Lyman Stewart

{{Short description|American businessman and philanthropist}} {{Infobox person | name = Lyman Stewart | image = LymanStewart.jpg | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = July 22, 1840 | birth_place = Pennsylvania, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age text|September 28, 1923|July 22, 1840}} | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | other_names = | known_for = | education = | alma mater = | employer = | occupation = Businessman, philanthropist | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | spouse = | children = | parents = William Reynolds Stewart & Jane Miller Irwin | relatives = }} '''Lyman Stewart''' (July 22, 1840 – September 28, 1923) was a U.S. businessman and co-founder of Union Oil Company of California. Stewart was also a significant Christian philanthropist and cofounder of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now known as Biola University). He and his brother Milton also anonymously funded publication of ''The Fundamentals'', the foundation document of Christian fundamentalism.<ref>Sandeen Ernest R., ''The Roots of Fundamentalism'', University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1970</ref> Stewart also helped found the Union Rescue Mission in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pietsch |first1=B.M. |date=September 2013 |title=Lyman Stewart and Early Fundamentalism |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/lyman-stewart-and-early-fundamentalism/82F7F6742510F14F71C9C213A470A2E7 |journal=Church History |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=617–646 |doi=10.1017/S0009640713000656 |s2cid=162838786 |access-date=February 7, 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=Rasmussen>{{cite news |last=Rasmussen |first=Cecilia |date=March 2, 2008 |title=Oilman's legacy lives on in L.A. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-mar-02-me-then2-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=February 7, 2022}}</ref>

==Early life== Stewart was born to William Reynolds Stewart & Jane Miller Irwin in 1840 in Cherrytree, Venango County, Pennsylvania, and worked for his father who was a tanner.<ref name=Rasmussen /> When Edwin Drake discovered oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, Stewart tried drilling wells in the same area. After two disastrous attempts, he served a three-year enlistment in the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry during the American Civil War.

==Oil career== After the war, Stewart again tried to drill for oil, but he was still unsuccessful. In 1877, Stewart was introduced to Wallace Hardison (a relative of one of his friends). Hardison agreed to financially support Stewart, so they purchased some land where they hoped to find oil. They enjoyed some moderate success. When John D. Rockefeller started to consolidate oil holdings in the eastern U.S., Hardison and Stewart sold their interests to Standard Oil and moved to California.

Stewart and his partner found the success they sought in California. By 1886, the Hardison and Stewart Oil Company was responsible for 15% of all oil production in California. In 1890, they merged their interests with those of Thomas Bard and Paul Calonico to form the Union Oil Company. As president of Union Oil, Stewart heavily invested in new wells and expanded his company's market capitalization from $10 million in 1900 to over $50 million in 1908.

==Philanthropy== Stewart founded the Pacific Gospel Mission (now the Union Rescue Mission) in 1891. In 1908, Stewart, along with noted Christian author T.C. Horton, founded the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now known as Biola University).<ref name=Rasmussen /><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=May 31, 2006 |title=Bible school sets a solid foundation |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-31-me-a2anniversary31-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=February 7, 2022}}</ref>

In 1917, he donated $4,500 to fund the construction of Stewart Hall at Toccoa Falls College.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stewart Hall|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=64339|access-date=26 August 2021|website=Historical Marker Database}}</ref>

Lyman and his brother Milton contributed $300,000 towards the publication costs of the 12-volume "Christian Fundamentals." These volumes established the precepts of Christian Fundamentalism. The Stewart brothers also financially supported missionary efforts in China.<ref>{{cite book |author= |date= 1924|title=The Missionary Review of the World Volume 47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHEJAQAAMAAJ&q=lyman%20stewart |location= |publisher= Missionary Review Publishing Company, Incorporated|page=595 |isbn=}}</ref>

==Personal life== Lyman Stewart married Sarah Adalaide Burrows on 2 May 1867 in Enterprise, Pennsylvania. They had three children: William L., May, and Alfred C.<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|date=|title=American Biography A New Cyclopedia · Volume 20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnUKAQAAMAAJ&q=lyman%20stewart|location=|publisher=|isbn=}}. </ref> Stewart's sons were actively involved in the oil business. As children, they helped their father rather than attend school. William stayed involved with Union Oil, working every position, eventually replacing his father as president of Union Oil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Frank J |date= |title=Black Bonanza How an Oil Hunt Grew Into the Union Oil Company of California |url= |location= |publisher=Whittlesey House |page= |isbn=}}</ref> Alfred developed his mechanical aptitude while at Union Oil. He invented a multitude of drilling equipment. Alfred did not stay with Union Oil, he ran an automotive machine shop and continued inventing the most notable carburetors.<ref>{{cite book |author= |date= |title=World Oil, Volume 48 |url= |location= |publisher=Gulf Publishing Company |page=72 |isbn=}}</ref> Sarah died on 5 Feb 1912, in Los Angeles. On 26 Aug 1916, Lyman married Lula May Crowell. She had been his private secretary for the previous eleven years. She was a graduate of BIOLA and a fervent supporter of its mission.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=Sep 1, 1916 |title=Ventura Free Press |url=https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/926596531/?match=1&terms=Lula%20%20CROWELL%20stewart&pqsid=P2Tqz1abeFxju7fWiuYqtg%3A197809%3A524902163 |work= |location= |access-date=11 Apr 2024}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060902183637/http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/leaders/868/ Harvard Business School ''20th Century American Leaders'' database] * [http://www.howestreet.com/story.php?ArticleId=1351 "Whiskey and Gunpowder" article featuring biographical information about Lyman Stewart]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stewart, Lyman}} Category:American businesspeople in the oil industry Category:Businesspeople from California Category:Founders of the petroleum industry Category:Union Oil Company of California Category:1840 births Category:1923 deaths Category:Biola University Category:American Christians Category:19th-century American businesspeople