Macrococcus

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}} {{Automatic_taxobox | taxon = Macrococcus | authority = Kloos ''et al''. 1998<ref name=LPSN/> | type_species = ''Macrococcus equipercicus'' | type_species_authority =Kloos et al. 1998 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision_ref = <ref name=NCBI/> | subdivision = See text }}

'''''Macrococcus''''', (from Ancient Greek μακρός (''makrós''), meaning "long", and {{lang|grc|κόκκος}} (''kókkos''), meaning "kernel" or "Kermes"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beekes |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek_202306/page/n389/mode/2up |title=Etymological Dictionary Of Greek |last2=van Beek |first2=Lucien |date= |publisher=Brill |year=2010 |isbn=978 90 04 17418 4 |editor-last=Lubotsky |editor-first=Alexander |location=Leiden, Netherlands |pages=733}}</ref><ref>{{LSJ|ko/kkos|κόκκος|ref}}</ref>) is a genus of Gram-positive cocci belonging to the family Staphylococcaceae. The genus was created in 1998.<ref name="Kloo1998">Kloos, W. E., D. N. Ballard, C. G. George, J. A. Webster, R. J. Hubner, W. Ludwig, K. H. Schleifer, F. Fiedler, and K. Schubert. 1998. Delimiting the genus Staphylococcus through description of ''Macrococcus caseolyticus'' gen. nov., comb. nov. and ''Macrococcus equipercicus'' sp. nov., and ''Macrococcus bovicus'' sp. nov, and ''Macrococcus carouselicus'' sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:859-877</ref>

==History== The first recognised species in this genus (''Macrococcus caseolyticus'') was initially named ''Micrococcus caseolyticus'' by Evans in 1916. It was then renamed ''Staphylococcus caseolyticus'' by Schleifer ''et al'' in 1982. It received its current designation in 1998 by Kloos ''et al''.

==Description== Members of the genus ''Macrococcus'' are Gram-positive, nonmotile, non-spore-forming cocci that are coagulase negative and catalase positive. They can be distinguished phenotypically from most staphylococci on the basis of their cellular morphology (they are 2.5 – 4.0 times larger in diameter compared to ''Staphylococcus aureus'') and their positive cytochrome c oxidase reaction. Species in this genus are resistant to bacitracin and lysozyme and sensitive to furazolidone. The DNA base content is 38–45 mol% G+C. The cell walls lack teichoic acid. They are usually unencapsulated.

==Genome== The first genome of this genus was sequenced in 2009<ref name="Baba2009">Baba T, Kuwahara-Arai K, Uchiyama I, Takeuchi F, Ito T, Hiramatsu K. (2009) Complete genome sequence of ''Macrococcus caseolyticus'' strain JCSCS5402, [corrected] reflecting the ancestral genome of the human-pathogenic staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 191(4):1180-1190</ref>

==Evolution== This genus is the closest known relation of the genus ''Staphylococcus''. Within ''Staphylococcus'', the closest relations of ''Macrococcus'' appear to be the ''Staphylococcus sciuri'' group.

==Clinical== This genus is not known to cause human disease.

A methicillin resistance gene has been identified in this genus.<ref name="Tsubakishita2010">Tsubakishita S, Baba K K-A T, and Hiramatsu K (2010) ''Staphylococcal'' cassette chromosome mec-Like element in ''Macrococcus caseolyticus''. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54 (4) 1469-1475</ref> The significance of this discovery is not yet clear.

==Etymology== {{See also|Bacterial taxonomy}} The name ''Macrococcus'' is a masculine Neo-Latin noun composed of the Greek adjective ''makros (μάκρος)'' meaning "large"<ref>{{LSJ|ma/kros|μάκρος|ref}}</ref> and the Neolatin masculine noun ''coccus'' intended to mean a coccus shaped bacterium, as it comes from the Greek masculine noun ''kokkos (κόκκος)'' meaning "berry",<ref>{{LSJ|ko/kkos|κόκκος|ref}}</ref> consequently the noun ''Macrococcus'', means "large coccus".<ref name="Kloo1998"/>

The etymology of the epithet of the 8 species<ref name=lpsn>{{lpsn|m/macrococcus.html|Macrococcus}}</ref> contained in the genus are:<ref name=LPSN/><ref name="Mannerova">{{cite web| url = http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/5/1647| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040308055522/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/5/1647| archive-date = 2004-03-08| title = IJSEM -- Abstracts: Mannerová et al. 53 (5): 1647}} </ref> * For ''M. bovicus'' Kloos ''et al''. 1998, the epithet is the masculine form of ''bovicus, -a, -um'', a Neolatin adjective derived from the Latin noun ''bos, bovis'' meaning "cow", given that the type strain was isolated from a cow. * For ''M. brunensis'' Mannerová ''et al''. 2003, the Latin masculine adjective ''brunensis'' meaning from Bruna, the Roman name of the city of Brünn in the Czech Republic, where the type strain was isolated. * ''M. canis'' Gobeli Brawand et al. 2017<ref name=Macrococcus.canis/> * For ''M. carouselicus'' Kloos ''et al''. 1998, the Neolatin adjective ''carouselicus'' meaning "pertaining " to a carousel". * For ''M. caseolyticus'' (Schleifer ''et al''. 1982) Kloos ''et al''. 1998, the epithet is a Neolatin adjective which is a combination of the Latin noun ''caseus'' meaning "cheese" and the Neolatin adjective ''lyticus'' (from the Greek adjective ''lutikos (λυτικός)'') meaning "able to dissolve", to mean "casein-dissolving". * For ''M. equipercicus'' Kloos ''et al''. 1998, the epithet is a Neolatin adjective, meaning "pertaining to Percy, the horse", composed of the Latin noun ''equus, -i'' meaning "horse" and the Neolatinised English proper name "Percy" to ''Percus, -i'', which is the name of the Irish thoroughbred horse from which the species was isolated (In Kloos ''et al''. 1998 the component ''equus'' is said to be in the genitive case, but more correctly ''equi" is the root ''equ-" plus a joining "-i-" as first word is a Latin word,"c.f."<ref name=help>Help! Latin! How to avoid the most common mistakes while giving Latin names to newly discovered prokaryotes. Microbiología (Sociedad Española de Microbiología), 1996, 12, 473-475. {{cite web|url=http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/trueper.html |title=H.G. Trüper: Help! Latin! How to avoid the most common mistakes while giving Latin names to newly discovered prokaryotes |access-date=2011-04-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007162154/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/trueper.html |archive-date=2011-10-07 }}</ref>). * ''M. hajekii'' Mannerová ''et al''. 2003 Neo-Latin genitive case noun ''hajekii'', of Hájek, named after Wenceslaus Hajek, a Czech microbiologist. * ''M. lamae'' Mannerová; ''et al''. 2003 Neo-Latin feminine gender genitive case noun ''lamae'', of Lama, the zoological genus name of the llama.

==Phylogeny== The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)<ref name=LPSN>{{cite web |author=A.C. Parte |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/macrococcus |title=Macrococcus |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) |display-authors=et al.}}</ref> and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).<ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |author=C.L. Schoch |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=69965&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Macrococcus |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database |display-authors=et al.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=1 style="width:25em"| 16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024<ref>{{cite web |title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP| access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LTP_all tree in newick format |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LTP_10_2024 Release Notes |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref> ! colspan=1 | 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 09-RS220 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=Genome Taxonomy Database |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r220.sp_labels |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree |website=Genome Taxonomy Database |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=Genome Taxonomy Database |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top| {{barlabel |size=0 |at1=-2.5 |label1=''Macrococcus'' s.s. |bar1=green |at2=3 |label2=''Macrococcoides'' |bar2=green |cladogram= {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |label1=''Macrococcus'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''M. hajekii''|barbegin1=green |2={{clade |1=''M. equipercicus''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''M. carouselicus''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''M. lamae''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''M. bovicus'' |bar1=green |2=''M. brunensis''|barend2=green }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''M. armenti''|barbegin1=green |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''M. canis''|bar1=green |2=''M. caseolyticus''|bar2=green }} |2={{clade |1=''M. bohemicus'' |bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''M. epidermidis'' |bar1=green |2=''M. goetzii'' |barend2=green }} }} }} }} }} }} }} | {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |1={{clade |label1=''Macrococcus'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''M. equipercicus'' Kloos et al. 1998 |2=''M. lamae'' Mannerová et al. 2003 }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''M. carouselicus'' Kloos et al. 1998 |2=''M. hajekii'' Mannerová et al. 2003 }} |2={{clade |1=''M. bovicus'' Kloos et al. 1998 |2=''M. brunensis'' Mannerová et al. 2003 }} }} }} |label2=''Macrococcoides'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''M. bohemicum'' corrig. (Mašlaňová et al. 2018) Bello et al. 2024 |2={{clade |1="''M. epidermidis''" (Mašlaňová et al. 2018) Bello et al. 2023 |2=''M. goetzii'' (Mašlaňová et al. 2018) Bello et al. 2024 }} }} |2={{clade |1="''M. armenti''" (Keller et al. 2022) Bello et al. 2023 |2={{clade |1=''M. canis'' (Brawand et al. 2017) Bello et al. 2024<ref name=Macrococcus.canis>{{cite journal|last1=Gobeli Brawand|first1=S|last2=Cotting|first2=K|last3=Gómez-Sanz|first3=E|last4=Collaud|first4=A|last5=Thomann|first5=A|last6=Brodard|first6=I|last7=Rodriguez-Campos|first7=S|last8=Strauss|first8=C|last9=Perreten|first9=V|title=Macrococcus canis sp. nov., a skin bacterium associated with infections in dogs.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|date=March 2017|volume=67|issue=3|pages=621–626|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.001673|pmid=27902286|doi-access=free}}</ref> |2=''M. caseolyticum'' corrig. (Schleifer et al. 1982) Bello et al. 2024 }} }} }} }} }} |}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * Summary of the genome data [http://biocyc.org/MCAS458233/organism-summary?object=MCAS458233]

Category:Staphylococcaceae Category:Bacteria genera