{{Short description|Slovenian general (1880–1946)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox military person | name = Leon Rupnik | image = Leon Rupnik.jpg | caption = Leon Rupnik during World War II | nickname = ''Lev'' | birth_date = {{birth date|1880|08|10|mf=y}} | birth_place = Lokve, Gorizia and Gradisca, Austria-Hungary | death_date = {{death date and age|1946|09|04|1880|08|10|mf=y}} | death_place = Ljubljana, PR Slovenia, Yugoslavia | death_cause = Execution by firing squad | allegiance = {{flag|Austria-Hungary}} (1895–1918) <br/> 25px|border Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1919–1941) <br/> 25px|border Slovene Home Guard (1943–1945) | branch = | service_years = 1895–1941, 1942–1945 | rank = Divisional General | unit = Slovene Home Guard | commands = | battles = First World War, Second World War | awards = | relations = Vuk Rupnik }}
'''Leon Rupnik''', also known as '''Lav Rupnik''' or '''Lev Rupnik''' (August 10, 1880 – September 4, 1946) was a Slovene general in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia who collaborated with the Fascist Italian and Nazi German occupation forces during World War II. Rupnik served as the President of the Provincial Government of the Nazi-occupied Province of Ljubljana from November 1943 to early May 1945. Between September 1944 and early May 1945, he also served as chief inspector of the Slovene Home Guard ({{langx|sl|Domobranci}}), a collaborationist militia, although he did not have any military command until the last month of the war.<ref name="Pečar"/>{{Rp|97, 295–96}}<ref>Boris Mlakar, ''Slovensko domobranstvo'' (Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 2003)</ref>
== Early career == Rupnik was born in Lokve near Gorizia,<ref name="ES">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Mlakar |first1=Boris |title=Leon Rupnik |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija Slovenije |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |volume=10 |location=Ljubljana |year=1996 |page=330}}</ref> a village in what was then the Austrian county of Gorizia and Gradisca (now part of Nova Gorica, southwestern Slovenia). A career soldier, from 1895 to 1899 he studied at the infantry military academy in Trieste<ref name="ES"/> and graduated as a junior second lieutenant. His schooling continued in Vienna from 1905 to 1907.<ref name="ES"/> After World War I, he joined the Royal Yugoslav Army in May 1919 with the rank of active staff major. He thereafter climbed the ranks, becoming a lieutenant-colonel (1923), colonel (1927), brigadier general (1933) and major general (1937). When the Wehrmacht invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941, Rupnik was Chief of Staff of 1st Army Group.
== The Rupnik Line == {{main|Rupnik Line}} After the Third Reich and the Kingdom of Italy had formed the Axis alliance, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia decided to construct a line of fortresses along the borders to defend itself against possible attacks from the north and the west. The constructions was mostly carried out on the border with Italy in the Drava Banovina. The line was initially staffed by 15,000, but the number increased to 40,000 by 1941.<ref>[http://news.webshots.com/album/383479750kNSycN Rupnik Line pictures from military photos on webshots]</ref> As Rupnik was in charge of their completion, the 'Rupnik Line' became the common name for these fortifications.
The defences were built on the French Maginot Line and Czechoslovak models, adapted to local conditions. After the invasion of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941, few of them were ready and the German Wehrmacht campaign quickly rendered the line obsolete.
== Collaboration == After the quick defeat of the Royal Yugoslav Army, Rupnik was released from German military prison and moved to Italian-annexed southern Slovenia (known as the Province of Ljubljana) on April 17, 1941. On June 7, 1942, he accepted the position of president of the Provincial Council of Ljubljana, thus replacing Juro Adlešič as mayor under Italian annexation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brigham|first1=Daniel T.|title=Heydrich Reprisal Executes 25 More - Nazi Leader Is Still Critically III Following an Operation and Third Transfusion - Croats Ambush Italian - Pavelitch Broadcasts Appeal to Communists and Others to End Their Resistance|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/06/04/104314968.html?pageNumber=9|access-date=March 14, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=June 4, 1942|page=9}}</ref> After the Italian armistice in September 1943, Ljubljana was occupied by the Germans. Friedrich Rainer, Nazi Gauleiter of Carinthia, nominated Rupnik as president of the new provincial government, after a consultation with Roman Catholic Bishop Gregorij Rožman, who agreed with Rainer's intention to put Rupnik in charge of the provisional government. Bishop Rožman praised Rupnik highly, stating he was "the most capable man for this administrative position".<ref name="Pečar"/>{{Rp|95–96}}<ref name="Predlog ali mnenje">{{cite journal|last1=Grum|first1=Janez|year=1995|title=Predlog ali mnenje|trans-title=Proposition or opinion|url=http://www.zaveza.si/index.php/revija-zaveza/160-zaveza-t-19#index.xml-body.1_div.9_div.2|url-status=dead|journal=Zaveza|language=sl|publisher=Nova Slovenska Zaveza|issue=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327202903/http://www.zaveza.si/index.php/revija-zaveza/160-zaveza-t-19#index.xml-body.1_div.9_div.2|archive-date=March 27, 2012|access-date=July 1, 2011}}</ref> [[File:Leon Rupnik, Erwin Rösener and Gregorij Rožman (2).jpg|thumb|left|Leon Rupnik, Bishop Gregorij Rožman, and SS General Erwin Rösener]] [[File:Leon Rupnik, Erwin Rösener and Gregorij Rožman (3).jpg|thumb|left|Leon Rupnik, Bishop Gregorij Rožman and SS General Erwin Rösener review Home Guard troops in front of the Ursuline Church, Ljubljana, after the Home Guard oath of allegiance<ref name="Griesser-Pečar">Griesser-Pečar, Tamara. 2007. ''Razdvojeni narod: Slovenija 1941-1945: okupacija, kolaboracija, državljanska vojna, revolucija''. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 305.</ref> on January 30, 1945.]] Friedrich Rainer also proposed the creation of the Home Guard, which functioned under the command of SS Lieutenant-General, Erwin Rösener, who in turn reported directly to SS Chief, Heinrich Himmler.<ref name=Tomasevich>{{Cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration|date=October 2002|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1}}</ref>{{rp|123}} Together with Anton Kokalj, Ernest Peterlin and Janko Kregar, Rupnik was also one of the founders of the Slovene Home Guard, an auxiliary military unit of the SS, formed as a voluntary militia to fight the partisan resistance movement. The militia was organized mostly by members of Slovene anti-Communist politicians gathered around the underground organization Slovenian Covenant ({{langx|sl|Slovenska zaveza}}) in agreement with the German occupation forces.<ref>Boris Mlakar, ''Slovensko domobranstvo'' (Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 2003)</ref> Soon after the formation of the militia on September 23, 1943, Rupnik nominated himself its commander-in-chief.{{cn|date=April 2022}}
In his first order to the Home Guard on September 30, Rupnik proclaimed, "whoever is not directly tied to cooperation with the German Army or the police is an armed bandit, and must be attacked and destroyed without delay", urging his men to handover captured partisans to the closest German army or police garrison.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nVurhv7wwMC|title=To Walk with the Devil: Slovene Collaboration and Axis Occupation, 1941-1945|last=Kranjc|first=Gregor Joseph|date=2013|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1330-0|pages=129|language=en}}</ref> He was dismissed by Rainer on November 4, 1943.<ref name="Pečar" />{{Rp|295}} In September 1944, he was nominated chief inspector of the Slovene Home Guard, a function with virtually no competence.<ref name="Pečar" />{{Rp|295}}
As president of the provincial administration, Rupnik organized a large-scale bureaucracy which tried to cover all spheres of civilian life, from local administration, to social security and cultural policies. For this purpose, he relied on two groups of aides: on one side, mostly apolitical civil servants and cultural functionaries active already in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (such as Stanko Majcen and Narte Velikonja); on the other side, he involved several highly ideological and fervently pro-Nazi young individuals, such as Ljenko Urbančič and son-in-law Stanko Kociper.<ref name="Pečar"/>{{Rp|96–97}}<ref>Bojan Godeša, Kdor ni z nami, je proti nam (Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1995)</ref> Rupnik succeeded in keeping almost all Slovene cultural and educational institutions functioning under Nazi occupation. In, 1944, he managed to rename the "Academy of Sciences and Arts in Ljubljana" to Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.{{cn|date=April 2022}}
Throughout his presidency, Rupnik maintained complete loyalty to the German Nazi occupation authorities. In 1944, while Rupnik served as president of the Ljubljana provincial administration, the Slovene Home Guard Police arrested the remaining Jews, who until then had managed to hide in the city, and turned them over to the Nazi authorities, who sent them to Auschwitz and other concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ckz.si/arhiv/260/6Irena_%258Aumi.pdf|title=Slovenian Anti-Semitism, Buried Alive in the Ideology of Slovenian National Reconciliation, page 79|last=Šumi|first=Irena|website=www.ckz.si|access-date=February 2, 2020|archive-date=March 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331032059/http://www.ckz.si/arhiv/260/6Irena_%8Aumi.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He organized several "anti-Communist rallies", in which he delivered violent speeches against the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People, the Western Allies and the "World Jewish Conspiracy". He maintained friendly contacts with the SS general Erwin Rösener,<ref>Three photos of Rupnik, SS General Erwin Rösener and Gregorij Rožman. The first is outside Ljubljana central stadium on April 20, 1944 when the Home Guard swore oaths of allegiance; the last is on January 30, 1945, as the Home Guard paraded past after again swearing loyalty: http://muceniskapot.nuovaalabarda.org/galleria-slo-7.php</ref><ref>Rupnik, Rožman and Rösener in conversation. Date and place unknown. {{cite web|url=http://shrani.si/f/3f/xM/3SGacidX/rozman2.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 20, 2007|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002115746/http://shrani.si/f/3f/xM/3SGacidX/rozman2.jpg |archive-date=October 2, 2011}}</ref> who was later convicted of war crimes.
As Chief Inspector of the Slovenian Home Guard, Rupnik led the Home Guards in two oaths of allegiance - the first on Hitler's birthday on April 20, 1944, then on the 12th anniversary of the Nazis coming to power, on January 30, 1945.<ref name="Griesser-Pečar" /> In their oaths, the Home Guards swore to fight together with the SS and German police under the leadership of the Führer against the Communist guerillas and their allies.<ref name=Tomasevich/>{{rp|124–125}} Rupnik disagreed with all attempts by members of the Slovenian Covenant and some military leaders of the Slovene Home Guard to rise against the Nazis, nor did he intervene when several of his former collaborators were arrested by the Nazis and sent to Dachau concentration camp.<ref name="Pečar"/>{{Rp|100}}
=== Anti-Semitism === Known for his antisemitic and openly pro-Nazi views prior to the war,<ref name="Pečar">Tamara Griesser Pečar, ''Razdvojeni narod''. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 2007.</ref>{{Rp|91}} Rupnik was a notorious anti-Semite, who wrote anti-Semitic tracts and made anti-Semitic speeches. Some notable examples include:
In a lecture he gave in Ljubljana in 1944, entitled "Bolshevism: a tool of international Judaism" and subtitled "Jewish endeavours towards global supremacy", Rupnik stated:<blockquote>The Jews' straight dogmatic hatred of all who are not Jewish is finally challenged everywhere by a revolt by the home nation that sooner or later removes all parasites from their country or limits by law their economic, religious and political activity. (A transcript of the entire lecture is available.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boljševizem: Orodje Mednarodnega Židovstva|url=http://mediawatch.mirovni-institut.si/nestrpnost/porocilo/01/nestrpnost.pdf|publisher=Peace Institute|pages=202–206|access-date=May 12, 2014|archive-date=May 25, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525012913/http://mediawatch.mirovni-institut.si/nestrpnost/porocilo/01/nestrpnost.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>)</blockquote>
In a lecture at Polhov Gradec, on June 5, 1944, Rupnik stated: <blockquote>With solid trust in the righteousness of the leader of Europe, of the German nation, we must calmly and with all fanaticism lead the battle against Jewish global supremacy serving Stalin’s and Tito’s bandits and their assistants, Anglo-American gangsters.</blockquote>
At the ceremony where the Home Guard swore oaths of allegiance,<ref name="Griesser-Pečar" /> on January 30, 1945, Rupnik announced:<blockquote>If the German soldier and you, my bold Home Guard soldiers, allowed these Jewish mercenaries to flourish, they would yet kill all decent thinkers, believers in the nation and homeland of true Slovenian birth together with their children – or we will make cannon fodder or slaves of them, steal their property, homes, villages, devastate the national body and suppress the Jew. These are the nations of Europe, our broader homeland, in whose centre the largest, German nation has taken upon itself the struggle against the Jewish corruption of the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Repe|first1=Božo|title=No Title|url=http://www.theslovenian.com/articles/repe1.htm|website=theslovenian.com|publisher=Glasilo Magazine|access-date=March 14, 2016}}</ref></blockquote>
== Arrest, trial, and execution == On May 5, 1945, Leon Rupnik fled to Austria with a small group of 20 collaborators. He was arrested by the British on July 23 and returned to Yugoslavia in January 1946. He was put on trial alongside Rösener and others, and was sentenced to death for treason on August 30, 1946.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 31, 1946|title=Yugoslavs Doom Trio in War Crimes Case|page=3|work=The New York Times|agency=Associated Press|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/08/31/95797173.html?pageNumber=3|access-date=March 14, 2016}}</ref> He was executed by firing squad on September 4, 1946<ref>{{cite news|date=September 9, 1946|title=Three War Criminals Executed|page=3|work=The New York Times|agency=Associated Press|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/09/09/84639313.html?pageNumber=3|access-date=March 14, 2016}}</ref> at Ljubljana's Žale cemetery, and was buried the same day in an unmarked grave.<ref>More on his execution in:<br />{{cite journal|last1=Velikonja|first1=Tine|date=September 1996|title=Pred petdesetimi leti – Strelišče na Dolenjski cesti|url=http://www.zaveza.si/index.php/revija-zaveza/84-zaveza-t-22#index.xml-body.1_div.7_div.2|url-status=dead|journal=Zaveza|publisher=Nova Slovenska Zaveza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327203016/http://www.zaveza.si/index.php/revija-zaveza/84-zaveza-t-22#index.xml-body.1_div.7_div.2|archive-date=March 27, 2012|access-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref> In January 2020 the Supreme Court of Slovenia annulled the court judgement of 1946 for not meeting the necessary legal standards in force at the time of trial.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Planinšič|first1=Elizabeta|date=January 8, 2020|title=Razveljavljena sodba generalu Rupniku|work=Večer|url=https://www.vecer.com/razveljavljena-sodba-generalu-rupniku-10112583|access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 8, 2020|title=Razveljavljena sodba generalu Rupniku|work=Delo|url=https://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/razveljavljena-sodba-generalu-rupniku-266937.html|access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref>
In response the Simon Wiesenthal Center issued a condemnation of the annulment, stating that Rupnik "played a major role in the arrest and deportation of Jews from Ljubljana in 1943 and 1944".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiesenthal Center Slams Cancellation by Slovenian Supreme Court of Conviction of Leon Rupnik, World War II President of Provisional Government of Ljubljana|url=http://www.wiesenthal.com/about/news/wiesenthal-center-slams-13.html|access-date=2020-01-24|website=www.wiesenthal.com}}</ref> They further noted "This shameful decision constitutes a shocking distortion of the history of the Holocaust and a horrific insult to Rupnik's many victims and their families. We kindly request that you promptly convey our protest to the pertinent Slovenian authorities so that the proper measures can be taken to undo the enormous damage wrought by this unjust decision of the Slovenian Supreme Court". As many had understood the court's decision to constitute political rehabilitation, statements were issued {{by whom|date=April 2022}} that this was not the case.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Planinšič|first1=Elizabeta|date=January 10, 2020|title=Primer Rupnik: Razveljavitev sodbe še ne pomeni rehabilitacije|work=Večer|url=https://www.vecer.com/primer-rupnik-razveljavitev-sodbe-se-ne-pomeni-rehabilitacije-10113252|access-date=January 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lebar|first1=Jolanda|date=January 12, 2020|title=Razveljavitev obsodbe generala Leona Rupnika ne pomeni njegove rehabilitacije|work=RTV SLO|url=https://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/razveljavitev-obsodbe-generala-leona-rupnika-ne-pomeni-njegove-rehabilitacije/511446|access-date=January 25, 2020}}</ref>
The Slovenian Constitutional Court overturned the 2020 rehabilitation of Leon Rupnik by the Supreme Court of Slovenia, thus reinstating his post-war conviction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rehabilitation of WWII collaborator Leon Rupnik overturned |url=https://sloveniatimes.com/46517/rehabilitation-of-wwii-collaborator-leon-rupnik-overturned |work=The Slovenia Times |date=2 February 2026 |access-date=4 February 2026 }}</ref>
== Other == Rupnik's son, Vuk, was an active officer of the Slovene Home Guard and commander of one of the most belligerent units in the militia.{{cn|date=April 2022}}
== References == {{reflist}}
== External links == *{{cite journal |last1=Sajovic |first1=Bogdan |date= August 16, 2007 |title=Predsednik Ljubljanske pokrajine |journal=Demokracija |pages= 46–48 |url= http://www2.scnr.si/files/200792717116_Demokracija,Predsednik.pdf |access-date= July 20, 2011}} *{{commons category-inline|Leon Rupnik}}
{{s-start}} {{succession box | before=Juro Adlešič | title=Mayor of Ljubljana | years=1942–1945 | after=Pavel Lunaček | }} {{s-end}}
{{Yugoslav Axis collaborationism}} {{Mayors of Ljubljana}} {{People of the Yugoslav Front}} {{Nova Gorica |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rupnik, Leon}} Category:1880 births Category:1946 deaths Category:People from Gorizia Category:Slovenian generals Category:Mayors of Ljubljana Category:Mayors of places in Yugoslavia Category:Slovenian anti-communists Category:Slovenian people of World War II Category:Slovenian collaborators with Nazi Germany Category:Executed Yugoslav collaborators with Nazi Germany Category:Executed Slovenian people Category:Deaths by firearm in Slovenia Category:People from the Urban Municipality of Nova Gorica Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Yugoslavia Category:Burials at Žale Category:Yugoslav fascists Category:Heads of state and government who were later imprisoned Category:Antisemitism in Slovenia Category:People executed by Yugoslavia by firing squad Category:Ljubljana in World War II Category:Generals of Yugoslavia