/340596/lava-bombs-in-vanuatu-thrown-50-to-100-metres|title=Lava bombs in Vanuatu thrown '50 to 100 metres'|date=1 October 2017|publisher=Radio New Zealand }}</ref>
'''Manaro''' is the name used in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' in their entry on Aoba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aoba|title=Aoba, Island, Vanuatu|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>
'''Manaro''' is also the name used in 2017 articles in ''Vanuatu Daily Post'' and ''The Guardian'' for the volcano (cinder cone) in the middle of the lake on top of '''Mount Lombenben'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailypost.vu/news/manaro-awakens/article_23d87092-6fbc-5866-979c-c8bff45523a0.html|title=Manaro Awakens|date=2 October 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Daily Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/02/planes-ships-barges-the-diy-evacuation-of-vanuatu-volcano-island|title=Planes, ships, barges: the DIY evacuation of Vanuatu's volcano island|date=1 October 2017|work=The Guardian }}</ref>
== Volcanic activity == The volcanic mountain is one of the most dangerously active volcanoes in the world; its last eruption was recorded in 2017. Previously, up to 5,000 people living near the volcano have had to be evacuated for their safety.
The volcano's recent history includes eruptions in 1966, 2005 and 2016.<ref name=rnz11 /> In general, the new activity can happen anywhere on Ambae, but with highest likelihood in the rift zone, a long {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} wide region that runs the length of the island and contains the summit.<ref>{{cite map|title=Map: Longterm Background Volcanic Hazards|date=11 September 2017|publisher=Vanuatu National Disaster Management Office|url=https://ndmo.gov.vu/volcanic-activity/category/46-maps-infographics?download=137:vmgd-draft-ambae-risk-map-a3-portrait|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
===September 2017 Eruptions===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=60% style='font-size:0.9em' align=center |- style="color:white;" !style="background:#659ec7;" align=center width=5%|'''Date''' !style="background:#659ec7;" align=center width=10%|'''Summary''' |- !style="background:orange;"|mid-September 2017 |New eruptions began in the summit crater below the surface of Lake Voui, leading the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) to raise the Alert Level to 3.<ref name="vdp3">{{cite news|url=http://dailypost.vu/news/vmgd-report-on-ambae-volcano/article_2a5fd183-b524-589c-b234-34c4833e72f2.html|title=VMGD report on Ambae volcano|date=3 October 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Daily Post}}</ref> |- !style="background:orange;"|22 September |VMGD raised the Alert Level to 4 upon observing lava breech the surface of Lake Voui for the first time, as the underwater dome grew into a new volcanic island in the summit crater.<ref name=vdp3 /> |- !style="background:darkorange;"|25 September |Vanuatu Government's Council of Ministers declared a State of Emergency on Ambae island in response to the eruption of Manaro Voui volcano. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://vanuatudigest.com/2017/09/25/ambae-volcano-vanuatu-government-declares-state-of-emergency/|title=Ambae volcano: Vanuatu Government declares State of Emergency|date=25 September 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Digest|archive-date=22 May 2019|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522093714/https://vanuatudigest.com/2017/09/25/ambae-volcano-vanuatu-government-declares-state-of-emergency/}}</ref> |- !style="background:red;"|28 September |The government of Vanuatu ordered the complete evacuation of Ambae's 11,000 residents (evacuation map<ref>{{cite map|title=Inforgraphic: Ambae Off Island Evacuation Plan.|date=2 October 2017|publisher=Vanuatu National Disaster Management Office|url=https://ndmo.gov.vu/volcanic-activity/category/46-maps-infographics?download=156:ambae-off-island-evacuation-plan-graphic|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004701/https://ndmo.gov.vu/volcanic-activity/category/46-maps-infographics?download=156:ambae-off-island-evacuation-plan-graphic}}</ref>). <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vanuatu-volcano/thousands-evacuated-to-emergency-shelters-as-vanuatu-volcano-threatens-to-erupt-idUSKCN1C10AT|title=Thousands evacuated to emergency shelters as Vanuatu volcano threatens to erupt|date=27 September 2017|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/e4749029dfff4268afebecda18404d4f/Vanuatu-orders-evacuation-of-island-with-rumbling-volcano|title=Vanuatu orders evacuation of island with rumbling volcano|date=28 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://vanuatudigest.com/2017/09/28/breaking-news-vanuatu-govt-orders-evacuation-of-entire-11100-population-of-ambae/|title=Breaking news: Vanuatu Govt orders evacuation of entire 11,100 population of Ambae|date=28 September 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Digest|archive-date=18 July 2020|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718162448/http://vanuatudigest.com/2017/09/28/breaking-news-vanuatu-govt-orders-evacuation-of-entire-11100-population-of-ambae/}}</ref> |- !style="background:darkorange;"|1 October |The VMGD advised of a possible stabilization of volcanic activity,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://vanuatudigest.com/2017/10/02/latest-official-advice-says-ambae-eruption-is-stabilising-islands-water-supplies-made-toxic-by-volcanic-ash/|title=Latest official advice says Ambae eruption is stabilizing; island's water supplies made toxic by volcanic ash|date=2 October 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Digest|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225854/https://vanuatudigest.com/2017/10/02/latest-official-advice-says-ambae-eruption-is-stabilising-islands-water-supplies-made-toxic-by-volcanic-ash/|archive-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> but kept the Alert Level at 4.<ref name="Volcanic Alert Level Summary">{{cite web|url=http://www.vmgd.gov.vu/vmgd/index.php/geohazards/volcano|title=Volcanic Alert Level Summary |publisher=Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department}}</ref> |- !style="background:orange;"|4 October |All but a handful of the island's 11,500 residents had been evacuated<ref name=vd4>{{cite news|url=https://vanuatudigest.com/2017/10/04/ambae-exodus-now-complete-community-led-response-assisting-displaced-people-around-vanuatu/#more-6998|title=Ambae exodus now complete; community-led response assisting displaced people around Vanuatu|date=4 October 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Digest|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005201725/https://vanuatudigest.com/2017/10/04/ambae-exodus-now-complete-community-led-response-assisting-displaced-people-around-vanuatu/#more-6998|archive-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="ap4">{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/4a9060f4d1d84209b154bc4b73ac61fa/Vanuatu-says-most-residents-evacuated-from-belching-volcano|title=Vanuatu says most residents evacuated from belching volcano|date=4 October 2017|publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> to neighboring islands through grassroots efforts largely initiated and carried out by Ni-Vanuatu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailypost.vu/news/ambae-is-vanuatu-s-story/article_3a72c738-e69a-54c1-a65a-662e61cb7717.html|title=Ambae is Vauatu's Story|date=4 October 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Daily Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM cancels overseas meeting to meet with Ambae evacuees on three islands|url=https://vanuatudigest.com/2017/10/06/pm-cancels-overseas-meeting-to-meet-with-ambae-evacuees-on-three-islands/#more-7003|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Digest|date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007021730/https://vanuatudigest.com/2017/10/06/pm-cancels-overseas-meeting-to-meet-with-ambae-evacuees-on-three-islands/#more-7003|archive-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> The Alert Level remained at 4 (out of 5).<ref name=vd4 /> |- !style="background:yellow;"|6 October |VMGD lowered the Alert Level from 4 to 3.<ref name="Volcanic Alert Level Summary"/><ref name=vmgdreport13>{{cite web|title=Vanuatu Volcano Alert Bulletin N°13 - Ambae Activity|url=http://www.vmgd.gov.vu/vmgd/index.php/geohazards/volcano/alert-bulletin|publisher=Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> They reported that the 'danger zone' is within {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} from the vent in Lake Voui, and stated that in this area, flying rock and volcanic gases may be present.<ref name=vmgdreport13 /> |- !style="background:lemonchiffon;"|7 October |The lava flow down the new cinder cone island and into the lake had stopped and measured seismic energy was decreasing.<ref name=rnz11>{{cite news|title=State of emergency extended in Vanuatu|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/341298/state-of-emergency-extended-in-vanuatu|access-date=11 October 2017|work=Radio New Zealand |publisher=Radio New Zealand |date=11 October 2017}}</ref> Later that day, it was reported that only 15 Ambaen residents remained on the island.<ref>{{cite news|title=I am on my island, don't look for me: Note from Ambaen|url=http://dailypost.vu/news/i-am-on-my-island-don-t-look-for-me/article_0233f590-fa12-5640-a611-5ca330960c90.html|access-date=9 October 2017|date=7 October 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Daily Post}}</ref> |- !style="background:puse;"|10 October |The government of Vanuatu extended by two weeks the State of Emergency, allowing the National Disaster Management Office to carry out an expanded assessment of the island that will cover the state of the villages and properties including houses and gardens.<ref>{{cite news|title=State of Emergency Extended|url=http://dailypost.vu/news/state-of-emergency-extended/article_2b3e4451-e77e-5b7e-9253-762601f1a965.html|access-date=11 October 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Daily Post|date=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vanuatu volcano evacuees face 2 more weeks before going home|url=https://apnews.com/1b524798451e4f4cb4490ebcda3076c2/Vanuatu-volcano-evacuees-face-2-more-weeks-before-going-home|access-date=11 October 2017|publisher=Associated Press|date=11 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=rnz11 /> |- |}
===2018 eruption===
After residents were allowed to return to Ambae Island, Manaro Voui once again began erupting with heavy ashfalls on the island in late March 2018;<ref name="radionz"/> Volcanic Alert Level 3 was instituted on 19 March.<ref name="relief web">{{cite web |title=Vanuatu: Monaro Volcano - Mar 2018 |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/vo-2018-000044-vut |website=Relief Web |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> The ashfalls were severe enough, but coupled with rains, made the ash heavy and wet enough that roofs collapsed and even tree limbs were brought down by the weight of the heavy, wet ash.<ref name="radionz">{{cite news|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/353772/large-ash-falls-and-acid-rain-from-vanuatu-volcano |title=Large ash falls and acid rain from Vanuatu volcano|access-date=31 March 2018|publisher=RadioNZ |date=2 April 2018}}</ref> By April, around 750 residents out of 13,000 had been rendered homeless by the volcanic ash and landslides, and Vanuatu government declared a mandatory evacuation, which was met with resistance. The ashfall decreased over the following months, but the eruption picked up again in July.<ref name="relief web"/> 16 July saw a heavy ashfall, prompting people to use umbrellas and turn on artificial lighting in late afternoon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heavy ash fall from Ambae volcano |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/361987/heavy-ash-fall-from-ambae-volcano |website=Radio New Zealand International |access-date=16 August 2018 |date=17 July 2018}}</ref> All schools on Ambae were closed the following week. The government proclaimed a state of emergency, and called for an immediate evacuation of all Ambae residents to Maewo Island.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNICEF Pacific (Vanuatu - Monaro Volcano) Humanitarian Situation Report No. 4, 6 August 2018 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/unicef-pacific-vanuatu-monaro-volcano-humanitarian-situation-report-no-4-6-august |website=Relief Web |access-date=16 August 2018 |date=6 August 2018}}</ref>
===December 2025 emissions===
During late November to early December 2025, satellite imagery showed emissions coming from Manaro Voui.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smithsonian Weekly Report - 26 November-2 December |url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?wvar=GVP.WVAR20251126-257030 |website=Relief Web |access-date=4 December 2025|date=26 November 2025}}</ref> The situation only worsened as December 4th rolled around. FMS issued a rare Volcanic Ash alert at 1917 UTC on December 4; the warning states the following: NFFF SIGMET 05 VALID 041950/050150 NFFN- NFFF NADI FIR VA ERUPTION MT AMBAE PSN S1523 E16750 VA CLD OBS AT 1902Z WI S1529 E16752 - S1526 E16715 - S1458 E16714 - S1454 E16738 - S1520 E16757 - S1529 E16752 SFC/FL060 NC FCST AT 0102Z WI S1529 E16752 - S1530 E16717 - S1507 E16710 - S1456 E16725 - S1520 E16758 - S1529 E16752= This is a developing situation so more information likely will be available soon.
==Ceremonial offerings== To "quieten the fire of Lake Voui", a highly valued animal (pig) was slaughtered, and food, meats and mats were released into the waters from the shores of Lake Voui as an offering to Kelevu, the custodian of the lake, during a lakeside ''kastom'' ceremony around 20 September 2017, conducted by delegation of high-ranking Ambaen ''kastom'' chiefs and led by North Ambae Paramount Chief Tari One of Ambanga Village.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailypost.vu/news/custom-at-manaro/article_b7825d46-9e00-58bf-a9fb-41d747d6fe17.html|title=Custom at Manaro|date=4 October 2017|publisher=Vanuatu Daily Post}}</ref>
== Lakes == There are three warm freshwater crater lakes on the volcano, near its peak:<ref name="Powe1994">{{cite book|last=Powe|first=Edward Llewellyn|title=The Lore of Melanesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ri8xAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Armchair Travelers|page=171}}</ref> Manaro Ngoru, Vui (Voui) and Manaro Lakua. Vui, the inner crater,<ref name="Arthus-Bertrand2007">{{cite book|last=Arthus-Bertrand|first=Yann|title=The new earth from above: 365 days|url=https://archive.org/details/newearthfromabov00arth|url-access=registration|date=1 April 2007|publisher=Abrams|isbn=978-0-8109-9291-7 }}</ref> contains 50 million cubic metres of water.
==References== {{reflist}}
== External links == * [http://www.volcanolive.com/vanuatu60.html Volcano live (Mountains of Vanuatu)] * {{cite gvp | vn = 257030 | name = Lombenben | accessdate = 16 May 2015 }}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Shield volcanoes of Vanuatu Category:One-thousanders of the Pacific Islands Category:Mountains of Vanuatu Category:Penama Province Category:2018 natural disasters Category:Active volcanoes